{ "schema": "indus_atlas_imperial_gazetteer_public_release_v1", "generated_at": "2026-07-16T18:40:32.574606+00:00", "release_policy": "human_approved_locations_only", "summary": { "record_count": 301, "source_counts": { "vol-7": 75, "vol-8-1881": 55, "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5": 171 } }, "sources": { "vol-7": { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "extracted_page_range": { "start": 1, "end": 560 } }, "vol-8-1881": { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "extracted_page_range": { "start": 1, "end": 556 } }, "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5": { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "extracted_page_range": { "start": 8, "end": 516 } } }, "records": [ { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00006", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nábha", "normalized_name": "n-bha", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "cis-Sutlej State", "princely state" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Nábha", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "One of the cis-Sutlej States under the political control of the Government of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Cis-Sutlej princely state under Punjab Government, between 30° 17′ and 30° 40′ N. lat., and 75° 50' and 76° 20' E. long., area 863 sq miles.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.283333, "longitude": 76.083333, "raw_text": "lying between 30° 17′ and 30° 40′ N. lat., and between 75° 50' and 76° 20' E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 226155, "population_year": 1876, "area": 863, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Area, 863 square miles", "The ruling family is descended from Tiloka, the eldest son of Phul, a Sidu Ját", "The Rájá of Jind (Jhind) is descended from the same branch, and the Rájá of Patiála is descended from Ráma, second son of Phul", "These three families are accordingly known as the Phulkian houses", "In May 1809, the State was formally taken under British protection", "Rájá Jaswant Sinh was a faithful ally of the British Government", "After his death in 1840, his son, Rájá Devendra Sinh, sympathized with the Sikh invaders in 1845", "Rájá Devendra Sinh was deposed and assigned a pension of Rs. 50,000 (say £5000) a year", "His eldest son, Bharpur Sinh, was placed in power", "At the time of the Mutiny in 1857, this Chief showed distinguished loyalty" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nábha.-One of the cis-Sutlej States under the political control of the Government of the Punjab, lying between 30° 17′ and 30° 40′ N. lat., and between 75° 50' and 76° 20' E. long. Area, 863 square from Tiloka, the eldest son of Phul, a Sidu Ját,\" who founded miles; estimated pop. in 1876, 226,155. The ruling family is descended ☑ a village in the Nábha territory. The Rájá of Jind (Jhind) is descended from the same branch, and the Rájá of Patiála is descended from Ráma, second son of Phul. These three families are accordingly known as the Phulkian houses. The history of the State is of little importance until after Ranjit Sinh's cis-Sutlet campaigns of 1807-8, when it appeared that the Sikh conqueror would be satisfied with nothing less than absolute supremacy over the whole country to the north of the Jumana. On this, the Rájá of Nábha applied to the English for protection. He received Colonel Ochterlony on his arrival at Nábha with the utmost cordiality; and in May 1809, the State was formally taken under British protection, with the other States of Málwá and Sirhind The Rájá Jaswant Sinh was a faithful ally of the British Government; but after his death, which occurred in 1840, his son, Rájá Devendra Sinh, at the time of the first Sikh war in 1845, sympa- thized with the Sikh invaders, and his conduct in regard to carriage and supplies required from him in accordance with treaty was dilatory and suspicious in the extreme. Previous to the battles of muaki and Ferozsháh, only 32 camels and 681 maunds of grain were furnished,\" while after those actions supplies were sent in abundance, and after the final victory of Sobraon the whole resources of the Nábha State were placed at the disposal of the British Government. An investi- gation was made into the conduct of chief, with the result that he was deposed and assigned a pension of Rs. 50,000 (say £5000) a. year. His eldest son, Bharpur Sinh; was placed in power. At the time of the Mutiny in 1857, this Chief showed distinguished loyalty, *\n\nand was rewarded by grants of territory to the value of over £10,000, on the usual condition of political and military service at any time of general danger. Rájá Bharpur Sinh died in 1863, and was succeeded by his brother, Bhagwán Sinh, who died without issue in 1871. By the sanad of May 5, 1860, was provided that, in a case of failure of male heirs to any one of the three Phulkián houses, a successor should be chosen, from among the descendants of Phul, by the two other chiefs and the representative of the British Government. Accordingly Híra Sinh, the present Rájá, a jágárdár of Jínd, but of the same family as the late ruler, was then selected as his successor. He is a Sikh of the Sidhu Ját tribe, and was born about 1843. The supposed gross revenue of the State in 1876 was £65,000; principal products-sugar, cereals, cotton, and tobacco. The estimated military force, including police, consists of 12 field and 10 other guns, 50 artillerymen, 560 cavalry, and 1250 infantry. A nazarána is payable to the British Government on the succession of collaterals to the Chiefship, and the Chief is bound to execute justice and promote the welfare of his subjects; to prevent sati, slavery, and female infanti- cide; to co-operate with the British Government against an enemy; to furnish supplies to troops; and to grant, free of expense, land required for railroads and imperial lines of roads. On the other hand, he is guaranteed by the Government in full and unreserved possession of, his territory; and he has also full powers of life and death over his sub- jects. In the succession to the Chiefship the rule of primogeniture holds. The Rájá of Nábha is entitled to a salute of 11 guns. The chief town and only place of any importance in the State is Nábha.", "pdf_page": 9, "pdf_page_end": 10, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-009.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nabha", "formatted_address": "Nabha, Punjab 147201, India", "latitude": 30.3730177, "longitude": 76.1469551, "place_id": "ChIJVf9z8aM5EDkR5pRqVYCvy9M", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nabha&query_place_id=ChIJVf9z8aM5EDkR5pRqVYCvy9M", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-29T19:29:21.808Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00013", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Náchangáon", "normalized_name": "n-chang-on", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "ancient town", "market", "police outpost" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Wardhá", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Ancient town in Wardhá District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "2 miles south of Pulgaon railway station, and 21 from Wardhá town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "20° 42′ N", "longitude": "78° 22′ E", "raw_text": "situated in lat. 20° 42′ N., and long. 78° 22′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 3571, "population_year": 1870, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "chiefly agriculturists", "Thesarái (native inn), with its strong stone walls and gateway, resembles a fort, and was once successfully held by the inhabitants against the Pindárís.", "contains a well, a carved stone on which states that the building was constructed four centuries ago by Bádsháh Lár.", "Every Thursday a market takes place in the square in the centre of the town; and on the 4th of Aswin Vadhya (end of September) a yearly fair is held in the temple of Puránik.", "Náchangáon has a good village school, and is a police outpost." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Náchangáon. Ancient town in Wardhá District, Central Provinces; situated in lat. 20° 42′ N., and long. 78° 22′ E., 2 miles south of Pulgaon railway station, and 21 from Wardhá town. Pop. (1870), 3571, chiefly agriculturists. Thesarái (native inn), with its strong stone walls and gate- way, resembles a fort, and was once successfully held by the inhabitants against the Pindárís. It contains a well, a carved stone on which states that the building was constructed four centuries ago by Bádsháh Lár. Every Thursday a market takes place in the square in the centre of the town; and on the 4th of Aswin Vadhya (end of September) a yearly fair is held in the temple of Puránik. Náchangáon has a good village school, and is a police outpost.", "pdf_page": 11, "pdf_page_end": 11, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-011.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nachangaon", "formatted_address": "Nachangaon, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 20.6979295, "longitude": 78.33017009999999, "place_id": "ChIJ7YSL5Hx11DsRtqtZ_HQorR0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nachangaon&query_place_id=ChIJ7YSL5Hx11DsRtqtZ_HQorR0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:29:19.038Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00015", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nádanghát", "normalized_name": "n-dangh-t", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "trading village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bardwán", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Trading village in the Kálná (Culna) Subdivision of Bardwán District, Bengal." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nádanghát. Trading village in the Kálná (Culna) Subdivision of Bardwán District, Bengal.", "pdf_page": 11, "pdf_page_end": 11, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-011.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nadanghat", "formatted_address": "Nadanghat, West Bengal 713515, India", "latitude": 23.3749497, "longitude": 88.252608, "place_id": "ChIJRejhlgcC-TkRnzDikxRYPN8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nadanghat&query_place_id=ChIJRejhlgcC-TkRnzDikxRYPN8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:29:26.470Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00035", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nagal", "normalized_name": "nagal", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Dehrá Dún", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Village in Dehrá Dún District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Garhwál boundary, close to a small river, which is utilized for numerous mills.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.383333, "longitude": 78.166667, "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 23' N., long. 78° 10′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nagal. Village in Dehrá Dún District, North-Western Provinces. Lat. 30° 23' N., long. 78° 10′ E. Situated on the Garhwál boundary, close to a small river, which is utilized for numerous mills.", "pdf_page": 29, "pdf_page_end": 29, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-029.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nagal", "formatted_address": "Nagal, Uttarakhand 249152, India", "latitude": 30.7443561, "longitude": 78.2846303, "place_id": "ChIJXyK4LeW_CDkRXszr5p8PYdM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nagal&query_place_id=ChIJXyK4LeW_CDkRXszr5p8PYdM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:30:12.288Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00067", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Nagore", "normalized_name": "nagore", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Tanjore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Town in Tanjore District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nagore. Town in Tanjore District, Madras.-See NAGAR.", "pdf_page": 34, "pdf_page_end": 34, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-034.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nagore", "formatted_address": "Nagore, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India", "latitude": 10.8127803, "longitude": 79.8391001, "place_id": "ChIJfWvTrlITVToRkJDP4pw6gUA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nagore&query_place_id=ChIJfWvTrlITVToRkJDP4pw6gUA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T04:38:33.682Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00082", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Náini Tál", "normalized_name": "n-ini-t-l", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "Hill station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Kumáun", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill station in Kumáun District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Picturesquely situated on the banks of a beautiful little lake, which nestles among the spurs of the Himalayas. Favourite sanitarium and summer resort of Europeans from the plains. It is also the headquarters of the Government of the North-Western Provinces during the hot weather.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 29.366667, "longitude": 79.493056, "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 22′ N., long. 79° 29′ 35″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6000, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Elevation above sea level, 6409 feet", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £4255; from taxes, £2484", "The population within municipal limits, about 6000 under ordinary circumstances, increases enormously during the height of the season" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Náini Tál.—Hill station in Kumáun District, North-Western Pro- vinces. Lat. 29° 22′ N., long. 79° 29′ 35″ E. Picturesquely situated on the banks of a beautiful little lake, which nestles among the spurs of the Himalayas. Favourite sanitarium and summer resort of Europeans from the plains. It is also the headquarters of the Government of the North-Western Provinces during the hot weather. Exquisite scenery anong the surrounding hills. Elevation above sea level, 6409 feet. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £4255; from taxes, £2484. The population within municipal limits, about 6000 under ordinary circum- stances, increases enormously during the height of the season.", "pdf_page": 45, "pdf_page_end": 45, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-045.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nainital", "formatted_address": "Nainital, Uttarakhand, India", "latitude": 29.3924139, "longitude": 79.4533773, "place_id": "ChIJYZ39KLyhoDkRs32YFql7rnw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nainital&query_place_id=ChIJYZ39KLyhoDkRs32YFql7rnw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:40:31.455Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00086", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Najíbábád", "normalized_name": "naj-b-b-d", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "headquarters of the tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Bijnaur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bijnaur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "On the banks of the Málin Nadi stream, 31 miles south-east of Hardwár. Founded by the Nawáb Najíb-ud-daulá, who erected the square brick fort of Pathargarh, 1 mile east of the town, in 1755.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 29.613889, "longitude": 78.386111, "raw_text": "lat. 29° 36′ 50″ N., and long. 78° 23' 10\" E." }, "stats": { "population": 17418, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "9475 Hindus, 7936 Muhammadans, and 7 ‘others.'", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1682; from taxes, £1122, or 1s. old. per head of the population (19,656) within municipal limits." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Najíbábád.—Municipal town in Bijnaur District, North-Western Provinces, and headquarters of the tahsil. Pop. (1872), 17,418, con- ·sisting of 9475 Hindus, 7936 Muhammadans, and 7 ‘others.' Lies in lat. 29° 36′ 50″ N., and long. 78° 23' 10\" E., on the banks of the Málin Nadi stream, 31 miles south-east of Hardwár. Founded by the Nawáb Najíb-ud-daulá, who erected the square brick fort of Pathargarh, 1 mile east of the town, in 1755. His tomb is a handsome building, surrounded by numerous apartments; and the Kothi Mubárak Banyád remains as a monument of his magnificence within the town. To the north stands the tomb of his brother, Jahángír Khán. Large through traffic in timber from the Bhábar forests. Manufactures of brass, copper, and iron work; blankets, cotton cloth, and shoes. Imports of grain; exports of sugar. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1682; from taxes, £1122, or 1s. old. per head of the population (19,656) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 46, "pdf_page_end": 46, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-046.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Najibabad", "formatted_address": "Najibabad, Uttar Pradesh 246763, India", "latitude": 29.6123401, "longitude": 78.3441643, "place_id": "ChIJXW-kPQrfCzkRTvPp8gNYqdQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Najibabad&query_place_id=ChIJXW-kPQrfCzkRTvPp8gNYqdQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:40:42.553Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00091", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nakur", "normalized_name": "nakur", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Saharanpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "South-western tahsil of Saharanpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Lying along the east bank of the Jumna (Jamuná), and watered in part by the Eastern Jumna Canal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 189022, "population_year": 1872, "area": 423, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "286 are cultivated", "land revenue, £26,278; total Government revenue, £29,049; rental paid by cultivators, £37,394; incidence of Government revenue per acre, IS. 11td." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nakur.-South-western tahsil of Saharanpur District, North-Western Provinces, lying along the east bank of the Jumna (Jamuná), and watered in part by the Eastern Jumna Canal. Area, 423 square miles, of which 286 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 189,022; land revenue, £26,278; total Government revenue, £29,049; rental paid by ĉul-\n\ntivators, £37,394; incidence of Government revenue per acre, IS. 11td.", "pdf_page": 46, "pdf_page_end": 47, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-046.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nakur", "formatted_address": "Nakur, Uttar Pradesh 247342, India", "latitude": 29.9198725, "longitude": 77.30659519999999, "place_id": "ChIJsa72vEnzDjkRaMzWDVt7oI4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nakur&query_place_id=ChIJsa72vEnzDjkRaMzWDVt7oI4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:15:26.281Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00094", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Nalagarh (or Hindur)", "normalized_name": "nalagarh-or-hindur", "alternate_names": [ "Hindur" ], "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Punjab Hill State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "One of the Punjab Hill States" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nalagarh (or Hindur). - One of the Punjab Hill States.-See HINDUR.", "pdf_page": 47, "pdf_page_end": 47, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-047.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nalagarh - Hindur - Chowk", "formatted_address": "2PR8+XPC, Pinjore - Swarghat Rd, Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh 174101, India", "latitude": 31.0424329, "longitude": 76.7167702, "place_id": "ChIJG9ziXdxbBTkRTGUlCoxPz-Q", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nalagarh+-+Hindur+-+Chowk&query_place_id=ChIJG9ziXdxbBTkRTGUlCoxPz-Q", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:39:04.115Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00096", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nalápáni (or Kalanga)", "normalized_name": "nal-p-ni-or-kalanga", "alternate_names": [ "Kalanga" ], "feature_type": "fort", "feature_labels": [ "hill fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Delrá Dún", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill fort in Delrá Dún District, North- Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Perched upon a low Himálayan spur, about 3½ miles north-east of Dehrá. Hastily thrown up by the Gúrkhas on the outbreak of the war of 1814. Attacked by General Gillespie, who fell while leading the storming party; desperately defended for a time, but evacuated by the enemy after a second assault, and demolished shortly afterwards by the British.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.341667, "longitude": 78.141667, "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 20′ 30″ N., long. 78° 8′ 30″ E. (Thornton)" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Elevation above sea level, 3286 feet." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nalápáni (or Kalanga).-Hill fort in Delrá Dún District, North- Western Provinces. Lat. 30° 20′ 30″ N., long. 78° 8′ 30″ E. (Thornton). Hastily thrown up by the Gúrkhas on the outbreak of the war of 1814. Perched upon a low Himálayan spur, about 3½ miles north-east of Dehrá. Attacked by General Gillespie, who fell while leading the storming party; desperately defended for a time, but evacuated by the enemy after a second assault, and demolished shortly afterwards by the British. Elevation above sea level, 3286 feet.", "pdf_page": 47, "pdf_page_end": 47, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-047.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Nalápáni (or Kalanga)", "latitude": 30.3385784, "longitude": 78.0807411, "evidence_url": "google.com/maps/place/Nalapani,+Ladpur,+Nanur+Khera,+Dehradun,+Uttarakhand+248008,+India/@30.3385784,78.0807411,6524m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m10!1m2!2m1!1snalapani+fort!3m6!1s0x390928388144db25:0x8759013971701c51!8m2!3d30.3257788!4d78.0796343!15sCg1uYWxhcGFuaSBmb3J0kgEMbmVpZ2hib3Job29k4AEA!16s%2Fg%2F11gjp89r7g?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:16:16.838Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00097", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nálatwád", "normalized_name": "n-latw-d", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Kaládgi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Kaládgi District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Situated 56 miles east by north of Kaládgi.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 16.244444, "longitude": 76.330556, "raw_text": "lat. 16° 14′ 40″ N., and long. 76° 19′ 50″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4645, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "municipal income, £126" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nálatwád.—Municipal town in Kaládgi District, Bombay; situated 56 miles east by north of Kaládgi, in lat. 16° 14′ 40″ N., and long. 76° 19′ 50″ E. Pop. (1872), 4645; municipal income, £126.", "pdf_page": 47, "pdf_page_end": 47, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-047.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nalwadgi", "formatted_address": "Nalwadgi, Karnataka 585319, India", "latitude": 16.7682833, "longitude": 77.0420541, "place_id": "ChIJ13zUyt9QyDsRQJHS_XcvSzo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nalwadgi&query_place_id=ChIJ13zUyt9QyDsRQJHS_XcvSzo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:17:15.110Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00099", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nalbárí", "normalized_name": "nalb-r", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "trading village", "police station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": "Kámrúp", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Trading vilage and police station in Kámrúp District, - Assam" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 26.432, "longitude": 91.4625, "raw_text": "Lat. 26° 25′ 55″ N., long. 91° 27′ 45″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "in that portion of the District north of the Brahmaputra" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nalbárí. Trading vilage and police station in Kámrúp District, - Assam. Lat. 26° 25′ 55″ N., long. 91° 27′ 45″ E.; in that portion of the District north of the Brahmaputra.", "pdf_page": 47, "pdf_page_end": 47, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-047.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nalbari", "formatted_address": "Nalbari, Assam, India", "latitude": 26.4446185, "longitude": 91.4410527, "place_id": "ChIJddk1NpDMWzcRbPIeREpLyu4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nalbari&query_place_id=ChIJddk1NpDMWzcRbPIeREpLyu4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:17:27.969Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00104", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nalganga.", "normalized_name": "nalganga", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Buldána District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Berar", "raw_context": "Buldána District, Berar" }, "location_description": "River rising near Dewalghát, Buldána District, Berar; runs past Malkapur to the Wagar river, which joins the Púrna.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Malkapur (lat. 21° 53' N., long. 76° 15′ E.)" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nalganga.—River rising near Dewalghát, Buldána District, Berar; Mi runs past Malkapur (lat. 21° 53' N., long. 76° 15′ E.), to the Wagar river, which joins the Púrna. In the hot season, the Nalganga dwindles to a mere chain of pools.", "pdf_page": 49, "pdf_page_end": 49, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-049.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nalganga River", "formatted_address": "Nalganga River, Maharashtra", "latitude": 20.8751217, "longitude": 76.1998766, "place_id": "ChIJWz0rIw_u2TsRx4zAO0yKUGw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nalganga+River&query_place_id=ChIJWz0rIw_u2TsRx4zAO0yKUGw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:03:33.916Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00108", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nálknád.", "normalized_name": "n-lkn-d", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "former capital" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Coorg", "raw_context": "territory of Coorg" }, "location_description": "Village in the territory of Coorg, and at one time the capital of the State under Rájá Dodda Víra Rájendra.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 12.233333333333333, "longitude": 75.7, "raw_text": "Lat. 12° 14′ N., long. 75° 42′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The palace, built in 1794, is now partly used for public offices.", "Close by is a handsome little pavilion, erected by the Rájá in 1796 for the celebration of his second marriage with Mahádevamma.", "Behind towers the majestic mountain of Tadiándamol." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nálknád.—Village in the territory of Coorg, and at one time the capital of the State under Rájá Dodda Víra Rájendra, the hero of Coorg independence. Lat. 12° 14′ N., long. 75° 42′ E. The palace, built in 1794, is now partly used for public offices. Close by is a handsome little pavilion, erected by the Rájá in 1796 for the celebration of his second marriage with Mahádevamma. Behind towers the majestic mountain of Tadiándamol.", "pdf_page": 49, "pdf_page_end": 49, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-049.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nalknad Palace", "formatted_address": "6JMR+W8Q Nalknad Palace, Nalknad Palace Rd, Yevakapadi, Karnataka 571212, India", "latitude": 12.2347668, "longitude": 75.64072039999999, "place_id": "ChIJjUQuZPRNpDsRUU3AWuGDtLU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nalknad+Palace&query_place_id=ChIJjUQuZPRNpDsRUU3AWuGDtLU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:41:54.059Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00129", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nandikanama", "normalized_name": "nandikanama", "feature_type": "road_or_route", "feature_labels": [ "pass" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Karnúl (Kurnool)", "tehsil": "Cumbum (Kambham) táluk", "taluk": "Cumbum (Kambham)", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Cumbum (Kambham) táluk, Karnúl (Kurnool) District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Pass in Cumbum (Kambham) táluk, Karnúl (Kurnool) District, Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "15° 23′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "78° 48′ 7″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 15° 23′ 30″ N., and long. 78° 48′ 7″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Carries the main road from Karnúl to Kambham (Cumbum) and the east coast at Ongole over the Nallamalái hills", "height, about 1800 feet above sea level", "Much used for the transport of salt, and was utilized in like manner during the recent famine for carrying grain from the coast to Karnúl" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nandikanama.-Pass in Cumbum (Kambham) táluk, Karnúl (Kur- nool) District, Madras, lying in lat. 15° 23′ 30″ N., and long. 78° 48′ 7″ E. Carries the main road from Karnúl to Kambham (Cumbum) and the east coast at Ongole over the Nallamalái hills; height, about 1800 feet above sea level. Much used for the transport of salt, and was utilized in like manner during the recent famine for carrying grain from the coast to Karnúl.", "pdf_page": 54, "pdf_page_end": 54, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-054.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nandikotkur", "formatted_address": "Road, Old Bus Stand Rd, near Andhra Bank, King Market Area, N R Peta, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh 518001, India", "latitude": 15.8337441, "longitude": 78.0519604, "place_id": "ChIJPcFpEgDntTsRxKwNbgL3HK4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nandikotkur&query_place_id=ChIJPcFpEgDntTsRxKwNbgL3HK4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:55:47.678Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00133", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nándúra", "normalized_name": "n-nd-ra", "alternate_names": [ "Nándúra Buzurg", "Nándúra Khurd" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "railway station", "market" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Buldána", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Berar", "raw_context": "Buldána District, Berar" }, "location_description": "A station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway; divided by the Dayánganga river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "20° 50' N.", "longitude": "76° 32′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 20° 50' N., long. 76° 32′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "324 miles from Bombay", "The Dayánganga river divides Nándúra Buzurg (Great North) from Nándúra Khurd (Little North)", "weekly sales on market days amount to about £2500", "Staple commodities - cotton, corn, cattle, and cloth" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nándúra.—Town in Buldána District, Berar, and a station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. Lat. 20° 50' N., long. 76° 32′ E.; 324 miles from Bombay. The Dayánganga river divides Nándúra Buzurg (Great North) from Nándúra Khurd (Little North). It is said that Nándúra, then only a small village, was resorted to by some dyers about 100 years ago, to escape from the oppression of a deshmukh named Fakirchánd; but more probably, when Mahádáj Sindhia plundered the parganá of Pimpalgaon Rájá in 1790 A.D., on his way to Poona from the expedition against Ghulám Kádir Beg of Delhi, many refugees settled here. Since the establishment of a railway station, the market has become important; the weekly sales on market days amount to about £2500. Staple commodities - cotton, corn, cattle, and cloth. he Dayánganga supplies water except in the hot season, when it is obtained from wells.", "pdf_page": 55, "pdf_page_end": 55, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-055.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Nándúra", "latitude": 20.8380334, "longitude": 76.4598912, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nandura,+Maharashtra+443404,+India/@20.8372853,76.4283094,7064m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bd758a8f5d71393:0x8c4862b1f1dd9c7e!8m2!3d20.8380334!4d76.4598912!16zL20vMGY1cnJf?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:42:17.573Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00138", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nanguneri", "normalized_name": "nanguneri", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Tinnevelli", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Nanguneri", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Tinnevelli District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "8° 29′ 20″ N.", "longitude": "77° 44′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 8° 29′ 20″ N., long. 77° 44′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5438, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 1389, "other_facts": [ "headquarters of a táluk of the same name", "richly endowed temple", "Weekly fair" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nanguneri.-Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras. Lat. 8° 29′ 20″ N., long. 77° 44′ E.; pop. (1871), 5438; number of houses, 1389. Nanguneri is the headquarters of a táluk of the same name, and has a richly endowed temple. Weekly fair.", "pdf_page": 56, "pdf_page_end": 56, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-056.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nanguneri", "formatted_address": "Nanguneri, Tamil Nadu 627108, India", "latitude": 8.4961056, "longitude": 77.6464534, "place_id": "ChIJ5bFtAjRvBDsRPbz9ErPzZr0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nanguneri&query_place_id=ChIJ5bFtAjRvBDsRPbz9ErPzZr0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:17:54.097Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00143", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nánpára", "normalized_name": "n-np-ra", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "parganá" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Bahráich", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Bahráich District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Bounded on the north by Nepál, on the east by Charda, on the south by Bahráich, and on the west by Dharmánpur and the Gogra river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 148572, "population_year": 1869, "area": "523 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "124,100 Hindus and 24,472 Musalmáns", "extreme length, 38 miles; breadth, 14' miles", "immense proportion of cultivable waste land, which covers 213 square miles, as compared with 257 square miles of cultivation, out of a total area of 523 square miles", "Of the 311 villages comprising the parganá, 306 are held under tálukdárí tenure", "main road from Bahráich to Nepálganj passes through Nánpára town, and second-class roads run from Nánpára to Motípur (16 miles), to Bhingá (29 miles), and to Khairighát (12 miles)", "Government vernacular town school at Nánpára, and 8 village schools", "Two post offices and two police stations", "nucleus of the present estate of the Rájá of Nánpára, comprising nearly the whole of the parganá, consisted of a grant of 5 villages to an Afghán officer named Rasúl Khán, who was commissioned by Shah Jahán to coerce the Banjáras", "Nánpára was only constituted a distinct parganá after the British annexation of Oudh, having previously been nearly all included in parganá Bahráich" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nánpára. Parganá in Bahráich District, Oudh; bounded on the north by Nepál, on the east by Charda, on the south by Bahráich, and on the west by Dharmánpur and the Gogra river. Area, 523 square miles; extreme length, 38 miles; breadth, 14' miles. The eastern portion lies high, and forms part of the tableland which acts as the watershed of the two river systems of the Rápti and the Gogra. The western half is a portion of the basin of the latter river and its affluent the Sarju, and has been furrowed in all directions by old beds of these streams in their wanderings over the country. This section is \"Seculiarly fertile, having a rich yet light alluvial soil, which requires no irrigation and but little labour to yield the finest crops. The parganá is not so well wooded as its neighbours to the south, only 171 per cent. being grove land. The proximity of the jungle tracts, however, in some degree compensates for this drawback. There is an immense proportion of cultivable waste land, which covers 213 square miles, as compared with 257 square miles of cultivation, out of a total area of 523 square miles. Irrigation there is none, except in the higher villages to the east, where, as in Bahráich parganá, there is every facility for irrigation, the water lying near the surface. Pop. (1869), 148,572, viz. 124,100 Hindus and 24,472 Musalmáns. Principal crops -barley, rice, and Indian corn. Of the 311 villages comprising the parganá, 306 are held under tálukdárí tenure. The main road from Bahráich to Nepálganj passes through Nánpára town, and second-class roads run from Nánpára to Motípur (16 miles), to Bhingá (29 miles), and to Khairighát (12 miles). Government vernacular town school at Nánpára, and 8 village schools. Two post offices and two police stations. The nucleus of the present estate of the Rájá of Nánpára, comprising nearly the whole of the parganá, consisted of a grant of 5 villages to an Afghán officer named Rasúl Khán, who was commis- sioned by Shah Jahán to coerce the Banjáras, a turbulent tribe who had long disturbed the peace of the country. The family gradually extended their possessions; the present Rájá is the seventh in descent from the founder, Rasúl Khán. Nánpára was only constituted a distinct parganá after the British annexation of Oudh, having previously been nearly all included in parganá Bahráich.\n\nNánpára.-Town in Bahráich District, Oudh, and headquarters of", "pdf_page": 57, "pdf_page_end": 57, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-057.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nanpara", "formatted_address": "Nanpara, Uttar Pradesh 271865, India", "latitude": 27.8674709, "longitude": 81.4992884, "place_id": "ChIJGfYAmez3mDkRl1eLu6fR-Eg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nanpara&query_place_id=ChIJGfYAmez3mDkRl1eLu6fR-Eg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:42:45.006Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00149", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Naogaon", "normalized_name": "naogaon", "feature_type": "village", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Rájshahi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Rájshahi District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "on the west bank of the river Jamuná.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 45′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "88° 58′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 24° 45′ 30″ N., and long. 88° 58′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5000, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "centre of the gánjá (hemp) cultivation of Rájsháhi", "nearly the whole of India is supplied with the narcotic from this tract" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Naogaon.-Village in Rájshahi District, Bengal; situated in lat. 24° 45′ 30″ N., and long. 88° 58′ 30″ E., on the west bank of the river Jamuná. Important as the centre of the gánjá (hemp) cultivation of Rájsháhi; it is from this small tract of country that nearly the whole of India is supplied with the narcotic. Pop. under 5000.", "pdf_page": 58, "pdf_page_end": 58, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-058.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Naogaon", "formatted_address": "Naogaon, Bangladesh", "latitude": 24.8061878, "longitude": 88.93473780000001, "place_id": "ChIJhe6yPVZ7_DkR-7Q3A5XVzDA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Naogaon&query_place_id=ChIJhe6yPVZ7_DkR-7Q3A5XVzDA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:55:56.853Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00161", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Narasinganallúr", "normalized_name": "narasinganall-r", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "thriving" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Tinnevelli", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Thriving village in Tinnevelli District, Madras" }, "location_description": "3½ miles west of Tinnevelli.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "8° 42' N.", "longitude": "77° 42' E.", "raw_text": "lat. 8° 42' N., and long. 77° 42' E." }, "stats": { "population": "6795", "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": "1713", "other_facts": [ "3½ miles west of Tinnevelli" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Narasinganallúr.-Thriving village in Tinnevelli District, Madras; situated in lat. 8° 42' M., and long. 77° 42' E., 3½ miles west of Tinnevelli. Pop. (1871), 6795; number of houses, 1713.", "pdf_page": 62, "pdf_page_end": 62, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-062.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narasinganallur", "formatted_address": "Narasinganallur, Tamil Nadu 627604, India", "latitude": 8.704560299999999, "longitude": 77.64804099999999, "place_id": "ChIJLWpvygwUBDsRdeRYUMDIKFs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narasinganallur&query_place_id=ChIJLWpvygwUBDsRdeRYUMDIKFs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:03:52.474Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00168", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Naregal.", "normalized_name": "naregal", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Dharwár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Dharwár District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Town in Dharwár District, Bombay, situated 55 miles east of Dharwár town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 15.6, "longitude": 75.9, "raw_text": "in lat. 15° 36° N., and long. 75° 54' E." }, "stats": { "population": 5182, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated 55 miles east of Dharwár town" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Naregal.-Town in Dharwár District, Bombay; situated 55 miles east of Dharwár town, in lat. 15° 36° N., and long. 75° 54' E. Pop. (1872), 5182.", "pdf_page": 66, "pdf_page_end": 66, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-066.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Naregal", "formatted_address": "Naregal, Karnataka, India", "latitude": 15.577652, "longitude": 75.8040022, "place_id": "ChIJ36hDJV5ZuDsR12s130uMUQ8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Naregal&query_place_id=ChIJ36hDJV5ZuDsR12s130uMUQ8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:57:11.671Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00169", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nargúnd.", "normalized_name": "narg-nd", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "municipal town", "fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Dhárwár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Dhárwár District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Town in Dhárwár District, Bombay; a municipal town and former petty principality, site of a fort and notable for trade.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 15.722778, "longitude": 75.425, "raw_text": "in lat. 15° 43′ 22″ N., and long. 75° 25′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 9931, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated 60 miles east of Belgáum, and 32 miles north-east of Dhárwár town", "municipal town, with an income of £395", "petty principality, containing 30 towns and villages, with a population of about 24,000 (historical context)" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nargúnd.-Town in Dhárwár District, Bombay; situated 60 miles east of Belgáum, and 32 miles north-east of Dhárwár town, in lat. 15° 43′ 22″ N., and long. 75° 25′ 30″ E. Pop. (1872), 9931. Nargúnd is a municipal town, with an income of £395. Though not a manu- facturing town, it is a busy entrepôt of trade, where the merchants of Dhárwár and North Kanara exchange rice, sugar, spices, and other agricultural products. Nargúnd was one of the earliest possessions wrested from the feeble grasp of the Muhammadan kings of Bijápur by the Marhattá rulers of Satára. It was subsequently handed over to Rámráo Bhane, with some surrounding villages. On the conquest of the Peshwa's territory by the British, was restored by them to Dádájí Ráo, the chief then found in possession. An agreement was concluded with him, by which he was exempted from the payment of his former tribute of £347, from nazarána or presents on occasions, and from rendering service, on the conditions of loyalty to and dependence on the British Government. This petty principality, containing 30 towns and villages, with a population of about 24,000, was at the time of the Mutiny in 1857 held by Bháskar Ráo Apá Sáhib. Affected by the disturbances in the north, the chief rose in open rebellion, and murdered Mr. Manson, the Commissioner and Political Agent, Southern Marhattá country. An English force was despatched at once to Nargúnd, and, after a short but decisive engagement, the fort and town of Nargúnd fell into the hands of the English.", "pdf_page": 66, "pdf_page_end": 66, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-066.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nargund", "formatted_address": "Nargund, Karnataka, India", "latitude": 15.720317, "longitude": 75.3871079, "place_id": "ChIJSxwkM6OWuDsRuIMbvk0ATqA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nargund&query_place_id=ChIJSxwkM6OWuDsRuIMbvk0ATqA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:04:35.033Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00176", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Narmadá", "normalized_name": "narmad", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "great river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "India", "raw_context": "One of the great rivers of India" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Narmadá.—One of the great rivers of India.-See Narbada.", "pdf_page": 67, "pdf_page_end": 67, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-067.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narmada River", "formatted_address": "Narmada River", "latitude": 22.4965494, "longitude": 77.0494728, "place_id": "ChIJnaSGfBRzfjkR8PGtjJj7rGk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narmada+River&query_place_id=ChIJnaSGfBRzfjkR8PGtjJj7rGk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:18:11.821Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00177", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Narnála", "normalized_name": "narn-la", "feature_type": "fort", "feature_labels": [ "hill fortress" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Ellichpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Berar", "raw_context": "Hill fortress in Ellichpur District, Berar" }, "location_description": "About 2 miles south of the main wall of the Gawilgarh range.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 21.241667, "longitude": 77.072222, "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 14' 30″ N., long. 77° 4′ 20″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "highest point in the District, standing 3161 feet above sea level", "central fort occupies all the upper plateau of the hill", "two smaller forts (Teliágarh and Jáfarábád) enclose two considerable spurs", "ramparts extend over a distance of several miles, wall from 25 to 40 feet high, with 67 flanking towers", "six large and twenty-one small gates", "four of the nineteen tanks within the walls hold water throughout the year", "four very curious stone cisterns, covered in by a masonry platform pierced by small apertures", "remains of arches on the platform", "water in the cisterns is remarkably sweet and cool", "supposed to have been built by the Jains", "old palace, mosque called after Aurangzeb, armoury, twelve-doored pavilion, music hall, and other buildings, all more or less in ruins", "Shahnur gate on the south, of white sandstone, with projecting balconies, open stone lattice-work, rich cornice, tracery and panelling, with stone-cut verses from the Korán" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Narnála.-Hill fortress in Ellichpur District, Berar. Lat. 21° 14' 30″ N., long. 77° 4′ 20″ E. It is the highest point in the District, standing 3161 feet above sea level, and forms, as it were, an advanced outwork, about 2 miles south of the main wall of the Gawilgarh range. A central fort occupies all the upper plateau of the hill, while two smaller forts (Teliágarh and Jáfarábád) enclose two considerable spurs running out at opposite angles on a lower level, and in the direction of the length of the hill, which is from north-east to south-west. The ramparts, which extend over a distance of several miles, consist “gene- rally of a wall from 25 to 40 feet high, with 67 flanking towers. There are six large and twenty-one small gates. Four only of the nineteen tanks within the walls hold water throughout the year. The fort also contains four very curious stone, cisterns, covered in by a masonry platform pierced by small apertures. On this platform are the remains of arches. The water in the cisterns is remarkably sweet and cool. They are supposed to have been built by the Jains who ruled the country before the Musalmán conquest, for many Jains drink no water on which the sun has fallen. The old palace, a mosque called after Aurangzeb, an armoury, a twelve-doored pavilion, a music hall, and other buildings, all more or less in ruins, occupy the interior of the central fort. Perhaps the most beautiful architectural feature is the Shahnur gate on the south, which is of white sandstone, with projecting ་ balconies on either side; the open stone lattice-work, the rich cornice,\n\nand tracery and panelling, with stone-cut verses from the Korán, are admirable specimens of Pathán workmanship.", "pdf_page": 67, "pdf_page_end": 68, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-067.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narnala Fort", "formatted_address": "62PF+49 Narnala Fort, Shahanur, Maharashtra 444101, India", "latitude": 21.2360155, "longitude": 77.0232448, "place_id": "ChIJcRwTUOkF1zsRKGD_6xdIazw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narnala+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJcRwTUOkF1zsRKGD_6xdIazw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:18:24.074Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00178", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Narora", "normalized_name": "narora", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Bulandshahr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Bulandshahr District, North-Western Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 28.2, "longitude": 78.429167, "raw_text": "Lat. 28° 12′ N., long. 78° 25′ 45″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Narora.-Town in Bulandshahr District, North-Western Provinces. Lat. 28° 12′ N., long. 78° 25′ 45″ E.", "pdf_page": 68, "pdf_page_end": 68, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-068.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narora", "formatted_address": "Narora, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 28.196777, "longitude": 78.3813785, "place_id": "ChIJBzk6D580CzkR8omlDLq158E", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narora&query_place_id=ChIJBzk6D580CzkR8omlDLq158E", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:04:08.553Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00179", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Narot", "normalized_name": "narot", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "mart" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Gurdaspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Gurdaspur District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated in the trans-Rávi tract, half-way between the Rávi and the hills.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 32.291667, "longitude": 75.5, "raw_text": "lat. 32° 17′ 30″ N., and long. 75° 30′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5858, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "3337 Hindus, 2485 Muhammadans, and 36 'others.'", "Principal mart in the fertile submontane belt known as Chak Andar", "Exports of rice and turmeric to Amritsar (Umritsur) and Lahore", "Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £159, or 9 d. per head of population (3944) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Narot.-Municipal town in Gurdaspur District, Punjab ; situated in the trans-Rávi tract, in lat. 32° 17′ 30″ N., and long. 75° 30′ E., half-way between the Rávi and the hills. Pop. (1868), 5858, consisting of 3337 Hindus, 2485 Muhammadans, and 36 'others.' Principal mart in the fertile submontane belt known as Chak Andar. Exports of rice and tur- meric to Amritsar (Umritsur) and Lahore. Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £159, or 9 d. per head of population (3944) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 68, "pdf_page_end": 68, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-068.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narot Jaimal Singh", "formatted_address": "Narot Jaimal Singh, Punjab 145026, India", "latitude": 32.2944367, "longitude": 75.4570493, "place_id": "ChIJX14D2ZR2HDkRIUSgeV_jONw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narot+Jaimal+Singh&query_place_id=ChIJX14D2ZR2HDkRIUSgeV_jONw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:19:33.873Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00192", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Narsinhpur", "normalized_name": "narsinhpur", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "district", "administrative unit" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "District in the Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "District in the Central Provinces, described as the smallest and most densely populated in the region, with a diverse population and agricultural economy.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 339395, "population_year": 1872, "area": 1916, "houses": 64888, "other_facts": [ "Population in 1866: 336,796", "Population in 1877: 356,708", "979 villages or townships", "Persons per square mile: 177.14", "Villages per square mile: 0.51", "Houses per square mile: 33.87", "Persons per village: 346.68", "Persons per house: 5.23", "Males (1872): 176,552", "Females (1872): 162,843", "Male children (1877): 66,297", "Female children (1877): 59,523", "Europeans (1877): 30", "Eurasians (1877): 9", "Aboriginal tribes (1877): 45,542", "Hindus (1877): 297,543", "Muhammadans (1877): 12,569", "Buddhists and Jains (1877): 906", "Gonds (1872): 42,143", "Bráhmans (1872): 23,949", "Lodhís (1872): 31,400", "Dhers or Mhars (1872): 22,742", "Chamárs (1872): 16,242", "Dhimárs (1872): 14,507", "Native Christians (1877): 35" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Population.-A rough enumeration in 1866 returned the population of Narsinhpur at 336,796 persons. The more careful Census of 1872 dis- closed 339,395. The latest estimate of 1877 indicates a total of 356,708. The Census of 1872 still remains, however, the only basis for a detailed examination of the people. It disclosed a population of 339,395 persons on an area of 1916 square miles, residing in 979 villages or townships and in 64,888 houses; persons per square mile, 177°14; villages per square mile, 0'51; houses per square mile, 33.87; persons per village, 346.68; persons per house, 5°23. Thus Narsinhpur is at once the smallest and the most densely populated District in the Central Provinces. Classified according to sex-males, 176,552; females, 162,843. According to age, the male children in 1877 numbered 66,297; the female children, 59,523. Ethnical division in 1877-Europeans, 30; Eurasians, 9; aboriginal tribes, 45,542; Hindus, 297,543; Muhammadans, 12,569; Buddhists and Jains, 906. The most numerous of the aboriginal tribes are the Gonds, 42,143 (in 1872), the remainder consisting of Bharias, Kols, etc. Among the Hindus, in 1872 the Bráhmans numbered 23,949; the mass of the Hindu population consisting of Lodhís, 31,400; Dhers or Mhars, 22,742 ; Chamárs, 16,242; Dhimárs, 14,507; and a great variety of other culti- vating and inferior castes. Native Christians in 1877, 35. Owing to their isolation, the residents of the valley have assumed in dress and appearance a distinct type from that of the picturesque races of Upper India. Though generally well grown, few are conspicuous for stature or physical appearance; nor does their costume become them. Among men, the favourite colour of the angarkhá or long coat\n\nis yellow, with a green shade from the mahuá dye. The sleeves are turned back on the wrists, and the waist-cloth is worn on or below the hips. This, with a white turban, constitutes the usual dress of a prosperous peasant. The chiefs affect the Marhattá turban, tied so much on one side as almost cover one eye, or, what appears to be the Gond fashion, a turban composed of innumerable folds of cloth twisted like a rope. Their dress seldom matches their pretensions, and some of the oldest Rájás and Thákurs might be taken for poor peasants. It is true that titles of honour are so common as to have lost much of their significance. There is in Narsinhpur neither the strictness of ritual nor the social rigidity which prevail in Hindustán Proper. Among Bráłmans, the Kanaujíás still maintain their tradi- tions; but the Sanoriás, who take a high rank in Upper India, in Nar- sinhpur are very lax, forming connections with women of other castes, and neglecting the niceties of Hindu ritual.", "pdf_page": 73, "pdf_page_end": 74, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-073.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Narsinghpur", "formatted_address": "Narsinghpur, Madhya Pradesh 487001, India", "latitude": 22.9473179, "longitude": 79.1923266, "place_id": "ChIJYU5nZMmcfzkR24dwDugVNMs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Narsinghpur&query_place_id=ChIJYU5nZMmcfzkR24dwDugVNMs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T04:38:52.485Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00232", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Naushahra Kalán", "normalized_name": "naushahra-kal-n", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "agricultural village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Peshawar District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Agricultural village in Peshawar District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated on the north bank of the Kábul river, opposite the cantonment of NAUSHAHRA (Nowshera).", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "34° 1' N.", "longitude": "72° 1′ o\" E.", "raw_text": "in lat. 34° 1' N., and long. 72° 1′ o\" E." }, "stats": { "population": 6083, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 374 Hindus and 5709 Muhammadans", "Picturesque and prosperous agricultural centre, with extensive irrigated lands", "Government school" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Naushahra Kalán. - Agricultural village in Peshawar District, Punjab; situated on the north bank of the Kábul river, opposite the cantonment of NAUSHAHRA (Nowshera), in lat. 34° 1' N., and long. 72° 1′ o\" E. Pop. (1868), 6083, consisting of 374 Hindus and 5709 Muham- madans. Picturesque and prosperous agricultural centre, with exten- . sive irrigated lands. Government school.", "pdf_page": 87, "pdf_page_end": 87, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-087.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nowshera Kalan", "formatted_address": "Nowshera Kalan, Nowshera, Pakistan", "latitude": 34.0181011, "longitude": 71.98458959999999, "place_id": "ChIJ10V6fOzS3jgRv4t9rqJ3wjo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nowshera+Kalan&query_place_id=ChIJ10V6fOzS3jgRv4t9rqJ3wjo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T22:33:45.200Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00241", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Nawabandar", "normalized_name": "nawabandar", "feature_type": "port_or_coastal", "feature_labels": [ "Port" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Káthiáwár, Bombay", "raw_context": "Port in Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Port in Káthiáwár, Bombay.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nawabandar.-Port in Káthiáwár, Bombay. See NAWIBANDAR. -", "pdf_page": 90, "pdf_page_end": 90, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-090.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nava Bandar Port", "formatted_address": "Nava Bandar, Gujarat 362510, India", "latitude": 20.7421276, "longitude": 71.0792721, "place_id": "ChIJq3pV3DAC4zsRtPSv-d6JsFg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nava+Bandar+Port&query_place_id=ChIJq3pV3DAC4zsRtPSv-d6JsFg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:20:56.218Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00253", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nawashahr", "normalized_name": "nawashahr", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Jalandhar (Jullundur)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "South-eastern tahsil of Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "South-eastern tahsil of Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between 30° 58′ 15″ and 31° 17′ 15″ N. lat., and between 75° 49′ 45″ and 76° 19′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nawashahr.-South-eastern tahsil of Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab, lying between 30° 58′ 15″ and 31° 17′ 15″ N. lat., and between 75° 49′ 45″ and 76° 19′ E. long.", "pdf_page": 95, "pdf_page_end": 95, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-095.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Nawashahr", "latitude": 31.1263931, "longitude": 75.8236578, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shaheed+Bhagat+Singh+Nagar,+Punjab,+India/@31.1263931,75.8236578,103529m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x391abdc9dbc41397:0x6164c5b23d190a6b!8m2!3d31.0912954!4d76.0391909!16zL20vMGMyc25t?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:21:35.311Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00262", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nayagarh", "normalized_name": "nayagarh", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty state" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Nayagarh", "agency": null, "region": "Orissa", "raw_context": "Petty State in Orissa, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Petty State in Orissa, Bengal, bounded by Khandpára, Ranpur, Purí District, Gumsar, and Daspallá.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between 19° 54′ 30″ and 20° 20′ 30″ N. lat., and between 84° 50' 45″ and 85° 18′ E. loing." }, "stats": { "population": 83249, "population_year": 1872, "area": 588, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Bounded on the north by Khandpára, on the east by Ranpur, on the south by Purí District, and on the west by the Madras State of Gumsar and by Daspallá" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nayagarh.-Petty State in Orissa, Bengal, lying between 19° 54′ 30″ and 20° 20′ 30″ N. lat., and between 84° 50' 45″ and 85° 18′ E. loing. Area, 588 square miles; population in 1872, 83,249 persons. Bounded on the north by Khandpára, on the east by Ranpur, on the south by Purí District, and on the west by the Madras State of Gumsar and by Daspallá.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-Nayagarh is a large and valuable territory, with some wide tracts of highly cultivated land. Towards the south and south-east, the country is exceedingly wild, and incapable of tillage, but the jungles oir the west might be profitably brought under cultivation. The State abounds in noble scenery; and a splendid range of hills, varying from 2000 to 3000 feet in height, runs through its centre. It sends rice, coarse grain, cotton, sugar-cane, and several kinds of oil- seeds to the neighbouring Districts of Cuttack and Ganjám. Of the total population (83,249), 78,038 are Hindus, 226 Muhammadans, and 4995 'others.' The most numerous aboriginal tribe is that of the Kandhs. The total number of villages is 637, only 1 of which contains\n\nmore than 2000 inhabitants.. Nayagarh State was founded about five hundred years ago by a scion of the family of the Rájput Rájá of Rewah. It originally comprised Khandpárá, but about two hundred years ago this was erected into an independent territory. The annual revenue is estimated at £5418; the tribute to the British Government is £552. The Rájá's militia consists of 62 men, and the police force of 495. There are 19 schools scattered throughout the State.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 351 ], "pdf_page": 96, "pdf_page_end": 97, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-096.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nayagarh", "formatted_address": "Nayagarh, Odisha, India", "latitude": 20.1231332, "longitude": 85.1038426, "place_id": "ChIJTSfixSx7GDoRUlSVWRCSFUU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nayagarh&query_place_id=ChIJTSfixSx7GDoRUlSVWRCSFUU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:22:00.411Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00278", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nellore", "normalized_name": "nellore", "alternate_names": [ "Nellúru", "Nelli-uru", "Sinhapur", "Durga-metta" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town", "municipality" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Nellore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Chief town of Nellore District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Situated on the right bank of the Pennair, 107 miles north of Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 14.443889, "longitude": 80.024167, "raw_text": "lat. 14° 26′ 38″ N., long. 80° 1′ 27″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 29922, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 6788, "other_facts": [ "About five-sixths of the population are Hindus", "number of Musalmáns is about 5000", "municipality, founded in 1866, but now constituted under Act III. of 1871", "municipal committee consists of 22 members, of whom 17 are natives", "In 1876-77, the total municipal income amounted to £3649, including a balance of £186%", "amount derived from taxation was £1970, showing an incidence of Is. ord. per head of population (29,922) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nellore (Nellúru; Nelli-uru, the village of the nelli tree, Phyllan- thus emblica).-Chief town of Nellore District, Madras; situated in lat. 14° 26′ 38″ N., long. 80° 1′ 27″ E., on the right bank of the Pennair, 107 miles north of Madras. Pop. (1871), 29,922; number of houses, 6788. About five-sixths of the population are Hindus, and the number of Musalmáns is about 5000. Nellore is a municipality, founded in 1866, but now constituted under Act III. of 1871. The municipal committee consists of 22 members, of whom 17 are natives. In 1876-77, the total municipal income amounted to £3649, including a balance of £186%; the amount derived from taxation was £1970, showing an incidence of Is. ord. per head of population (29,922) within municipal limits.\n\nNellore town, which is traditionally said to be situated in the hous wilderness Dandaka Aranyam, is of considerable antiquity. Its ancient name was Sinhapur ('lion city'); later it we called Durga- metta, a name which survives in one of its suburbs. \"It was held by the Venkatagiri zamindárs till the Musalmán period, and in 1750 formed a faujdári of Arcot. In 1752, the town was seized by a freebooter named Muhammad Komal, who was captured and executed twelve months later. Najib-ullá, the governor, revolted in 1757, and the English forces under Forde assisted in the unsuccessful siege of the town. The Marhattás and the French both visited Nellore in 1758. The latter were received as friends; but on the raising of the siege of Fort Saint George in the same year, Najíb-ullá murdered all the French soldiers in the town save one, and gave in his submission to the English.\n\nIn 1787, while a peasant was ploughing near the town, he struck upon the remains of a Hindu temple, beneath which was found a pot containing gold coins. About thirty of these were saved from the melting pot, and they proved to be Roman coins of the 2nd century\n\nA.D., mostly bearing the names of Trajan, Hadrian, and Faustina. Some were beautifully fresh, but others were worn and perforated, as if they had been used as personal ornaments. When the anicut across the Pennair was being constructed, the workmen engaged in excavating a bed of laterite found several coffins, apparently of burnt clay, embedded in quartz. Some of these coffins contained more than one body each; and when first seen, the bodies were in a perfect state of preservation, though they quickly crumbled to dust. There were also found with them spearheads and other implements.\n\nFor a native town, Nellore is tolerably clean and airy. The houses are irregularly built, but there are some good streets occupied by the wealthier inhabitants. Since the establishment of the Municipal Com- mission in 1866, much has been done towards removing the most patent sanitary defects. The houses of the European residents äre on the south of the town, along the bank of a large tank, or the farther side of which rises the temple-crowned hill of Narasinha Konda, The offices of the Collector are in the old fort; opposite stands the police office, which was formerly a range of barracks. The hospital, built in 1850 by public subscription and Government grant, is now entirely supported by the munificence of the Rájá of Venkatagiri. Other charitable institutions include the langarkháná, or poorhouse for natives, which receives an annual Government grant of £294; and the European Poor Fund, supported by voluntary subscriptions, which distributes about £40 a year in grants to European vagrants. Christ's Church was built in 1854-66 at a total cost for material of £450, convict labour being given by Government. It is in the Gothic style of architecture, with a chancel and two aisles; there are sittings for 128 persons. The old cemetery has about 160 tombs, the oldest of which dates back to 1785. Among the educational establishments are a school for European and Eurasian children; a large boys' school and a girls' school under the charge of the Free Church of Scotland ; and schools for boys and girls conducted by the American Baptist Mission. Nellore town is connected with Madras by the Northern Trunk Road, and also by the newly opened Buckingham Canal.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 758, 1638, 2492 ], "pdf_page": 108, "pdf_page_end": 109, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-108.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nellore", "formatted_address": "Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India", "latitude": 14.4425987, "longitude": 79.98645599999999, "place_id": "ChIJcYeVDsqMTDoRVR8WJSBsA9M", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nellore&query_place_id=ChIJcYeVDsqMTDoRVR8WJSBsA9M", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T22:33:51.635Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00280", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Neotini", "normalized_name": "neotini", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Unao District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Unao District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Town on the right bank of the Sái, 2 miles south-west of Mohán, with a rich agricultural hinterland and a Government school.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated on the right bank of the Sái, 2 miles south-west of Mohán" }, "stats": { "population": 3809, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": 718, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Neotini.-Town in Unao District, Oudh ; situated on the right bank of the Sái, 2 miles south-west of Mohán. The town is said to have\n\nbeen founded by a Dikhit, Rájá Rám, who on a hunting expedition saw the spot, and, attracted by its beauty, cut away some of the thin grass that grew there, and founded a town which he called Neotini. An old dih in the place is still assigned as the site of his fort. It was held by the Dikhits till the time of Rájá Apre, who was driven out in the time of Mahmúd of Ghazní by an army headed by Míran Muhammad and Zahir-ud-dín, whose descendants still live here. A prosperous little Muhammadan town, with a population in 1869 of 3809 persons, residing in 718 houses. The soil around the town is extremely rich, and well cultivated with crops of pán creepers, poppy, vegetables, spices, and medicinal herbs. Government school.", "pdf_page": 109, "pdf_page_end": 110, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-109.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nyotini", "formatted_address": "Nyotini, Uttar Pradesh 209841, India", "latitude": 26.7542002, "longitude": 80.6535011, "place_id": "ChIJSd61x70EnDkR3_5YJKF6znI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nyotini&query_place_id=ChIJSd61x70EnDkR3_5YJKF6znI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T22:33:58.822Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00304", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nicobars.", "normalized_name": "nicobars", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "cluster of islands", "archipelago" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "" }, "location_description": "A cluster of islands lying to the south of the Andamans. The largest of these is the Great Nicobar, which is about 30 miles in length, and between 12 and 15 in breadth. The length of the others is as follows:-Car-Nicobar, 6 miles; Terressa, 12 miles; Katchall, 9 miles; Nancowry, 4 miles; Carmorta, 16 miles; and the Little Nicobar, 12 miles.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "between lat. 6° 40' and 9° 20' N., and long. 93° and 94° E." }, "stats": { "population": 6000, "population_year": null, "area": "735.5 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "This group consists of 8 large and 12 small islands", "Nancowry gives its name to a splendid harbour, which is formed by the islands of Nancowry, Carmorta, and a smaller one called Trinkati.", "Many of the channels which separate the islands form excellent and safe passages for ships." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nicobars. A cluster of islands lying to the south of the Andamans, - between lat. 6° 40' and 9° 20' N., and long. 93° and 94° E. The area of the whole archipelago amounts approximately to 735˚5 square miles, and the population to about 6000 persons. This group consists of 8 large and 12 small islands, of which the following are the principal: -Chowry, Terressa, Bompoka, Tillangchong, Carmorța, Nancowry, Katchall, Car-Nicobar, the Little Nicobar, and the Great Nicobar. The largest of these is the Great Nicobar, which is about 30 miles in length, and between 12 and 15 in breadth. The length of the others is as follows:-Car-Nicobar, 6 miles; Terressa, 12 miles; Katchall, 9 miles; Nancowry, 4 miles; Carmorta, 16 miles; and the Little Nicobar, 12 miles. Nancowry gives its name to a splendid harbour, which is formed by the islands of Nancowry, Carmorta, and a smaller one called Trinkati. Many of the channels which separate the islands form excellent and safe passages for ships.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-Most of the islands are hilly, and some of the peaks attain a considerable height. Others again are flat, and covered with forests of cocoa-nut trees. All of them are well wooded. The valleys and sides of the hills, to a considerable height, are so thickly covered with trees that the light of the sun is never able to penetrate through their foliage. Among the principal trees are the cocoa-nut and areca palms, the mango, the larum or mellori, and a variety of timber- tree which grows to an immense héight, and would afford excellent\n\nmaterial for building and repairing ships. Tropical fruits grow in great abundance, and yams of fine quality and size. The domestic animals are dogs, pigs, and a few fowls. Of birds, the Nicobar swallow is the chief. It is the builder of the edible nests, so highly valued by the Chinese. All kinds of fish abound in the waters around the islands, and shell-fish are found in great quantities. The soil on the sea-shore is composed of sand, coral, lime, and vegetable mould, more or less thick; the hills are red clay, and the rocks lime, sandstone, and slate. Specimens of coal have been found in various parts of the Nicobars, and though differing in appearance are alike in nature. The circum- stance of their similarity is a favourable indication of the probable existence of one great bed extending through the islands.\n\nPeople. It is difficult to determine the origin of the Nicobarians. In some features they resemble the Malays, yet the shape of their eyes is so different, and their manners and customs so peculiar, that they must be considered as a separate race. They are of a copper colour, well proportioned in their bodies, short rather than tall, with Chinese eyes, small flat noses, large mouths, thick lips, large ears, scanty beard, and straight black hair. Their villages are generally built upon the beach, and consist of fifteen or twenty houses, each house containing a family of twenty persons and upwards. These habitations are raised upon wooden pillars about 10 feet from the ground; they are round, and, having no windows, look like bee-hives covered with thatch. The entry is by a trap-door below, through which the family mount by a ladder, which is drawn up at night. Fishing forms their chief occupation. Their food consists of pigs, poultry, turtle, fish, cocoa-nuts, yams, fruits, and a bread made from the fruit of the mellori tree. In character, the islanders are lazy, cowardly, treacherous, and drunken.\" They have committed repeated murders on the crews of vessels under the British flag. In several instances the natives received the crew hospitably, and when the sailors were partaking of refreshment they suddenly rushed upon them and killed them before they had time to act in defence. There now seems little doubt that many vessels supposed to have been lost in the Bay of Bengal were in fact cut off and plundered by the natives of these islands. There is no written language, and the dialects spoken'differ so much that the inhabitants of one island can scarcely make themselves understood in another. Like other savage nations, the Nicobarians dread the evil genius, and are much addicted to superstition. They entertain the highest opinion of such as can read and write, and believe that all Europeans, by this qualification, are able to perform acts more than human. They have a great reverence for their dead. Although they do not possess a clear conception of im- mortality, they suppose that the soul of the dead stays for a time in the neighbourhood in which it lived. Burials are conducted with great\n\nsolemnity, and over each body a post is erected, on which are placed the utensils daily used by the deceased. The Nicobarians hold in dishonour simultaneous polygamy. They never keep more than one wife at once, but have no scruple in dismissing her on the slightest pretext, and taking another. A perfect equality subsists among them all. A few persons, from their age, receive a certain measure of respect, but there is no appearance of authority one over another. Society seems bound together rather by natural obligations continually con- ferred and received.\n\nAgriculture is quite unknown on the Nicobars. The soil is nowhere cultivated, though many valleys might be rendered fertile with a little trouble. At present the principal product of these islands is the cocoa- nut palm, and its ripe nuts form the chief export. Edible birds' nests, tortoiseshell, ambergris, and trepang (the sea-slug) are also shipped off. The northern islands are said to yield annually ten million cocoa-nuts, of which hardly more than five millions are exported. As this important product is six times cheaper here than on the coast of Bengal or in the Straits of Malacca, the number of English and Malay vessels that come to the Nicobars for cocoa-nuts is every year increasing. In barter, they give black, blue, and red cloths, handkerchiefs, cutlasses, Burmese dáos, spoons, spirits, tobacco, red woollen caps, old clothes, and black hats.\n\nHistory.—The first attempt at the colonization of the Nicobars was made by the Danes in the middle of the last century, but the small colony was soon swept away by fever. Still, notwithstanding other unsuccessful attempts, the interest taken in these islands did not abate, and in 1846 the Danish flag was hoisted at Nancowry, in the name of Christian VIII., King of Denmark. On the death of the king in 1858, the Danish Government, considering the course of political events at home, gave up the claim of possession. The report of an attack on an English vessel, and murder of the crew, in 1848, caused the British authorities in India to inquire into the truth of this information; and as there was every reason to believe in the story related by the sur- vivors, it was thought advisable to bring the island under our authority, so that steps might be taken to check the piratical practices of the islanders. In 1869, the Nicobars were annexed by Her Majesty's Indian Government, and were placed for administration under the Superintendent of the Andaman Islands.\n\nClimate. The dense jungles, which impede every current of free air, and extensive marshes, render the climate of the Nicobars very unhealthy. The prevailing disease is malarious fever, which has proved fatal to many of the colonists who tried to effect a settlement on the island. The rainy season is the predominant season of the year; even the driest months, from December to March, are not without rain. The heaviest rains occur in May, June, and July, and the south-west wind\n\nis then very strong, and frequently rises to a storm. The annual rain- fall cannot be less than 100 inches.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 988, 2370, 5163, 6028, 7096 ], "pdf_page": 127, "pdf_page_end": 130, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-127.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nicobar", "formatted_address": "Nicobar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India", "latitude": 7.1205395, "longitude": 93.7841503, "place_id": "ChIJyzkxjPFfYzAR582Uk-LdQxU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nicobar&query_place_id=ChIJyzkxjPFfYzAR582Uk-LdQxU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:23:01.887Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00307", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nidugal", "normalized_name": "nidugal", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "fortified hill" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Mysore", "district": "Chitaldrúg", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Fortified hill in Chitaldrúg Dis- trict, Mysore" }, "location_description": "The residence of a line of paligárs, whose founder is said to have lived in the 16th century. The village of the same name on the north side of the hill.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "14° 9′ 22″ N.", "longitude": "77° 7′ 31″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 14° 9′ 22″ N., long. 77° 7′ 31″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 735, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "3780 feet above sea level" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nidugal (lit. 'Long or high stone').-Fortified hill in Chitaldrúg Dis- trict, Mysore. Lat. 14° 9′ 22″ N., long. 77° 7′ 31″ E.; 3780 feet above sea level. The residence of a line of paligárs, whose founder is said to have lived in the 16th century. They maintained a qualified indepen- dence until swept away by Tipú Sultán in 1792. The village of the same name on the north side of the hill has a population (1871) of 735.", "pdf_page": 130, "pdf_page_end": 130, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-130.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Nidugal", "latitude": 14.158582, "longitude": 77.08331, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nidagal+Fort/@14.1592964,77.0815372,3665m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bb0e48c4f1341b3:0xd18b5bc85443652b!8m2!3d14.158582!4d77.08331!16s%2Fg%2F11f_4h16sq?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:43:40.462Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00314", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Nijagal", "normalized_name": "nijagal", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Mysore", "district": "Bangalore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill fort in Bangalore District, Mysore" }, "location_description": "Crowned with ruined fortifications. The scene of much desperate fighting chronicled in local tradition.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "13° 15′ N.", "longitude": "77° 15′ 20″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 13° 15′ N., long. 77° 15′ 20″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The village at the base of the hill is now deserted." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nijagal. Hill fort in Bangalore District, Mysore, crowned with ruined fortifications. Lat. 13° 15′ N., long. 77° 15′ 20″ E. The scene of much desperate fighting chronicled in local tradition. The village at the base of the hill is now deserted.", "pdf_page": 132, "pdf_page_end": 132, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-132.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nijgal betta", "formatted_address": "66V8+85, Nijagal, Halenijagal, Karnataka 562111, India", "latitude": 13.2432596, "longitude": 77.2154518, "place_id": "ChIJSf6QMQDVsTsRW6mc3R3sglU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nijgal+betta&query_place_id=ChIJSf6QMQDVsTsRW6mc3R3sglU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:03:15.172Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00349", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nimkhera", "normalized_name": "nimkhera", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Dhar", "agency": "Bhíl Agency", "region": "Central India Agency", "raw_context": "One of the petty States of the Bhíl Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Petty State under the Bhíl Agency, Central India Agency, among the spurs of the Vindhyán range.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated among the spurs of the Vindhyán range", "contains several well-wooded valleys", "Bhúmia or chief holds the village of Tirla in hereditary succession", "annual tribute of about £50 to the State of Dhar", "answerable for all robberies between Dhar and Sultánpur", "present Bhúmia is named Duriao Sinh" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nimkhera. One of the petty States of the Bhíl Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India; situated among the spurs of the Vindhyán range. It contains several well-wooded valleys. Under a settlement effected by Sir John Malcolm, the Bhúmia or chief holds the village of Tirla in hereditary succession, paying an annual tribute of about £50 to the State of Dhar, and is answerable for all robberies between Dhar and Sultánpur. The present Bhúmia is named Duriao Sinh.", "pdf_page": 154, "pdf_page_end": 154, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-154.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nimkheda", "formatted_address": "Nimkheda, Madhya Pradesh 454446, India", "latitude": 22.4331301, "longitude": 75.1983113, "place_id": "ChIJM1PFYQo7YjkR0d5OI9XSdJQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nimkheda&query_place_id=ChIJM1PFYQo7YjkR0d5OI9XSdJQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:24:07.791Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00363", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Noákhálí.", "normalized_name": "no-kh-l", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Noákhálí", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Noákhálí District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Town in Noákhálí District, Bengal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Noákhálí.—Town, Noákhálí District, Bengal.-Seę Sudharam.", "pdf_page": 163, "pdf_page_end": 163, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-163.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Noakhali", "formatted_address": "Noakhali, Bangladesh", "latitude": 22.8652943, "longitude": 91.0970586, "place_id": "ChIJkw6QA4GlVDcR8QGlK2OZrrc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Noakhali&query_place_id=ChIJkw6QA4GlVDcR8QGlK2OZrrc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:03:34.263Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00372", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nong-spung.", "normalized_name": "nong-spung", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Khasi Hills", "raw_context": "Khasi Hills, Assam" }, "location_description": "Petty State in the Khasi Hills, Assam.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 871, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue, £10", "presiding chief, title siem, named U Synteo Sinh", "income from commission as mauzádár in Kámrúp District", "natural products: potatoes, honey, bees-wax", "iron-ore is smelted and manufactured into implements of native use" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nong-spung. - Petty State in the Khasi Hills, Assam. Pop. (1872), 871; revenue, £10. The presiding chief, whose title is siem, is named U Synteo Sinh. He derives his income from his commis- sion as mauzádár in Kámrúp District. The natural products include potatoes, honey, and bees-wax. Iron-ore is smelted and manufactured into implements of native use.", "pdf_page": 164, "pdf_page_end": 164, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-164.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nongspung", "formatted_address": "Nongspung, Meghalaya 793119, India", "latitude": 25.5472539, "longitude": 91.33487210000001, "place_id": "ChIJ-cUMUiSvUDcRUJSljEtx19c", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nongspung&query_place_id=ChIJ-cUMUiSvUDcRUJSljEtx19c", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:24:23.502Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00373", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Nong-stain.", "normalized_name": "nong-stain", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Khasi Hills", "raw_context": "Khasi Hills, Assam" }, "location_description": "Petty State in the Khasi Hills, Assam, connected with Shillong by a 52-mile road.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 7763, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue, £440", "presiding chief, title siem, named U Dan Sinh", "natural products: tezpát or bay-leaves, caoutchouc, lac, bees-wax", "manufactures: pottery, cotton cloth, iron implements", "limestone and coal are found", "connected with Shillong by a fairly good road, 52 miles in length" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Nong-stain.-Petty State in the Khasi Hills, Assam. Pop. (1872), 7763; revenue, £440. The presiding chief, whose title is siem, is named U Dan Sinh. The natural products include tezpát or bay- leaves, caoutchouc, lac, and bees-wax. The manufactures are pottery, cotton cloth, and iron implements. Limestone and coal are found. • Nong-stain is connected with Shillong by a fairly good road, 52 miles in length.", "pdf_page": 164, "pdf_page_end": 164, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-164.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nongstoin", "formatted_address": "Nongstoin, Meghalaya 793119, India", "latitude": 25.5195364, "longitude": 91.2673166, "place_id": "ChIJn1SzmFqsUDcRfzgW5Ny9nf0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nongstoin&query_place_id=ChIJn1SzmFqsUDcRfzgW5Ny9nf0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:24:38.579Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00418", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Nowshera", "normalized_name": "nowshera", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Hazara District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Hazara District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Town in Hazara District, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Nowshera.-Town in Hazara District, Punjab.-See NAUSHAHRA.", "pdf_page": 195, "pdf_page_end": 195, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-195.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nowshera", "formatted_address": "Nowshera, Pakistan", "latitude": 33.96546800000001, "longitude": 72.0468164, "place_id": "ChIJA90PVzXU3jgRWHGtomx1ik8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nowshera&query_place_id=ChIJA90PVzXU3jgRWHGtomx1ik8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:04:05.046Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00451", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Oorcha", "normalized_name": "oorcha", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "State", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central India", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Bundelkhand Agency", "region": "Bundelkhand", "raw_context": "State and town in Bundelkhand, Central India" }, "location_description": "State and town in Bundelkhand, Central India.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Oorcha. State and town in Bundelkhand, Central India.-See\nORCHHA.", "pdf_page": 200, "pdf_page_end": 200, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-200.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Orchha", "formatted_address": "Orchha, Madhya Pradesh 472246, India", "latitude": 25.3511006, "longitude": 78.6389169, "place_id": "ChIJF5c18Ft4dzkRQDlZM_qgt-o", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Orchha&query_place_id=ChIJF5c18Ft4dzkRQDlZM_qgt-o", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:25:24.720Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00515", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pabná", "normalized_name": "pabn", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "administrative headquarters", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Pabná", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Pabná District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Administrative headquarters and second town of Pabná District, Bengal, situated on both banks of the Ichhámatí.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 0′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "89° 17′ 25″ E.", "raw_text": "in lat. 24° 0′ 30″ N., and long. 89° 17′ 25″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 15730, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Ichhámatí flows through the centre of the town", "old bed of the Ganges or Padma lies to the south", "Chief buildings: Government offices, circuit-house, police station, dispensary, Government English school, Mánjhipára Indigo Factory", "5 large bázárs", "Several good metalled roads", "Municipal revenue (1876-77): £575" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pabná. Administrative headquarters and second town of Pabná - District, Bengal; situated on both banks of the Ichhámatí, in lat. 24° 0′ 30″ N., and long. 89° 17′ 25″ E. Pop. (1872), 15,730. The Ichhámatí flows through the centre of the town; the old bed of the Ganges or Padma lies to the south. Chief buildings-the Government offices, circuit - house, police station, dispensary, the Government English school, and Mánjhipára Indigo Factory; 5 large bázárs. Several good metalled roads. Municipal revenue (1876-77), £575.", "pdf_page": 252, "pdf_page_end": 252, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-252.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pabna", "formatted_address": "Pabna, Bangladesh", "latitude": 24.012203, "longitude": 89.2467613, "place_id": "ChIJPb-lj9mE_jkRhJjrFyaQOLA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pabna&query_place_id=ChIJPb-lj9mE_jkRhJjrFyaQOLA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:28:03.594Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00517", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Pachambá", "normalized_name": "pachamb", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "subdivision" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Hazáribágh", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Subdivision of Hazáribágh District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Subdivision of Hazáribágh District, Bengal, with 2455 villages and 224,099 people in 1872.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 224099, "population_year": 1872, "area": "1824 square miles", "houses": 40645, "other_facts": [ "villages: 2455", "Hindus: 183,013, or 81% per cent.", "Muhammadans: 21,963, or 9.8 per cent.", "Christians: 21", "Other religions: 19,102, or 8.5 per cent.", "proportion of males to total population: 51.7 per cent.", "Average number of persons per square mile: 123", "villages per square mile: 1.35", "persons per village: 91", "houses per square mile: 22", "persons per house: 5.5" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pachambá. - Subdivision of Hazáribágh District, Bengal. Area, - 1824 square miles; villages, 2455; houses, 40,645. Pop. (1872), • 224,099, of whom 183,013, or 81% per cent., were Hindus; 21,963, or 9.8 per cent., Muhammadans; 21 Christians; and 19,102, or 8.5 per cent., of other religions; proportion of males to total population, 517 per cent. Average number of persons per square mile, 123; villages per square mile, 1°35; persons per village, 91; houses per square mile, 22; persons per house, 5.5. This Subdivision consists of the 3\n\npolice circles of Pachambá, Kharakdihá, and Gáwan. In 1870-71, it contained 2 magisterial and revenue courts, a regular police force of 44, and a village watch of 43.1 men; the total cost of Subdivisional administration was returned at £1969.", "pdf_page": 252, "pdf_page_end": 253, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-252.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pachagar", "formatted_address": "86C2+GH2, Pachagarh, West Bengal 736146, India", "latitude": 26.321262, "longitude": 89.2013863, "place_id": "ChIJlTQZOAAP4zkRswtcOTxTKao", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pachagar&query_place_id=ChIJlTQZOAAP4zkRswtcOTxTKao", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:28:19.052Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00518", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pachambá", "normalized_name": "pachamb", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Hazaribagh", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Hazaribagh District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated 3 miles from Girídi railway station.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.208055555555557, "longitude": 86.31055555555555, "raw_text": "lat. 24° 12′ 29″ N., and long. 86° 18′ 38″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Headquarters of the Free Church of Scotland Mission to the Santáls", "dispensary and training school for teachers attached to the Mission", "staff numbers 21 persons, 3 of whom are Europeans" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pachambá.—Town in Hazaribagh District, Bengal ; situated in lat. 24° 12′ 29″ N., and long. 86° 18′ 38″ E., 3 miles from Girídi railway station. Headquarters of the Free Church of Scotland Mission to the Santáls; dispensary and training school for teachers are attached to the Mission. The staff numbers 21 persons, 3 of whom are Europeans ; the funds are drawn mainly from subscriptions in Scotland, aided by surplus receipts of the Free Church of Scotland's Institution in Calcutta.", "pdf_page": 253, "pdf_page_end": 253, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-253.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pachamba", "formatted_address": "Pachamba, Giridih, Jharkhand, India", "latitude": 24.2069646, "longitude": 86.270454, "place_id": "ChIJi-Kfqw9W8TkR1x6pfvUApAM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pachamba&query_place_id=ChIJi-Kfqw9W8TkR1x6pfvUApAM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:28:31.039Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00569", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pálakonda", "normalized_name": "p-lakonda", "alternate_names": [ "Palkonda", "Palcondah" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Vizagapatam District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Vizagapatam District, Madras" }, "location_description": "On the Languliyá river, near the Ganjám frontier, and connected with the coast and Parvatipur by good roads.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "18° 36′ N.", "longitude": "83° 48' E.", "raw_text": "situated in lat. 18° 36′ N., and long. 83° 48' E." }, "stats": { "population": 8694, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Has a sub-magistrate's court, post office, and good school, and was until 1872 a municipality.", "Pálakonda was formerly the capital of an ancient zamindári, granted by the Rájá of Jáipur early in the 16th century.", "When the East India Company came into possession, the Pálakonda family were tributary to Vizianagaram.", "In 1796, the Ráj was taken from the zamindár for rebellion, and given to his son.", "Each succeeding zamíndár gave the Company trouble, till in 1828 the Collector had to take charge for a time.", "The new zamindár in 1832 broke out into open rebellion, which led to the forfeiture of the estate, and the prolonged imprisonment of the male members of the family.", "For some years after this the zamíndári was managed by the Collector; but from 1846 till the present time it has been rented to Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co. of Madras, who pay £13,100 to Government, and are said to receive £15,800 per annum, the difference being nearly all spent in irrigation works and administration.", "The people have thriven greatly, and cultivation is annually extending.", "Indigo, sugar, cotton, and grains are (1876-77) grown on 25,000 acres out of a total of 48,500." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pálakonda (Palkonda, Palcondah).-Town in Vizagapatam District, Madras; situated in lat. 18° 36′ N., and long. 83° 48' E., on the Lan- guliyá river, near the Ganjám frontier, and connected with the coast and Parvatipur by good roads. Pop. (1871), 8694. Has a sub-magistrate's court, post office, and good school, and was until 1872 a municipality. Pálakonda was formerly the capital of an ancient zamindári, granted by the Rájá of Jáipur early in the 16th century. When the East India Company came into possession, the Pálakonda family were tributary to Vizianagaram. In 1796, the Ráj was taken from the zamindár for rebellion, and given to his son. Each succeeding zamíndár gave the Company trouble, till in 1828 the Collector had to take charge for a time. The new zamindár in 1832 broke out into open rebellion, which led to the forfeiture of the estate, and the prolonged imprisonment of the male members of the family. For some years after this the zamíndári was managed by the Collector; but from 1846 till the present time it has been rented to Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co. of Madras, who pay £13,100 to Government, and are said to receive £15,800 per annum, the difference being nearly all spent in irrigation works and administra- tion. The people have thriven greatly, and cultivation is annually extending. Indigo, sugar, cotton, and grains are (1876-77) grown on 25,000 acres out of a total of 48,500.", "pdf_page": 261, "pdf_page_end": 261, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-261.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Palakonda", "formatted_address": "Palakonda, Andhra Pradesh 532440, India", "latitude": 18.602112, "longitude": 83.7535802, "place_id": "ChIJiwt9FapkPDoRdvtNFBI9WoM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Palakonda&query_place_id=ChIJiwt9FapkPDoRdvtNFBI9WoM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:29:19.779Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00605", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Palk's Bay and Straits", "normalized_name": "palk-s-bay-and-straits", "alternate_names": [ "Palk's Bay", "Palk's Strait" ], "feature_type": "port_or_coastal", "feature_labels": [ "gulf", "channel" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Gulf and channel between the mainland of India and the north part of Ceylon" }, "location_description": "Gulf and channel between the mainland of India and the north part of Ceylon.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "bounded by Calimere Point and the coast of Tanjore to the northward and westward; by Adam's Bridge and its contiguous islands to the south; and by the north part of Ceylon, with its islands, to the east", "three channels between Calimere Point and the north end of Ceylon, which lead into Palk's Bay; but the southern channel, called Palk's Strait, contiguous to the north of Ceylon, is probably the only one that may be considered safe for large ships" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Palk's Bay and Straits.-Gulf and channel between the mainland of India and the north part of Ceylon, named by the Dutch after Governor Palk. The gulf is bounded by Calimere Point and the coast of Tanjore to the northward and westward; by Adam's Bridge and its contiguous islands to the south; and by the north part of Ceylon, with its islands, to the east. The Dutch describe three channels between Calimere Point and the north end of Ceylon, which lead into Palk's Bay; but the southern channel, called Palk's Strait, contiguous to the north of Ceylon, is probably the only one that may be con- sidered safe for large ships. Horsburgh, from whose account in the Sailing Directions this article is condensed, supplies the following details:\n\n-Palk's Bay having been surveyed by the officers of the East India Company, the following directions for its navigation are given by Mr. Franklin \"There are two good entrances into Palk's Bay from the eastward-one between Point Calimere and the northern end of the middle banks, having 19 to 24 feet; the other between the southern end of the same banks and the north coast of Ceylon, with 5 to 6 fathoms. Sailing directions were published some years back for the northern passage, but I would strongly recommend all commanders with a vessel drawing 12 feet to make use of that to the southward, except with a leading wind, or with the aid of steam. . . • The following are the dangers in Palk's Bay -\n\neast end of Rameswaram Island, where the soundings ought not to be shoaled to less than 5 fathoms. Care should be taken in the north- east monsoon not to get into the bay to the eastward of this island, as it will be found difficult to work out again.\" See also Commander , \" Taylor's India Directory, p. 450 (Allen, 1874).", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 742 ], "pdf_page": 275, "pdf_page_end": 276, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-275.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Palk Strait", "formatted_address": "Palk Strait", "latitude": 8.5089302, "longitude": 79.1999949, "place_id": "ChIJ5c9oZYxM_joRjGlruf5xwm4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Palk+Strait&query_place_id=ChIJ5c9oZYxM_joRjGlruf5xwm4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:04:34.991Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00640", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Pandaria", "normalized_name": "pandaria", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "chiefship" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Biláspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central Provinces", "raw_context": "Chiefship in Biláspur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Chiefship in Biláspur District, Central Provinces, with 292 villages and a mix of hilly and cultivated land.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 14′ N.", "longitude": "81° 27′ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 22° 14′ N., and long. 81° 27′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "486 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Comprising 292 villages.", "Half of which is covered with hills, while the remainder is a cultivated plain, consisting for the most part of first-class black soil, largely devoted to cotton.", "Wheat, gram, and other rabi crops are also grown, besides much sugar cane.", "The chief is a Ráj-Gond, and the chiefship was conferred on his ancestor three centuries ago by the Gond Rájá of Garhá Mandla." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pandaria.—Chiefship in Biláspur District, Central Provinces, cofn prising 292 villages. Area, 486 square miles, half of which is covered with hills, while the remainder is a cultivated plain, consisting for the most part of first-class black soil, largely devoted to cotton. Wheat, gram, and other rabi crops are also grown, besides much sugar cane. The chief is a Ráj-Gond, and the chiefship was conferred or his ancestor three centuries ago by the Gond Rájá of Garhá Manila The chief town, Pandariá, lies in lat. 22° 14′ N., and long. 81° 27′ E.\n\nPandarkaura.-Village in Wún District, Berar. Lat. 20° 1' N.,\n\nlong. 78° 35' E. Scene of the defeat of the Peshwá Báji Ráo by the combined forces of Colonels Scott and Adams, on the 2nd April 1818. By this defeat the Peshwa's movement on Nágpur to aid Apá Sáhib was finally checked.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 549 ], "pdf_page": 288, "pdf_page_end": 289, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-288.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pandaria", "formatted_address": "6CF7+V46, 135, Gopiband Para, Pandariya, Chhattisgarh 491559, India", "latitude": 22.2233121, "longitude": 81.41192149999999, "place_id": "ChIJifXwi73RKToR_eHPHNHX6D0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pandaria&query_place_id=ChIJifXwi73RKToR_eHPHNHX6D0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:29:35.560Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00703", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Parnesala.", "normalized_name": "parnesala", "feature_type": "religious_site", "feature_labels": [ "shrine" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Godávari", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "A celebrated shrine in Godávari District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Situated about twenty miles from Badráchalam town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Parnesala. A celebrated shrine in Godávari District, Madras ; situated about twenty miles from Badráchalam town.", "pdf_page": 309, "pdf_page_end": 309, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-309.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Parnesala.", "latitude": 17.9199447, "longitude": 80.8958702, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Parnasala+Temple/@17.9199447,80.8958702,3596m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a31570a13c5ea09:0x6ba5bc5463955c4b!8m2!3d17.9321697!4d80.8958299!16s%2Fg%2F11fjbc_0y2?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:19:07.598Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00725", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pata Cuddapah.", "normalized_name": "pata-cuddapah", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "suburb" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Cuddapah", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Suburb of CUDDAPAH TOWN, Cuddapah District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 14.495833333333334, "longitude": 78.89166666666667, "raw_text": "Lat. 14° 29′ 45″ N., long. 78° 53′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6616, "population_year": 1870, "area": null, "houses": 1820, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Pata Cuddapah.-Suburb of CUDDAPAH TOWN, Cuddapah District, Madras. Lat. 14° 29′ 45″ N., long. 78° 53′ 30″ E.; pop. (1870), 6616, inhabiting 1820 houses.", "pdf_page": 319, "pdf_page_end": 319, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-319.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Paatha Kadapa", "formatted_address": "Paatha Kadapa, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516002, India", "latitude": 14.4977388, "longitude": 78.83684869999999, "place_id": "ChIJXQFYCuNxszsRdqHcGIFEhe0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Paatha+Kadapa&query_place_id=ChIJXQFYCuNxszsRdqHcGIFEhe0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:29:59.431Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00727", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Pátan.", "normalized_name": "p-tan", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "parganá" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Unao", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Parganá in Unao District, Oudh" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 6067, "population_year": 1869, "area": 11, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "4 are under cultivation", "comprises 15 villages, of which 12 are held under tálukdárí and 3 under zamindári tenure", "chief proprietory body are Bráhmans and Bais Kshattriyas among the higher, and Kurmís among the lower castes" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pátan.-Parganá in Unao District, Oudh; bounded on the north by Magráyar, Púrwa, and Panhán, on the east by Panhán and Bihár, on the south by Bhagwantnagar, and on the west by Magráyar parganás. Area, 11 square miles, of which 4 are under cultivation; pop. (1869), 6067, viz. 5893 Hindus and 174 Muhammadans. The parganú com- prises 15 villages, of which 12 are held under tálukdárí and 3 under zamindári tenure. The chief proprietory body are Bráhmans and Bais Kshattriyas among the higher, and Kurmís among the lower castes.", "pdf_page": 319, "pdf_page_end": 319, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-319.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Patan", "formatted_address": "Patan, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 26.3076617, "longitude": 80.7740912, "place_id": "ChIJvwx_2SV4nDkRS0JK6ZMIwRM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Patan&query_place_id=ChIJvwx_2SV4nDkRS0JK6ZMIwRM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:30:11.949Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00734", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pataudi", "normalized_name": "pataudi", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Pataudi", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Native State under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab, about 40 miles south-west of Delhi.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "28° 14' to 28° 22′ N", "longitude": "76° 42′ to 76° 52′ 30″ E", "raw_text": "lying between 28° 14' and 28° 22′ N. lat., and between 76° 42′ and 76° 52′ 30″ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 20990, "population_year": 1875, "area": "about 50 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "supposed gross revenue, £8000", "Principal products-grain, cotton, sugar, and spices", "Rájputána State Railway from Delhi to Bandikui junction passes through the State about 40 miles south-west of Delhi", "present Nawáb of Pataudi, Muhammad Mukhtár Husáin Alí Khán, an Afghán by race, was born about 1855", "State was formed by a grant from Lord Lake in 1806 of Pataudi in perpetual jágír to Fáiztalab Khán, brother of the Jhajjar Nawáb", "Fáiztalab Khán was severely wounded in an action with Holkar's troops, and the jágir was granted to him in recognition of his services", "estimated military force of the State, including police, is 119 men" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pataudi. Native State under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab, lying between 28° 14' and 28° 22′ N. lat., and between 76° 42′ and 76° 52′ 30″ E. long. Area, about 50 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 20,990; supposed gross revenue, £8000. Principal products-grain, cotton, sugar, and spices. The Rájputána State Railway from Delhi to Bandikui junction passes through the State about 40 miles south-west of Delhi. The present Nawáb of Pataudi, Muhammad Mukhtár Husáin Alí Khán, an Afghán by race, was born about 1855. The State was formed by a grant from Lord Lake in 1806 of Pataudi in perpetual jágír to Fáiztalab Khán, brother of the Jhajjar Nawáb. Fáiztalab Khán was severely wounded in an action with Holkar's troops, and the jágir was granted to him in recogni- tion of his services. The estimated military force of the State, including police, is 119 men.", "pdf_page": 322, "pdf_page_end": 322, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-322.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pataudi", "formatted_address": "Pataudi, Haryana 122503, India", "latitude": 28.3255049, "longitude": 76.778212, "place_id": "ChIJjaBa_t5ADTkRtACOk-CGvL8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pataudi&query_place_id=ChIJjaBa_t5ADTkRtACOk-CGvL8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:30:57.366Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00764", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Patti", "normalized_name": "patti", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Partábgarh (Pratapgarh)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Tahsil or Subdivision of Partábgarh (Pratapgarh) District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Tahsil or Subdivision of Partábgarh District, Oudh; bounded by Sultanpur and Kádipur tahsils, Jaunpur District, Allahábád District, and Partábgarh tahsil.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 223173, "population_year": 1869, "area": "468 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "217 square miles cultivated", "Average pressure: 477 persons to the square mile", "Number of villages or townships (mauzás): 816", "Comprises the 2 parganás of Patti and Dalíppur", "698 villages held under tálukdárí, 117 under mufrád tenure, 1 belongs to Government", "Of the 698 tálukdárí villages, 683 are held by Báchgoti Rájputs in 10 estates; the remaining 15 composing a single estate held by Dirgbansis" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Patti. Tahsil or Subdivision of Partábgarh (Pratapgarh) District, Oudh; bounded on the north by Sultanpur and Kádipur tahsils, on the east by Jaunpur District, on the south by Allahábád District, and on the west by Partábgarh tahsil. Area, 468 square miles, of which 217 are cultivated; pop. (1869), 223,173, viz. 206,633 Hindus and 16,540 Hindus. The most thinly populated tahsil in the District, the average pressure being 477 persons to the square mile. Number of villages or townships (mauzás), 816. This tahsil comprises the 2 parganás of Patti and Dalíppur, which are now joined together, and returned as one; of the 816 villages, 698 are held under tálukdárí, and 117 under mufrád tenure, while 1 belongs to Government. Of the 698 tálukdárí villages, 683 are held by Báchgoti Rájputs in 10 estates; the remaining 15 composing a single estate held by Dirgbansis.", "pdf_page": 345, "pdf_page_end": 345, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-345.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Patti", "formatted_address": "Patti, Uttar Pradesh 230135, India", "latitude": 25.919976, "longitude": 82.19855179999999, "place_id": "ChIJZy1ulQiemjkR_uosNXHtxMk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Patti&query_place_id=ChIJZy1ulQiemjkR_uosNXHtxMk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:20:12.737Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00765", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pattikonda", "normalized_name": "pattikonda", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "taluk headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Karnúl (Kurnool)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Pattikonda", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Headquarters of the Pattikonda táluk, Karnúl - (Kurnool) District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Headquarters town of Pattikonda taluk, Karnúl (Kurnool) District, Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "15° 28' N.", "longitude": "77° 4′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 15° 28' N., long. 77° 4′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4383, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 958, "other_facts": [ "Memorable as the scene of Sir Thomas Munro's death, from cholera, in July 1827" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pattikonda. Headquarters of the Pattikonda táluk, Karnúl - (Kurnool) District, Madras. Lat. 15° 28' N., long. 77° 4′ E.; pop. (1871), 4383, inhabiting 958 houses. Memorable as the scene of Sir Thomas Munro's death, from cholera, in July 1827.", "pdf_page": 345, "pdf_page_end": 345, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-345.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pattikonda", "formatted_address": "Pattikonda, Andhra Pradesh, India", "latitude": 15.3963743, "longitude": 77.5007739, "place_id": "ChIJYUMUDrD1tjsRR31C4j3B5nI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pattikonda&query_place_id=ChIJYUMUDrD1tjsRR31C4j3B5nI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:20:48.648Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00769", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Paunár.", "normalized_name": "paun-r", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "ruined fort", "stone gateway" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Wardhá", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central Provinces", "raw_context": "Ancient town in Wardhá District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "on the river Dhám, 5 miles north-east of Wardhá town", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "20° 47' N.", "longitude": "78° 42′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 20° 47' N., and long. 78° 42′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 2441, "population_year": 1866, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "chiefly agricultural" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Paunár. Ancient town in Wardhá District, Central Provinces ; - situated in lat. 20° 47' N., and long. 78° 42′ 30″ E., on the river Dhám, 5 miles north-east of Wardhá town. Pop. (1866), 2441, chiefly agri- cultural. Contains a ruined fort in a strong position, and one of the large stone gateway of the old wall yet remains. Paunár forms the scene of some curious legends, which will be found in the article on WARDHA DISTRICT. It was formerly the chief seat of the Musalmán Government east of the river Wardhá; and under the Marhattás became the headquarters of a kamávisdári or revenue District. In 1807, the Pindáris plundered the town.", "pdf_page": 346, "pdf_page_end": 346, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-346.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Paunar", "formatted_address": "Paunar, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 20.78393, "longitude": 78.6696576, "place_id": "ChIJIz-dTZeA1DsRDw-Z7_uySWc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Paunar&query_place_id=ChIJIz-dTZeA1DsRDw-Z7_uySWc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:31:37.125Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00776", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Pawayan.", "normalized_name": "pawayan", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Shahjahanpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Eastern tahsil of Shahjahanpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 261494, "population_year": 1872, "area": 589, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "360 square miles cultivated", "land revenue, £29,178", "total Government revenue, £29,835", "rental paid by cultivators, £32,098", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 1s. 6d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pawayan.-Eastern tahsil of Shahjahanpur District, North-Western Provinces. Area, 589 square miles, of which 360 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 261,494; land revenue, £29,178; total Government revenue, £29,835; rental paid by cultivators, £32,098; incidence of Govern- ment revenue per acre, 1s. 6d.", "pdf_page": 347, "pdf_page_end": 347, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-347.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Powayan", "formatted_address": "Powayan, Uttar Pradesh 242401, India", "latitude": 28.0679273, "longitude": 80.09679059999999, "place_id": "ChIJG3lJmyN2nzkR_ohC9pKhHgE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Powayan&query_place_id=ChIJG3lJmyN2nzkR_ohC9pKhHgE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:21:05.800Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00787", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pegu.-River", "normalized_name": "pegu-river", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Pegu Division", "district": "Rangoon District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "British Burma", "raw_context": "River in Rangoon District, Pegu Division, British Burma" }, "location_description": "Rises on the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma Mountains, flows south-south-east past Pegu, then south-south-west, and joins the Rangoon or Hlaing River near Rangoon city.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "18° N.", "longitude": "96° 10' E.", "raw_text": "rises in lat. 18° N., and long. 96° 10' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "total course of 180 miles", "At its mouth it is about 1 mile broad", "can be ascended by large vessels as far as the Pú-zwon-doung", "tide is felt as high as Pegu at neaps", "during springs a bore rushes up the river almost as far", "practicable for river steamers up to Pegu town", "taps a country rich in teak and other valuable varieties of timber", "in the lower part of its course, irrigates a considerable area under rice cultivation" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pegu.-River in Rangoon District, Pegu Division, British Burma ; rises in lat. 18° N., and long. 96° 10' E., on the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma Mountains, and flows first south-south-east, past the town of Pegu, then south-south-west, and finally joins the Rangoon or HLAING RIVER, in lat. 16° 45' N., and long. 96° 11' E., near Rangoon city, after a total course of 180 miles. At its mouth it is about 1 mile broad, and can be ascended by large vessels as far as the Pú-zwon- doung, where they take in cargoes of rice, cleaned in the steam mills on the banks of that stream. At neaps the tide is felt as high as Pegu, and during springs a bore rushes up the river almost as far. In the mins, the Pegu is practicable for river steamers up to Pegu town. It taps a country rich in teak and other valuable varieties of timber; and in the lower part of its course, irrigates a considerable area under rice cultivation.", "pdf_page": 352, "pdf_page_end": 352, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-352.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Bago River", "formatted_address": "Bago River, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 17.0823161, "longitude": 96.4257418, "place_id": "ChIJ030hf-eBwTARHyF12jqVi6c", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Bago+River&query_place_id=ChIJ030hf-eBwTARHyF12jqVi6c", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:47:05.406Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00798", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pendrá", "normalized_name": "pendr", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "chiefship" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Biláspur District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Northernmost chiefship of Biláspur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Vindhyán uplands, intersected by hills, consists mainly of an extensive plateau.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 47' N.", "longitude": "82° F", "raw_text": "Pendrá, the headquarters (lat. 22° 47' N., long. 82° F)" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "585 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "contains 165 villages", "40,000 acres are cultivated, and 300,000 returned as cultivable", "chief is a Ráj-Gond, and obtained the grant more than three centuries ago from the Haihai-Bansí rulers of Ratanpur", "lies on the direct road from Biláspur to Rewá, along which a constant flow of traffic takes place in the cold months", "contains the ruins of" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pendrá. Northernmost chiefship of Biláspur District, Central Pro- inces; situated on the Vindhyán uplands. Though intersected by hills, .: consists mainly of an extensive plateau ; it contains 165 villages. Area, 585 square miles, of which 40,000 acres are cultivated, and 300,000 returned as cultivable. The chief is a Ráj-Gond, and obtained the grant more than three centuries ago from the Haihai-Bansí rulers of Ratanpur. Pendrá, the headquarters (lat. 22° 47' N., long. 82° F), lies on the direct road from Biláspur to Rewá, along which a constant flow of traffic takes place in the cold months; and it contains the ruins of\n\na fort. A magnificent grove of mango trees, with spreading tamarinds here and there, affords a pleasant camping ground.", "pdf_page": 354, "pdf_page_end": 355, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-354.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pendari", "formatted_address": "Pendari, Chhattisgarh 495003, India", "latitude": 22.1211875, "longitude": 82.0509656, "place_id": "ChIJ0fh3tF5AKDoRUC04pFmGzpw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pendari&query_place_id=ChIJ0fh3tF5AKDoRUC04pFmGzpw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:47:31.475Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00812", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Periyar", "normalized_name": "periyar", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Travancore State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Travancore State, Madras" }, "location_description": "Major river in Travancore State, Madras, with many tributaries and significant for navigation and timber transport.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "10° 40' N", "longitude": "76° 56′ E", "raw_text": "rising in lat. 10° 40' N., and long. 76° 56′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "flows first north, and afterwards west, a total distance of 142 miles", "falls into the sea at Kodungalúr", "numerous tributary streams: Mullái, Sherdhoni, Peringakotái, Mudrapalli, Kúndanpára, and Eddamalái", "progress impeded by rocks and narrow gorges, with occasional falls", "passage impracticable for boats above Narramangalam", "teak-wood floated down river to the coast", "On reaching Alwái, separates into two branches", "Sixty miles navigable for small craft", "scheme for diverting the course into the Vaigai river in Madura District under contemplation" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Periyar. The most important river in Travancore State, Madras, rising in lat. 10° 40' N., and long. 76° 56′ E. It flows first north, and afterwards west, a total distance of 142 miles, falling into the sea at Kodungalúr. In its course to the low country, the Periyár is increased by innumerable tributary streams, of which the Mullái, Sherdhoni, Peringakotái, Mudrapalli, Kúndanpára, and Eddamalái are the most considerable. Its progress is often impeded by rocks and narrow gorges in the hills, with occasional falls, rendering the passage quite impracticable for boats above Narramangalam. The greater portion of the teak-wood, which is cut annually in the mountains, is floated down this river to the coast. On reaching Alwái, the Periyár separates into two branches, the northern proceeding to Pallipur, while the southern branch, after leaving Varanpúlái, again separates into two streams, one of which, however, is speedily lost in the estuary to which it flows through numerous channels; the other, continuing in a southerly direction, falls into the lake south of Tripunáthorái. Sixty miles of this river may be considered as navigable, small craft ascending as far as Norramangalam; and on that branch of it which is formed by the Eddamalái, river boats find a ready passage to Iddirarmaud. With the exception of the last 35 miles, the course of this stream lies through \" a complete wilderness, the populated tracts not extending beyond the town of Malliatúr, A scheme, known as the Periyár project, for diverting the course of this stream across the watershed of the Gháts into the Vaigai river, in Madura District, is under contemplation.", "pdf_page": 360, "pdf_page_end": 360, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-360.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Periyar River", "formatted_address": "Periyar River, Kerala", "latitude": 10.1661542, "longitude": 76.6125403, "place_id": "ChIJB9StD7EaCDsRa9_KLX6Ld48", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Periyar+River&query_place_id=ChIJB9StD7EaCDsRa9_KLX6Ld48", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:32:20.793Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00821", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Peshawar (Peshawur)", "normalized_name": "peshawar-peshawur", "alternate_names": [ "Peshawur" ], "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Peshawar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Tahsil of Peshawar District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Comprising the Khalil Subdivision, from the city to the Khaibar Hills, together with the Mohmand country in the south-eastern corner of the District.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 74781, "population_year": 1868, "area": "153 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "villages, 103" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Peshawar (Peshawur)--Tahsil of Peshawar District, Punjab; com- prising the Khalil Subdivision, from the city to the Khaibar Hills, together with the Mohmand country in the south-eastern corner of the District. Area, 153 square miles; pop. (1868), 74,781; villages, 103.", "pdf_page": 368, "pdf_page_end": 368, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-368.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Peshawar", "formatted_address": "Peshawar, Pakistan", "latitude": 34.00833739999999, "longitude": 71.5188619, "place_id": "ChIJz3kOD7kX2TgREqRYdWOyFqg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Peshawar&query_place_id=ChIJz3kOD7kX2TgREqRYdWOyFqg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:21:20.062Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00822", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Peshawar", "normalized_name": "peshawar", "feature_type": "city", "feature_labels": [ "city", "municipality", "administrative headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Peshawar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "City, municipality, and administrative headquarters of Peshawar District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated in a small plain near the left bank of the Bára stream, 13 miles south-east of the junction of the Swát and Kábul rivers, and 10 miles from Jamrúd fort at the entrance of the Kháiþar (Khyber) Pass. Distant from Lahore 276 miles, from Kábul 190 miles.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "34° 1′ 45″ N.", "longitude": "71° 36′ 40″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 34° I′ 45″ N., and long. 71° 36′ 40″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 58555, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Muhammadans, 49,095", "Hindus, 8747", "Sikhs, 584", "Christians, 17", "'others', 112", "with the population of the suburbs immediately outside the walls, 60,974 persons", "Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £14,691, or 2s. 8d. per head of population (58,430) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Peshawar.—City, municipality, and administrative headquarters of Peshawar District, Punjab. Pop. (1868), 58,555, consisting of 49,095 Muhammadans, 8747 Hindus, 584 Sikhs, 17 Christians, and 112 ' others;' or with the population of the suburbs immediately outside the walls, 60,974 persons. Situated in lat. 34° I′ 45″ N., and long. 71° 36′ 40″ E., in a small plain near the left bank of the Bára stream, 13 miles south-east of the junction of the Swát and Kábul rivers, and 10 miles from Jamrúd fort at the entrance of the Kháiþar (Khyber) Pass. Distant from Lahore 276 miles, from Kábul 190 miles. Ancient capital of Gandhára Province, and historically important at all later periods (see PESHAWAR DISTRICT).',Buddhist\n\nremains still mark its early greatness. The modern city has but slight architectural pretensions, the houses being chiefly built of small bricks or mud, held together by a wooden framework. Irregular streets, often ending in tortuous blind-alleys. A mud wall, 10 feet high, surrounds the city, chiefly as a protection from robbers. Several mosques; large building known as the Ghor Khatri, once a Buddhist monastery, then rebuilt into a Hindu temple, now used as a sarái, and containing the tahsili. Just without the wall, on the northern side, a quadrilateral. fort, the Bála Hissár, crowns a small eminence, completely domi- nating the city. Its walls of sun-dried brick rise to a height of 92 feet above the ground, with a fausse-braye of 30 feet; bastions stand at each corner and on three of the faces, while an armament of guns and mortars is mounted above. The population is very mixed, and is sub- divided into petty trade-guilds, recruited from all the races of the North-Western frontier. Commercially, Peshawar possesses less im- portance than might be expected from its situation. The principal foreign markets with which it has dealings are Kábul and Bokhára. Large through trade from Central Asia to the Indian towns, for the purpose of retaining which upon the spot a fair was unsuccessfully set on foot in 1869. Small local manufactures of sundry articles. Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £14,691, or 2s. 8d. per head of popula- tion (58,430) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 368, "pdf_page_end": 369, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-368.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Peshawar", "formatted_address": "Peshawar, Pakistan", "latitude": 34.00833739999999, "longitude": 71.5188619, "place_id": "ChIJz3kOD7kX2TgREqRYdWOyFqg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Peshawar&query_place_id=ChIJz3kOD7kX2TgREqRYdWOyFqg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:21:11.495Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00860", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Pináhat", "normalized_name": "pin-hat", "alternate_names": [ "Pinahat" ], "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Agra", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "South-eastern tahsil of Agra District, North - Western - Provinces" }, "location_description": "Broken strip of country between the Jumna (Jamuná) and the Chambal rivers.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 142155, "population_year": 1872, "area": "338 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "189 are cultivated", "land revenue, £17,555", "total Government revenue, £20,036%", "rental paid by cultivators, £36,851", "actual incidence of Government revenue per acre, Is. 7 d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pináhat. South-eastern tahsil of Agra District, North - Western - Provinces; consisting of the broken strip of country between the Jumna (Jamuná) and the Chambal rivers. Area, 338 square miles, of which 189 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 142,155; land revenue, £17,555; total Government revenue, £20,036%; rental paid by cultivators, £36,851; actual incidence of Government revenue per acre, Is. 7 d.", "pdf_page": 376, "pdf_page_end": 376, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-376.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pinahat", "formatted_address": "Pinahat, Uttar Pradesh 283123, India", "latitude": 26.8838933, "longitude": 78.37142329999999, "place_id": "ChIJH12sC608dDkRDwUhGtK3zr8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pinahat&query_place_id=ChIJH12sC608dDkRDwUhGtK3zr8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:32:33.531Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00863", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pind Dadan Khán", "normalized_name": "pind-dadan-kh-n", "alternate_names": [ "Pind Dadan Khan" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "commercial town", "tahsil headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Jhelum (Jhílam)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Salt Range", "raw_context": "Large and flourishing commercial town in Jhelum (Jhílam) District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil." }, "location_description": "1 mile from the north bank of the Jhelum river, 5 miles from the foot of the Salt Range.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "32° 35' N.", "longitude": "73° 5' 20\" E.", "raw_text": "Situated in lat. 32° 35' N., and long. 73° 5' 20\" E." }, "stats": { "population": 15740, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Hindus: 7329", "Muhammadans: 7984", "Sikhs: 404", "'others': 23", "1 mile from the north bank of the Jhelum river", "5 miles from the foot of the Salt Range", "Municipal revenue (1876-77), £2115, or 2s. 6d. per head of population (15,414) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pind Dadan Khán.-Large and flourishing commercial town in Jhelum (Jhílam) District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil. Pop. (1868), 15,740, consisting of 7329 Hindus, 7984 Muhammadans, 404 Sikhs, and 23 'others.' Situated in lat. 32° 35' N., and long. 73° 5' 20\" E., 1 mile from the north bank of the Jhelum river, and 5 miles from the foot of the Salt Range. Centre of the trade of the District. Founded in 1623 by Dádan Khán, whose descendants still reside in the town. Narrow and tortuous streets; .defective sanitary arrange- ments, which Government has made strenuous efforts to remedy. Extensive export and import grade with the distant marts of the Province. Merchants have agents at Múltán, Amritsar (Umritsur), Sukkur (Sakhar), Peshawar, and the countries beyond the ter Exports of salt from the MAYO MINES southward; of silk and cotton\n\npiece-goods northward and westward; and of brass and copper to the whole surrounding country: imports of English piece-goods, metals and raw silk from Amritsar and Múltán; of woollen fabrics from Kashmir (Cashmere); and of dried fruits, furs, and woollen goods of Central Asia from Peshawar. Extensive trade in country produce, grain, ghí, and oil. Manufacture of brass and copper ware, and of silk lungis (scarves). River boats built at Pind Dadan Khán are in great request throughout the whole course of the Jhelum. Court-house, tahsili, police centre, town hall, staging bungalow, sardi, school-house, dispensary, small church. Municipal revenue (1876-77), £2115, or 2s. 6d. per head of population (15,414) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 376, "pdf_page_end": 377, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-376.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pind Dadan Khan", "formatted_address": "Pind Dadan Khan, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.5883708, "longitude": 73.0434794, "place_id": "ChIJPXhzL_60ITkRDm5SiIWvZy4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pind+Dadan+Khan&query_place_id=ChIJPXhzL_60ITkRDm5SiIWvZy4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:53:24.405Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00865", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pindigheb", "normalized_name": "pindigheb", "alternate_names": [ "Pindigheb" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "tahsil headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Ráwal Pindi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil." }, "location_description": "On the road between Ráwal Pindi and Kálabágh.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "33° 14′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "72° 18' E.", "raw_text": "Situated in lat. 33° 14′ 30″ N., and long. 72° 18' E." }, "stats": { "population": 8223, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Hindus: 3085", "Muhammadans: 4905", "Sikhs: 233", "on the road between Ráwal Pindi and Kálabágh", "Municipal revenue (1876-77), £204, or 53 d. per head of population within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pindigheb. Municipal town in Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil. Pop. (1868), 8223, consisting of 3085 Hindus, 4905 Muhammadans, and 233 Síkhs. Situated in lat. 33° 14′ 30″ N., and long. 72° 18' E., on the road between Ráwal Pindi and Kálabágh. Residence of chiefs of Jodrah clan of Rájputs, by whom the town was founded. Trade in country produce-grain, cotton, oil, and wool. The surplus grain supplies the cantonments of Ráwal Pindi and Attock. Manufactures of country cloth and soap, exported beyond the Indus. Tahsili, police station, excellent school, Government rest - house. Municipal revenue (1876-77), £204, or 53 d. per head of population within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 377, "pdf_page_end": 377, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-377.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Pindigheb", "latitude": 33.2641158, "longitude": 72.28375, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pindi+Gheb+Tehsil,+Pakistan/@33.2794737,71.7971532,144438m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x38df5f2fedc8a117:0x6e22f73e2f783322!8m2!3d33.2641158!4d72.28375!16s%2Fm%2F03mcnjg?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:53:16.638Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00872", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Pír Mangho (Pir Magar)", "normalized_name": "p-r-mangho-pir-magar", "alternate_names": [ "Pir Magar" ], "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "valley", "hot springs", "temple", "tank" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Sind", "district": "Karachi (Kurrachee)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Valley, hot springs, temple, and tank in Karachi (Kurrachee) District, Sind." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Pír Mangho (Pir Magar).-Valley, hot springs, temple, and tank in Karachi (Kurrachee) District, Sind.-See MAGAR Talao.", "pdf_page": 378, "pdf_page_end": 378, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-378.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Manghopir Karachi", "formatted_address": "X2XP+6FF, Sultanabad New Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan", "latitude": 24.9980503, "longitude": 67.0361738, "place_id": "ChIJJ9gsTwBBsz4RZZCDcW_mDsQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Manghopir+Karachi&query_place_id=ChIJJ9gsTwBBsz4RZZCDcW_mDsQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:24:08.801Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00875", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pír Panjál", "normalized_name": "p-r-panj-l", "alternate_names": [ "The Saint's Mountain" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain range", "pass", "road" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kashmír (Cashmere)", "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "A lofty range in the Native State of Kashmír (Cashmere); separating that State, on its south-western side, from the Punjab." }, "location_description": "A lofty range separating Kashmir from the Punjab, traversed by a major pass and road, with a shrine of a Muhammadan saint.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Runs north-west and south-east, from the Baramula Pass to that of the Pir Panjál or Nándan Sár, a distance of about forty miles", "highest peaks attaining an elevation of about 16,500 feet above sea-level", "top of the pass, about six miles from Porhiána, is a fine grassy plateau about half a mile wide, with an elevation of about 1450 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pír Panjál (‘The Saint's Mountain').—A lofty range in the Native State of Kashmír (Cashmere); separating that State, on its south- western side, from the Punjab. Runs north-west and south-east, from the Baramula Pass to that of the Pir Panjál or Nándan Sár, a distance of about forty miles; the highest peaks attaining an elevation of about 16,500 feet above sea-level. The geological formation is basaltic,―an amygdaloidal trap, beautifully marked in some places. The range is named from a pír or Muhammadan saint, whose shrine is in the Pír Panjál Pass, and receives the offerings of all devout Musalmán travellers. The most picturesque road into Kashmir, and one of the easiest and most frequented, traverses the Pír Panjál Pass, and is known as the Gujavát and Pír Panjál route. The pass itself is crossed in the eleventh stage from Gujavát, between the halting-stations of Porhiána and Aliábád Sarái. The top of the pass, about six miles from Porhiána, is a fine grassy plateau about half a mile wide, with an elevation of about 1450 feet, gradually sloping down to the Aliábád sarái. In clear weather the minars at Lahore are visible, though distant about 130 miles. \" -", "pdf_page": 379, "pdf_page_end": 379, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-379.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pir Panjal Range", "formatted_address": "Pir Panjal Range, Forest Block 193403", "latitude": 33.86027780000001, "longitude": 74.3994444, "place_id": "ChIJ6a4rAQLI4TgRrXpiBVFtX5o", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pir+Panjal+Range&query_place_id=ChIJ6a4rAQLI4TgRrXpiBVFtX5o", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:24:13.469Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00878", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Pithoragarh", "normalized_name": "pithoragarh", "feature_type": "cantonment", "feature_labels": [ "cantonment", "bazaar", "hospital", "fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Kumáun", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Cantonment in Kumáun District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Cantonment on a low ridge in the Shore valley, for the protection of the Nepál frontier. Contains a bazaar, stone-built hospital, and Fort Loudoun.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 35′ 35″ N", "longitude": "80° 14′ 30″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 35′ 35″ N., long. 80° 14′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Elevation above sea level, 5334 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Pithoragarh.-Cantonment in Kumáun District, North-Western Provinces. Lat. 29° 35′ 35″ N., long. 80° 14′ 30″ E. The troops are stationed on a low ridge in the Shore valley, for the protection of the Nepál frontier. Bázár, stone-built hospital. Fort Loudoun, 100 yards'. west of the lines, commands the whole place. Elevation above sea level, 5334 feet.", "pdf_page": 379, "pdf_page_end": 379, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-379.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Pithoragarh", "formatted_address": "Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India", "latitude": 29.5828604, "longitude": 80.2181884, "place_id": "ChIJUd2IAMAloTkRYzxSoTAdeCs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Pithoragarh&query_place_id=ChIJUd2IAMAloTkRYzxSoTAdeCs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:24:18.950Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00884", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Poicha", "normalized_name": "poicha", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Rewá Kánta", "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "One of the petty States of Rewá Kánta, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Petty State in Rewá Kánta, Bombay, with 7 chiefs.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "3 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "There are 7 chiefs", "revenue was estimated in 1875 at £200", "tribute of £150 is paid to the Gáekwár of Baroda" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Poicha. One of the petty States of Rewá Kánta, Bombay. Area, 3 square miles. There are 7 chiefs. The revenue was estimated in 1875 at £200; tribute of £150 is paid to the Gáekwár of Baroda.", "pdf_page": 381, "pdf_page_end": 381, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-381.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Poicha", "formatted_address": "Poicha, Gujarat 393145, India", "latitude": 21.9687307, "longitude": 73.4618479, "place_id": "ChIJJwD_YajiXzkR9g4Ef0SZi3U", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Poicha&query_place_id=ChIJJwD_YajiXzkR9g4Ef0SZi3U", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:24:51.991Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00894", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Poli", "normalized_name": "poli", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Cuddapah (Kaḍapá)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Cuddapah (Kaḍapá) District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "14° 12′ 45″ N", "longitude": "79° 13′ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 14° 12′ 45″ N., long. 79° 13′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6660, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 3569, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Poli.-Town in Cuddapah (Kaḍapá) District, Madras. Lat. 14° 12′ 45″ N., long. 79° 13′ E.; pop. (1871), 6660, inhabiting 3569 houses.", "pdf_page": 382, "pdf_page_end": 382, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-382.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Poli", "formatted_address": "Poli, Andhra Pradesh, India", "latitude": 14.2085146, "longitude": 79.1830693, "place_id": "ChIJn8csIYkvszsRnnzSO0vFYSc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Poli&query_place_id=ChIJn8csIYkvszsRnnzSO0vFYSc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:52:42.972Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00924", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Porto Novo (Feringhipet or Parahgipetai; Mahmud Bandar)", "normalized_name": "porto-novo-feringhipet-or-parahgipetai-mahmud-bandar", "alternate_names": [ "Feringhipet", "Parahgipetai", "Mahmud Bandar" ], "feature_type": "port_or_coastal", "feature_labels": [ "seaport town", "railway station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "South Arcot District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "South Arcot District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Seaport town and railway station at the mouth of the river Vellár, South Arcot District, Madras, 145 miles south of Madras and 32 miles south of Pondicherri.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 11.490278, "longitude": 79.803611, "raw_text": "lat. 11° 29′ 25″ N., and long. 79° 48′ 13″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 7182, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 1438, "other_facts": [ "145 miles south of Madras", "32 miles south of Pondicherri", "at the mouth of the river Vellár", "In 1875, 248 native craft (tonnage 16,700) called", "Value of exports in 1875: £56,000", "Value of imports in 1875: £9500", "English commenced trading here in 1682", "Danes and Portuguese already established in 1682", "In 1749, Madras army halted at Porto Novo", "In 1781, Sir Eyre Coote marched out of Porto Novo with 8000 men to meet Haidar's army of 60,000", "Battle of Porto Novo: signal victory for the English, saved the Presidency" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Porto Novo (Feringhipet or Parahgipetai; Mahmud Bandar).—Sea- port town and railway station in South Arcot District, Madras; situated in lat. 11° 29′ 25″ N., and long. 79° 48′ 13″ E., 145 miles south of Madras, and 32 miles south of Pondicherri, at the mouth of the river Vellár. Pop. (1871), 7182, dwelling. in 1438 houses. The port is _frequented exclusively by native craft, of which, in 1875, 248 (tonnage 16,700) called. Value of exports in the same year, £56,000; of imports, £9500. When the English commenced trading here in 1682, they found the Danes and Portuguese already established. In 1749, the Madras army, marching against Tanjore, halted at Porto Novo for a while; and in 1781, Sir Eyre Coote marched out of Porto Novo with 8000 men to meet the whole army of Mysore, some 60,000 strong, under Haidar; and in the battle which ensued, won the most signal victory of the war, and practically saved the Presidency.\n\nPorto Novo is interesting also as the scene of English join.-stock enterprise. From 1824, and for many years afterwards, efforts had\n\nbeen made to establish ironworks at Porto Novo. A company called the Porto Novo Iron Company established a large factory here, but, after many years of patient endeavour, the enterprise had to be abandoned. To facilitate the carriage of the iron-ores, which were brought by water from Salem, the old Khán Sáhib's canal was made navigable in 1854 by the construction of 3 locks,-one where the canal debouches into the Vellár, nearly opposite the town of Porto Novo; the second where it leaves the Víranam tank; and the third a little lower down. The Iron Company cut a short canal of their own from the Vellár into the backwater adjoining the embouchure of the Coleroon, down which they used to float their ore in basket boats to Porto Novo before the Khán Sáhib's canal was rendered navigable. The Company's canal, which is only about 2 miles long, is now much silted up. The excavation of the East Coast Canal at Porto Novo was commenced in 1853, and con- siderable progress was made up to 1857, when the Mutiny seems to have put a stop to it, as it did to many other public works. A small expen- diture would probably render the canal navigable for boats from the. Vellár to the Paravanar, and so to Cuddalore, but the construction of the railway has rendered such expenditure hardly necessary. The only special manufacture of Porto Novo is a species of mat, made from the leaves of the wild pine-apple, in imitation of similar mats of an exceedingly soft and elegant make imported from Achín.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 928 ], "pdf_page": 396, "pdf_page_end": 397, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-396.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Porto Novo Light House", "formatted_address": "GQ3C+Q69, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India", "latitude": 11.5044165, "longitude": 79.770601, "place_id": "ChIJd693ZMLqVDoRAINJrDy-hew", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Porto+Novo+Light+House&query_place_id=ChIJd693ZMLqVDoRAINJrDy-hew", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:33:23.995Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-00960", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Puliangudi", "normalized_name": "puliangudi", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Tinnevelli", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras; situated on the Madura road.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 9.177778, "longitude": 77.4375, "raw_text": "situated on the Madura road, in lat. 9° 10' 40\" N., and long. 77° 26′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6810, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 1618, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Puliangudi.—Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras; situated on the Madura road, in lat. 9° 10' 40\" N., and long. 77° 26′ 15″ E. Pop. (1871), 6810, inhabiting 1618 houses.", "pdf_page": 411, "pdf_page_end": 411, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-411.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Puliyangudi", "formatted_address": "Puliyangudi, Tamil Nadu 627855, India", "latitude": 9.1725368, "longitude": 77.39560039999999, "place_id": "ChIJM2_KsTCQBjsRF3SnM47d-ts", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Puliyangudi&query_place_id=ChIJM2_KsTCQBjsRF3SnM47d-ts", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T08:33:36.439Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-01090", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Raesen", "normalized_name": "raesen", "feature_type": "fort", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Málwá, Central India", "raw_context": "Fort in Málwá, Gentral India." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Raesen.-Fort in Málwá, Gentral India.-See RAISIN.", "pdf_page": 473, "pdf_page_end": 473, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-473.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Raisen Fort", "formatted_address": "National Highway 86 Raisen मध्य प्रदेश 464551 Republic, Madhya Pradesh 464551, India", "latitude": 23.3265787, "longitude": 77.7779322, "place_id": "ChIJAzznBk0YfDkRt5wtclrT22w", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Raisen+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJAzznBk0YfDkRt5wtclrT22w", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:26:19.364Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-01096", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Raghunathpur", "normalized_name": "raghunathpur", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "Hill" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Mánbhúm", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill in Mánbhúm District, Bengal" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "8 miles west of Gaurángdihi" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Rises abruptly in three prominent peaks, the highest of which is at least 1000 feet above the sea", "composed mainly of bare and jagged rock, but is in places thickly covered with dense jungle", "quite inaccessible to wheeled carriages or beasts of burden, and difficult for men, in some places requiring steps to be cut for a foothold" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Raghunathpur.-Hill in Mánbhúm District, Bengal; 8 miles west of Gaurángdihi. Rises abruptly in three prominent peaks, the highest of which is at least 1000 feet above the sea. Raghunathpur Hill is composed mainly of bare and jagged rock, but is in places thickly covered with dense jungle; it is quite inaccessible to wheeled carriages or beasts of burden, and difficult for men, in some places requiring steps to be cut for a foothold.\n\nRahá. Village and police station in Nowgong District, Assam; يو situated at the junction of the Kapilí river with the Kulang offshoot\n\nof the Brahmaputra, 13 miles south-west of Nowgong town. The population is engaged in fishing and trade, and there is an important ferry over the Kalang.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 438 ], "pdf_page": 474, "pdf_page_end": 475, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-474.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Raghunathpur", "latitude": 23.8786174, "longitude": 85.8815002, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Raghunathpur+hill/@23.8786174,85.8815002,55295m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:45:34.424Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-01116", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Ráikot", "normalized_name": "r-ikot", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "former capital of a Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Ludhiana", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Ludhiana District, Punjab, and former capital of a Native State" }, "location_description": "Municipal town in Ludhiana District, Punjab, 30 miles south-west from Ludhiána town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.65, "longitude": 75.583333, "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 39′ N., long. 75° 35'.E." }, "stats": { "population": 9165, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "5013 Muhammadans, 2843 Hindus, 798 Síkhs, and 511 'others.'", "30 miles south-west from Ludhiána town", "Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £163, or 42d. per head of population (8262) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ráikot. Municipal town in Ludhiana District, Punjab, and former capital of a Native State. Lat. 30° 39′ N., long. 75° 35'.E.; pop. (1868), 9165, consisting of 5013 Muhammadans, 2843 Hindus, 798 Síkhs, and 511 'others.' Distant from Ludhiána town 30 miles south-west. Resi- dence of a celebrated family of Muhammadan Rájputs, the Ráis of Ráikot, who held a position of great importance in early times. Tulsi Dás, founder of the family, emigrated from Jáisalmír (Jeysulmere) in 1323, and settled at Faridkot. He embraced the Muhammadan creed, and took the name of Shaikh Chachu. His descendants founded the towns of Shahjahanpur (in Luahiána) and Talwandi. They obtained the title of Rái from an Emperor Alá-ud-dín, probably the Sayyid prince who reigned from 1445 to 1478. They acquired possession of Ludhiana town in 1620; and during the 18th century owned a con- siderable tract of country, extending apparently beyond the Sutlej (Satlaj). After the rise of the Sikh power, the Ráis held their own till the beginning of the present century, by calling in the aid of George Thomas, the adventurer of Hariána. Rái Alyás, the last independent prince, died in 1802, and left the territory to his mother, Núr-ul-Nissa. In 1806, however, Ranjit Sinh, crossing the Sutlej to aid the Rájás of Nábha and Jhind against their neighbour of Patiála, took the oppor- tunity of reducing the Muhammadan family, whose dominions he 0 divided between himself and his allies. Rání Núṛ-ul-Nissa retained possession of Ráikot itself, and other members of the family received small jágírs. On the extension of British protection to the CIS-SUTLEJ STATES, our Government recognised the de facto title of Ranjit Sinh's grantees; and only allowed the Ránf's claim to the territories which she held at the date of British occupation. Núr-ul-Ņissa died in 1831, and was succeeded by her daughter-in-law, widow of Rái Alyás, by name Bhág 'Bhari. On her death in 1854, the British Government\n\nrecognised her nephew and adopted son, Imám Bakhsh Khán, as heir to her estate and to the title of Rái. He is still (1876) alive, and has three sons. Besides the revenues of Ráikot and Mallah, he receives from Government a pension of £200 a year. The town is surrounded by a wall, and substantially built. It contains several handsome houses, the property of the Rái and of Síkh gentlemen of the neighbourhood. Police station, post office, dispensary. Municipal revenue in 1876-77, £163, or 42d. per head of population (8262) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 485, "pdf_page_end": 486, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-485.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Raikot", "formatted_address": "Raikot, Punjab 141109, India", "latitude": 30.6535618, "longitude": 75.5917092, "place_id": "ChIJF1Lup-6FEDkR51zac518M1U", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Raikot&query_place_id=ChIJF1Lup-6FEDkR51zac518M1U", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:26:33.749Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7-agentic-entry-01220", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Ramparda", "normalized_name": "ramparda", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Kathiáwár", "raw_context": "One of the petty States in Kathiáwár, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consists of 1 village", "1 independent tribute-payer", "revenue estimated in 1876 at £103", "tribute of £7 is paid to the British Government" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ramparda. One of the petty States in Kathiáwár, Bombay. It consists of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer. The revenue was estimated in 1876 at £103; and tribute of £7 is paid to the British Government.", "pdf_page": 547, "pdf_page_end": 547, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/page-547.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-7", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 7", "dataset_id": "vol-7", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Rampada", "formatted_address": "Rampada, Gujarat 363510, India", "latitude": 22.6493976, "longitude": 71.3505205, "place_id": "ChIJqx5lKsxyWTkRJzasWFFEDeY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Rampada&query_place_id=ChIJqx5lKsxyWTkRJzasWFFEDeY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:28:06.168Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00001", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Rangpur.", "normalized_name": "rangpur", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "Sadr", "headquarters Subdivision" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Rangpur District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Sadr or headquarters Subdivision of Rangpur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Sadr or headquarters Subdivision of Rangpur District, Bengal; situated between 25° 18′ and 26° 18′ 45″ N. lat., and between 88° 47' and 89° 33′ 45″ E. long.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated between 25° 18′ and 26° 18′ 45″ N. lat., and between 88° 47' and 89° 33′ 45″ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 1718226, "population_year": 1872, "area": 2687, "houses": 256527, "other_facts": [ "villages, 2970", "994,320, or 57.8 per cent., are Muhammadans", "723,076, or 42'1 per cent., Hindus", "50 Buddhists", "71 Christians", "709 'others.'" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Rangpur.-Sadr or headquarters Subdivision of Rangpur District, Bengal; situated between 25° 18′ and 26° 18′ 45″ N. lat., and between 88° 47' and 89° 33′ 45″ E. long. Area, 2687 square miles; villages, 2970; houses, 256,527. Pop. (1872), 1,718,226, of whom 994,320, or 57.8 per cent., are Muhammadans; 723,076, or 42'1 per cent., Hindus; 50 Buddhists; 71 Christians; 709 'others.' Proportion of males in\n\ntotal population, 50'9 per cent.; average density of population, 639 per square mile; number of villages per square mile, 1'11; persons per village, 579; houses per square mile, 95; persons per house, 6.7. This Subdivision comprises the 12 police circles (thánás) of Mahíganj, Nisbetganj, Darwání, Jaldháká, Dimlá, Phuranbárí, Barabári, Nágeswarí, Alípur, Kumárganj, Malángá, and Pírganj. In 1870-71, it contained 12 magisterial and revenue courts, a regular police force of 337 men, and a rural constabulary of 4326 men.", "pdf_page": 2, "pdf_page_end": 4, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-002.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Rangpur", "formatted_address": "Rangpur, Bangladesh", "latitude": 25.7493938, "longitude": 89.26108649999999, "place_id": "ChIJmwGm_OYt4zkRyBj4h-aWpJ8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Rangpur&query_place_id=ChIJmwGm_OYt4zkRyBj4h-aWpJ8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:25:00.969Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00004", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Rangún (Ran-kún).", "normalized_name": "rang-n-ran-k-n", "alternate_names": [ "Ran-kún" ], "feature_type": "other", "historical_admin": { "province": "British Burma", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "British Burma" }, "location_description": "District and town in British Burma.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Rangún (Ran-kún). - District and town in British Burma. - See RANGOON.", "pdf_page": 4, "pdf_page_end": 4, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-004.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Yangon/Rangoon War Cemetery", "formatted_address": "No.353 Pyay Rd, Yangon, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 16.8113122, "longitude": 96.1331256, "place_id": "ChIJV41gRUjrwTARJQXY-ieQ3N0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Yangon%2FRangoon+War+Cemetery&query_place_id=ChIJV41gRUjrwTARJQXY-ieQ3N0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:27:40.684Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00005", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Ránia.", "normalized_name": "r-nia", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Sírsa District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Sírsa District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated on the right bank of the river Ghagar, 13 miles west of Sírsa town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 28' N.", "longitude": "74° 54′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 28' N., long. 74° 54′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4583, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on the right bank of the river Ghagar, 13 miles west of Sírsa town", "seat of a branch of the Bhatti family of Hissár", "Little trade; manufacture of leather-work and coarse cloth", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £135, or 6 d. per head of population (4918) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ránia. Town in Sírsa District, Punjab. Lat. 29° 28' N., long. 74° 54′ E.; pop. (1868), 4583. Situated on the right bank of the river Ghagar, 13 miles west of Sírsa town. Chiefly noted as the seat of a branch of the Bhatti family of Hissár. Little trade; manufacture of leather-work and coarse cloth. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £135, or 6 d. per head of population (4918) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 4, "pdf_page_end": 4, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-004.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Rania", "formatted_address": "Rania, Haryana 125076, India", "latitude": 29.5241761, "longitude": 74.83638119999999, "place_id": "ChIJAWAwABuxFjkRkaxEg4m59jI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Rania&query_place_id=ChIJAWAwABuxFjkRkaxEg4m59jI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:25:47.226Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00049", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Rato Dero.", "normalized_name": "rato-dero", "feature_type": "taluk", "feature_labels": [ "Táluk" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Shikárpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Rato Dero", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Lárkána Sub-District, Sind", "raw_context": "Táluk of Lárkána Sub-District, Shikárpur Collectorate, Sind" }, "location_description": "Taluk in Lárkána Sub-District, Shikárpur Collectorate, Sind.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 35896, "population_year": 1872, "area": 228, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Gross revenue in 1873-74, 972c." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Rato Dero. Táluk of Lárkána Sub-District, Shikárpur Collectorate, Sind. Area, 228 square miles; pop. (1872), 35,896. Gross revenue in 1873-74, 972c.\n\nentirely in the hands of the Buddhist monks. In 1867, there were 54 village mission schools aided by Government, chiefly for Karengs. In 1873, a cess school was established in Pegu. Rangoon city con- tains a high school, St. John's College, and a diocesan school.\n\nClimate. The climate is generally depressing, though December and January are cool bracing months, with little rain. The rains last from about the beginning of May till the middle of November, and are usually accompanied by considerable electrical disturbance. The average annual rainfall is returned at 98.24 inches. Fever, rheumatism, and pulmonary complaints are prevalent. The dispensary and hospital are situated in Rangoon city.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 415 ], "pdf_page": 36, "pdf_page_end": 37, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-036.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Rato Dero", "formatted_address": "Rato Dero, Pakistan", "latitude": 27.800291, "longitude": 68.2921927, "place_id": "ChIJ-_lHXF1QNDkRQ4L-3xeMR7A", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Rato+Dero&query_place_id=ChIJ-_lHXF1QNDkRQ4L-3xeMR7A", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:28:48.714Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00061", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Ráwal Pindi", "normalized_name": "r-wal-pindi", "feature_type": "city", "feature_labels": [ "municipal city", "administrative headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Ráwal Pindi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal city and administrative headquarters of Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Modern city with broad streets, brick houses, and important cantonment; site of ancient Gajipur and Fatehpur Baori.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "33° 37′ N.", "longitude": "73° 6' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 33° 37′ N., long. 73° 6' E." }, "stats": { "population": 19228, "population_year": 1868, "area": "2 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "6490 Hindus, 10,218 Muhammadans, 2197 Sikhs, 44 Christians, and 279 'others.'", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £5129, or 4s. 111d. per head of population (20,768) within municipal limits." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ráwal Pindi.-Municipal city and administrative headquarters of Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab. Lat. 33° 37′ N., long. 73° 6' E.; pop. (1868), 19,228, consisting of 6490 Hindus, 10,218 Muhammadans, 2197 Sikhs, 44 Christians, and 279 'others.' The present town is of quite modern origin, but General Cunningham has identified certain ruins on the site of the cantonments with the ancient city of Gajipur, the capital of the Bhatti tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era. Greek and other early coins, as well as broken bricks, occur over an area of 2 square miles. Known within historical times as Fatehpur Baori, it fell into decay during one of the Mughal invasions in the 14th century. Jhanda Khán, a Ghakkar chief, restored the town, and gave it the present name of Ráwal Pindi. Sardár Milka Sinh, a Síkh adventurer, occupied it in 1765, and invited traders from the neighbouring com- mercial centres of Jhelum and Sháhpur to settle in his territory. Thenceforward Ráwal Pindi grew rapidly, and, on the introduction of British rule, became the site of an important cantonment. The modern town is well built, and has an air of considerable prosperity, with broad and handsome streets, and many brick houses. The inhabitants con- sist of Ghakkars, Bhattis, Awáns, Kashmíris, Kshattriyas, and Bráh- mans, the last two castes having a monopoly of trade. Court-houses, treasury, jail, police office, dispensary, 2 saráis, tahsili, and numerous other public buildings. Government normal school, Presbyterian mission; dák bungalow; 2 European hotels; head office of Punjab Bank. Considerable trade with Amritsar and Pind Dadan Khán. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £5129, or 4s. 111d. per head of population (20,768) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 58, "pdf_page_end": 58, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-058.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Rawalpindi", "formatted_address": "Rawalpindi, Pakistan", "latitude": 33.5848397, "longitude": 73.06578619999999, "place_id": "ChIJy5pBdImU3zgRD9MyFn41hAk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Rawalpindi&query_place_id=ChIJy5pBdImU3zgRD9MyFn41hAk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:44:30.783Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00108", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Synthia", "normalized_name": "synthia", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Birbhum", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Town in Birbhum District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Town in Birbhum District, Bengal. Station on the East Indian Railway, 119 miles distant from Howrah.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Station on the East Indian Railway, 119 miles distant from Howrah", "rapidly rising place", "connected with Surí by a good road" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Synthia. Town in Birbhum District, Bengal. Station on the East Indian Railway, 119 miles distant from Howrah, and rapidly rising place; connected with Surí by a good road.", "pdf_page": 71, "pdf_page_end": 71, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-071.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sainthia", "formatted_address": "Sainthia, West Bengal 731234, India", "latitude": 23.9486953, "longitude": 87.679312, "place_id": "ChIJe_X2E6X6-TkRVebAD0_C3N4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sainthia&query_place_id=ChIJe_X2E6X6-TkRVebAD0_C3N4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:34:52.802Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00112", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Tadiándamol.", "normalized_name": "tadi-ndamol", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "peak", "mountain" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Coorg", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in the territory of Coorg" }, "location_description": "Highest peak in the Western Ghats in Coorg; ascent is not difficult; two-thirds may be achieved on horseback, the remainder on foot. The view from the summit is magnificent.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "12° 13′ N.", "longitude": "75° 40′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 12° 13′ N., long 75° 40′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Highest peak in the chain of the Western Ghats", "5729 feet above the sea" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Tadiándamol.-Highest peak in the chain of the Western Ghats in the territory of Coorg, 5729 feet above the sea. Lat. 12° 13′ N., long 75° 40′ E. The ascent is not difficult; two-thirds may be achieved on horseback, the remainder on foot. The view from the summit is magnificent.\n\nTádpatri (Tadputry, Tádaparti).-Town in Bellary District, Madras, and an important station on the Madras Railway; situated in lat. 14° 55′ 50″ N., and long. 78° 2′ 25″ E., on the right bank of the Penner (Ponniyár). Pop. (1871), 8312, living in 1818 houses. Thriving trade in silk, cotton, and indigo. In 1875, the railway carried 43,000 passengers to and from the station, and 5309 tons of goods. The town was founded by Rámalingam Nayudu, one of the Vijayanagar governors, 400 years ago. He also built the fine temple dedicated to Ráma Iswara. Another temple (dedicated to Chintáráya) on the river bank was built by Timma Nayudu. These two temples are elaborately decorated with sculptures representing the adventures of Krishna, Ráma, and other mythological personages. Among the bas-reliefs is a figure holding a Grecian bow. The temple on the river bank is by far the finer, but was never finished. The gopura of the other temple was struck by lightning about thirty years ago, and split in two. After the battle of Tálikot, the country round Tádpatri was subdued by the forces of the Kutab Sháhi dynasty, and a Muhammadan governor was appointed. Afterwards, the town was captured by Morári Ráo, and still later by Haidar Alí. The site of Tádpatri lies low, and part of the town is frequently under water. The main street is narrow and straight, with substantially built houses.", "pdf_page": 73, "pdf_page_end": 73, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-073.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Tadiandamol", "formatted_address": "Tadiandamol, Karnataka 571212, India", "latitude": 12.2171273, "longitude": 75.6088059, "place_id": "ChIJFa3IGG1OpDsR9yXIOOw0rBo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Tadiandamol&query_place_id=ChIJFa3IGG1OpDsR9yXIOOw0rBo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:41:40.454Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00121", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Takht-i-Suláimán", "normalized_name": "takht-i-sul-im-n", "alternate_names": [ "Solomon's Seat" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kashmir (Cashmere) State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Kashmir (Cashmere) State, Punjab, close to the city of Srinagar" }, "location_description": "Close to the city of Srinagar, on the eastern side.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "34° ° 4′ N.", "longitude": "74° 53′ E.", "raw_text": "situated in lat. 34° ° 4′ N., and long. 74° 53′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Described by Thornton as a mass of eruptive trap", "On the summit stands a massive Buddhist temple, bearing every mark of great antiquity, but now converted into a mosque", "Elevation above sea level, 6950 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Takht-i-Suláimán (Solomon's Seat).-Mountain in Kashmir (Cash- mere) State, Punjab, close to the city of Srinagar, on the eastern side. Described by Thornton as a mass of eruptive trap, situated in lat. 34° ° 4′ N., and long. 74° 53′ E. On the summit stands a massive Buddhist temple, bearing every mark of great antiquity, but now converted into a mosque. Elevation above sea level, 6950 feet.", "pdf_page": 74, "pdf_page_end": 74, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-074.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Takht-i-Suláimán.", "latitude": 34.1020875, "longitude": 74.795137, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Takht+e+Sulaiman+AS+Solomon+Mountain+Sulaiman+Tangh/@34.1020875,74.795137,38083m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e18fa1def4f2b9:0x454430bf51609646!8m2!3d34.0787893!4d74.8401667!16s%2Fg%2F11sv6w5jnw?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T00:00:00Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00122", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Takht-i-Suláimán.", "normalized_name": "takht-i-sul-im-n", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain", "peak" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "on the frontier between the Punjab and Afghánistán", "raw_context": "Principal peak of the Suláimán Mountains, on the frontier between the Punjab and Afghánistán" }, "location_description": "Principal peak of the Suláimán Mountains, on the frontier between the Punjab and Afghanistan; nearly due west of Derá Ismail Khán.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Stands nearly due west of Derá Ismail Khán" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Has two separate summits, respectively 11,317 and 11,076 feet above sea level", "A barren and rugged mountain, the sides consisting of precipitous cliffs" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Takht-i-Suláimán.-Principal peak of the Suláimán Mountains, on the frontier between the Punjab and Afghánistán. Has two separate summits, respectively 11,317 and 11,076 feet above sea level. Stands nearly due west of Derá Ismail Khán. A barren and rugged mountain, the sides consisting of precipitous cliffs.", "pdf_page": 74, "pdf_page_end": 74, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-074.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Takht-i-Suláimán", "latitude": 31.6535358, "longitude": 69.9534709, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%81.....Takht+e+Suliaman%E2%80%AD/@31.6535358,69.9534709,12869m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3928c5cbb952fbb9:0x3f4580c9c305083!8m2!3d31.6535358!4d69.9534709!16s%2Fg%2F11j83qv9y6?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T00:00:00Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00123", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Takhtpur", "normalized_name": "takhtpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Bilaspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Bilaspur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Mandla road, 20 miles west of Bilaspur town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 8' N.", "longitude": "81° 54′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "in lat. 22° 8' N., and long. 81° 54′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5000, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Founded about 1690 by Takht Sinh, Rájá of Ratanpur", "remains of a brick palace, and a temple of Mahadeva", "good school, a well attended weekly market, and a police post" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Takhtpur-Town in Bilaspur District, Central Provinces; situated in lat. 22° 8' N., and long. 81° 54′ 30″ E., on the Mandla road, 20\n\n\"\n\nmiles west of Bilaspur town. Founded about 1690 by Takht Sinh, Rájá of Ratanpur, to whom are attributed the remains of a brick palace, and a temple of Mahadeva. Estimated pop. (1868), nearly 5000. Takhtpur has a good school, a well attended weekly market, and a police post.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 136 ], "pdf_page": 74, "pdf_page_end": 75, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-074.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Takhatpur", "formatted_address": "Takhatpur, Chhattisgarh 495330, India", "latitude": 22.1316095, "longitude": 81.868437, "place_id": "ChIJ3XZT__8VKDoRlhQWk2wuGCY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Takhatpur&query_place_id=ChIJ3XZT__8VKDoRlhQWk2wuGCY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:46:04.807Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00130", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Talája", "normalized_name": "tal-ja", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "walled town", "hill", "temple", "caves" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Bhaunagar", "agency": "Káthiáwár", "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State of Bhaunagar, Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Walled town on a steep conical hill with a Hindu temple and caves, in Bhaunagar State, Káthiáwár, Bombay.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 21′ 15″ N.", "longitude": "72° 4′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 21′ 15″ N., long. 72° 4′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "small steep hill of conical form, about 400 feet above the sea", "Hindu temple with tanks of excellent water", "hill has caves excavated in the solid rock", "pirates dwelt in caves as recently as 1823" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Talája.—Walled town in the Native State of Bhaunagar, Káthiáwár, Bombay. Lat. 21° 21′ 15″ N., long. 72° 4′ 30″ E. Taylor, in his Sailing Directory, describes Talája as 'a small steep hill of conical form, about 400 feet above the sea, and rising out of a level plain.' On the top of the hill is 'a Hindu temple, with tanks of excellent water; the hill has caves excavated in the solid rock, where formerly the pirates of these parts dwelt, even as recently as the year 1823.'", "pdf_page": 76, "pdf_page_end": 76, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-076.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Talaja", "formatted_address": "Talaja, Gujarat 364140, India", "latitude": 21.3514348, "longitude": 72.0327247, "place_id": "ChIJm8003qX24TsRCyhVsGLmgNk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Talaja&query_place_id=ChIJm8003qX24TsRCyhVsGLmgNk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:46:29.315Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00134", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Talaparamba", "normalized_name": "talaparamba", "feature_type": "other", "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Malabar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Malabar District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Town in Malabar District, Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Talaparamba. Town in Malabar District, Madras.-See TALI-\nPARAMBA.", "pdf_page": 77, "pdf_page_end": 77, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-077.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Taliparamba", "formatted_address": "Taliparamba, Kerala, India", "latitude": 12.035137, "longitude": 75.36109359999999, "place_id": "ChIJeaUZoY0_pDsRiQ-Lpz1ipXE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Taliparamba&query_place_id=ChIJeaUZoY0_pDsRiQ-Lpz1ipXE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:46:41.304Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00175", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Tanglu.", "normalized_name": "tanglu", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "peak" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Dárjfling (Darjeeling)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Singálilá range, Dárjfling District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "One of the principal peaks in the Singálilá range. On the summit is some extent of undulating land. The Chhota or Little Ranjít river takes its rise under this mountain.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "27° 1' N.", "longitude": "88° 7' 15\" E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 27° 1' N., long. 88° 7' 15\" E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Height, 10,084 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Tanglu.-One of the principal peaks in the Singálilá range, Dár- jfling District, Bengal. Lat. 27° 1' N., long. 88° 7' 15\" E. Height, 10,084 feet; on the summit is some extent of undulating land. The Chhota or Little Ranjít river takes its rise under this mountain.\n\nTángrá-Town in Maldah District, Bengal.-See TANDAN.", "pdf_page": 89, "pdf_page_end": 89, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-089.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Tonglu, West Bengal", "formatted_address": "Tonglu, West Bengal, Singalila Forest, West Bengal 734221, India", "latitude": 27.03, "longitude": 88.08999999999999, "place_id": "ChIJxSxrX33R5TkRMAsH2oDMZG4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Tonglu%2C+West+Bengal&query_place_id=ChIJxSxrX33R5TkRMAsH2oDMZG4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-06-30T16:37:29.933Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00229", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Saádatganj.", "normalized_name": "sa-datganj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Bára Bánki", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Town in Bára Bánki District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Situated 14 miles north-east of Bára Bánki town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated 14 miles north-east of Bára Bánki town" }, "stats": { "population": 2789, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "1630 Hindus and 1159 Muhammadans", "Founded by Rájá Surat Sinh, the ancestor of the present tálukdár of the parganá (Rámnagar)", "named after the Nawab Saádat Alí Khán, in whose reign it was built", "A clean and well-built town, with a considerable trade in grain" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Saádatganj.-Town in Bára Bánki District, Oudh; situated 14 miles north-east of Bára Bánki town. Founded by Rájá Surat Sinh, the ancestor of the present tálukdár of the parganá (Rámnagar), and named after the Nawab Saádat Alí Khán, in whose reign it was built. A clean and well-built town, with a considerable trade in grain. Pop. (1869), 2789, namely, 1630 Hindus and 1159 Muhammadans.", "pdf_page": 133, "pdf_page_end": 133, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-133.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sahadatganj", "formatted_address": "Sahadatganj, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 26.9899326, "longitude": 81.37431169999999, "place_id": "ChIJiahOU4V8mTkRKR_6XLrf_RA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sahadatganj&query_place_id=ChIJiahOU4V8mTkRKR_6XLrf_RA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:57:43.620Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00232", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sábhár.", "normalized_name": "s-bh-r", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Dacca", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Town in Dacca District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the north bank of the Buriganga, a tributary of the Dhaleswari.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 23.84861111111111, "longitude": 90.28611111111111, "raw_text": "in lat. 23° 50′ 55″ N., and long. 90° 17′ 10″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 2350, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on the north bank of the Buriganga, a tributary of the Dhaleswari", "Formerly the capital of the Bhuiyá Rájá Harischandra", "In 1839, the only trace that remained of his residence was a heap of bricks and earth overgrown with jungle" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sábhár.—Town in Dacca District, Bengal; situated on the north hank of the Buriganga, a tributary of the Dhaleswari, in lat. 23° 50′ 55″ N., and long. 90° 17′ 10″ E. Estimated pop. in 1871, 2350. Formerly the capital of the Bhuiyá Rájá Harischandra. In 1839, the only trace that remained of his residence was a heap of bricks and earth over- grown with jungle.", "pdf_page": 133, "pdf_page_end": 133, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-133.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Savar", "formatted_address": "Savar, Bangladesh", "latitude": 23.8479013, "longitude": 90.257699, "place_id": "ChIJaZXf1tPrVTcRkT7a1Bk4eyc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Savar&query_place_id=ChIJaZXf1tPrVTcRkT7a1Bk4eyc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:58:02.803Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00233", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Sabi.", "normalized_name": "sabi", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Gurgaon", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "River in Gurgaon District, Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sabi.—River in Gurgaon District, Punjab.—See Sahibi.", "pdf_page": 133, "pdf_page_end": 133, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-133.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Sabi.", "latitude": 27.7496108, "longitude": 75.8144171, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sabi+River/@27.7496108,75.8144171,352862m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x396d55e991636ea5:0xdd09f9a797b3016b!8m2!3d27.9197641!4d76.4347648!16s%2Fg%2F11ckr8x392?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:58:28.441Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00294", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sakheda", "normalized_name": "sakheda", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Baroda State", "agency": null, "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "Town in Baroda State, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 5522, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sakheda.-Town in Baroda State, Bombay. Pop. (1872), 5522.", "pdf_page": 173, "pdf_page_end": 173, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-173.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sankheda", "formatted_address": "Sankheda, Gujarat 391145, India", "latitude": 22.1715494, "longitude": 73.5814967, "place_id": "ChIJB0jIMUdzYDkR-FPgWMpSxEk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sankheda&query_place_id=ChIJB0jIMUdzYDkR-FPgWMpSxEk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T05:58:47.719Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00387", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sankhund.", "normalized_name": "sankhund", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "spring" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bhagalpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Spring in Bhagalpur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Spring associated with the legend of the Panchajanya shell.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "so called from the monster sankh or shell Panchajanya, mentioned in the Mahábhárata", "impression on the bank-three feet in length by a foot and a half wide-is still shown" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sankhund.—Spring in Bhagalpur District, Bengal; so called from the monster sankh or shell Panchajanya, mentioned in the Mahábhárata, the sound of which filled the breasts of the enemy with dismay. This shell is said to have rested beneath the waters of the spring, and its impression on the bank-three feet in length by a foot and a half wide-is still shown.", "pdf_page": 227, "pdf_page_end": 227, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-227.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shahkund", "formatted_address": "Shahkund, Bihar 813108, India", "latitude": 25.1672856, "longitude": 86.816672, "place_id": "ChIJlybGFam28TkRqrXoLrJv8ag", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shahkund&query_place_id=ChIJlybGFam28TkRqrXoLrJv8ag", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:00:36.509Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00487", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Sealkote.", "normalized_name": "sealkote", "feature_type": "other", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "District, tahsil, and town in the Punjab." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sealkote. District, tahsil, and town in the Punjab. - See -\nSIALKOT.", "pdf_page": 274, "pdf_page_end": 274, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-274.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sialkot Fort", "formatted_address": "FGXW+4CQ Sialkot Fort, Raja Rd, Sialkot, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.4937206, "longitude": 74.5414048, "place_id": "ChIJq6qqJmHqHjkRdnuN9tCCZtY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sialkot+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJq6qqJmHqHjkRdnuN9tCCZtY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:03:27.342Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00491", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Seebsaugor.", "normalized_name": "seebsaugor", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "district", "subdivision", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Assam", "raw_context": "District, Subdivision, and town in Assam." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Seebsaugor. - District, Subdivision, and town in Assam. - See\nSIBSAGAR.", "pdf_page": 275, "pdf_page_end": 275, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-275.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sivasagar", "formatted_address": "Sivasagar, Assam, India", "latitude": 26.989087, "longitude": 94.63942399999999, "place_id": "ChIJ90iB2kYxRzcR5t-MJ4DVmKg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sivasagar&query_place_id=ChIJ90iB2kYxRzcR5t-MJ4DVmKg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:03:43.978Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00552", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sháhlimar", "normalized_name": "sh-hlimar", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "gardens", "pleasure-ground" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Lahore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Lahore District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated in the village of Bághampur, 5 miles east of Lahore city.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 35 N.", "longitude": "74° a3′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 35 N., long. 74° a3′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sháhlimar. — Gardens and pleasure-ground in Lahore District, - Punjab; situated in the village of Bághampur, 5 miles east of Lahore city. Lat. 31° 35 N., long. 74° a3′ E. Laid out by Ali Mardan Kháng the celebrated engineer of Sháh Jahán, in imitation of the garden planned by Jahángír at the sources of the Jhelum (Jhflam), in Kashmír (Cashmere). The buildings fell into ruin during the latter period of the Mughal Empire, but were restored by Ranjit Sinh, who substituted stucco for the original márble of the central pavilion.", "pdf_page": 313, "pdf_page_end": 313, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-313.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shalamar Gardens", "formatted_address": "AH1, Grand Trunk Rd, Shalamar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan", "latitude": 31.5843201, "longitude": 74.3827802, "place_id": "ChIJv9xxduMbGTkR79ZTCyoOang", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shalamar+Gardens&query_place_id=ChIJv9xxduMbGTkR79ZTCyoOang", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:03:59.140Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00553", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Shahpur", "normalized_name": "shahpur", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "British District" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Southernmost District of the Ráwal Pindi Division, Punjab; bounded on the north by Jhelum District, east by Gujrát and the river Chenáb, south by Jhang, west and north-west by Derá Ismáil Khán and Bannu.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 32′ to 32° 42′ N.", "longitude": "71° 37′ to 73° 21' E.", "raw_text": "lying between 31° 32′ and 32° 42′ N. lat., and between 71° 37′ and 73° 21' E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 368796, "population_year": 1868, "area": 4700, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Shahpur forms the southernmost District of the Ráwal Pindi Division.", "Administrative headquarters are at the small town of SHAHPUR on the Jhelum river, but BHERA is the largest place in the District." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shahpur.—A British District in the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab, lying between 31° 32′ and 32° 42′ N. lat., and between 71° 37′ and 73° 21' E. long. Area, according to the Parliamentary Abstract for 1879, 4700 square miles; population (1868), 368,796 souls. Shahpur forms the southernmost District of the Ráwal Pindi Division. It is bounded on the north by the District of Jhelum (Jhílam), on the east by Gujrát and the river Chenáb, on the south by Jhang, and on the west and north-west by Derá Ismáil Khán and Bannu (Bunnoo). The administrative headquarters are at the small town of SHAHPUR on the Jhelum river, but BHERA is the largest place in the District.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-The District of Sháhpur consists of an irregular block of country, artificially demarcated for administrative purposes, and stretching from the western bank of the Chenáb, across the valley of the Jhelum, far into the heart of the Sind Ságar Doáb, and up to the centre of the Salt Range. On either side of the Jhelum, which divides the District into two nearly equal portions, lie wide upland plains, utterly barren or covered only with low brushwood. Nearly 90 per cent. of the area still remains untouched by the hand of man. But although so large a portion of the surface consists of native desert, considerable variety exists in the aspect of the country. Beginning from the south-eastern border, the first well-marked natural tract com- prises the lowlands of the Chenab, where percolation from the river spreads fertility over a long belt about 10 or 12 miles in width, along the whole of its course. Above these fruitful and well-watered \" levels, the bar or central tableland of the Jetch Doáb stretches in a monotonous undulating waste of desert or jungle to the valley of the Jhelum. The soil of this upland is naturally good; but the impossi- bility of obtaining water precludes all hope of cultivation, except in a\n\nfew hollow basins, where the crops depend upon the capricious rainfall for their whole supply. Numerous herds of cattle, however, roam at will over the prairie jungles, and obtain abundant pasturage from the luxuriant carpet of grass which covers the surface after the rains. A second zone of cultivation fringes either bank of the Jhelum, though not extending so far inland as on the Chenáb. The lowland strips on both sides of the Jetch Doáb are popularly divided into the hethar, or alluvial tract immediately bordering the river, and the nakka, or slope just beyond the range of percolation. The former contains the most prosperous villages, and is covered throughout its entire - length by one unbroken sheet of grain for the rabi or spring harvest, without the necessity for artificial irrigation; the latter depends upon the water supply from wells, and has smaller and more straggling . villages, scattered at wide distances from one another. Beyond the Jhelum valley rises a second tableland, the thal of the Sind Ságar Doáb, a far more forbidding and desert expanse than the bár. North- ward, a hard level plain, impregnated in places with salt, and almost devoid of vegetation, stretches away monotonously to the foot of the Salt Range. To the east and south, a sandy plateau runs onward till it merges in the utter desert of Derá Ismail Khán. The extreme southern portion resembles an angry sea of sand, tossed into wave- like hillocks, between which lie undulating troughs of short coarse grass. The north is occupied by a part of the Salt Range, which runs right across the Doáb, and rises to its greatest height in Mount Sakeswar, 5000 feet above sea level. It consists of two divergent chains, which unite again at either end, and enclose a number of rock-bound alluvial basins, interspersed with picturesque lakes. Little patches of rich cultivation are found amid the nooks and valleys of the range, rendered fruitful by the fresh alluvial detritus from the surrounding peaks, and watered by the comparatively abundant rain- fall of the hill tract. The southern face of the range presents a bold mass of broken and rugged cliffs, whose distorted strata and huge detached rocks give an air of great sublimity to the scenery. Many torrents flow through the gorges on its side, and spread fertility over a narrow strip of lowland at the base, known as the mohár. Thence an intermediate belt of pasture land, the danda, leads on imperceptibly • to the wild sandy waste of the thal. Tigers, leopards, and wolves . : frequent the Salt Range, while small game and antelope abound among. the thick jungle of the bár.\n\nHistory. Though little definite information can be recovered with regard to the annals of Shahpur District prior to the decline of the Mughal dynasty, the numerous remains studded about the bár clearly prove that at some remote period the whole country between the Chenab and the Jhelum consisted of a flourishing and well-watered\n\nagricultural plain. Mounds of earth, covered with fragments of brick or pottery, lie scattered over the whole tableland, and mark : the ancient sites of towns and villages in a tract now only inhabited by half-savage pastoral tribes. The historians of Alexander speak of the country as 'teeming with population;' and local tradition affirms that so late as the time of Akbar, great prosperity extended over the entire bár. The present desert condition of the plateau may perhaps be referred to a gradual depression of the water level. But the dawn of authentic history in Sháhpur extends no further back than the reign of Muhammad Sháh, when Rájá Salámat Rái, a Rájput of the Anand tribe, administered Bhera and the surrounding country; while Khushab was managed by Nawáb Ahmadyár Khán, and the south-eastern tract along the Chenáb formed part of the territories under the charge of Mahárájá Kaura Mall, Governor of Múltán. At the same time, the.thal was included among the dominions of the Baluch families of DERA GHAZI KHAN and DERA ISMAIL KHAN. During the anarchic period which succeeded the disruption of the Mughal Empire, even this remote region became the scene of Síkh and Afghán incursions. In the year 1757, a force under Núr-ud-dín Bamizái, despatched by Ahmad Sháh Duráni, to assist his son Timúr in repelling the Marhattás, crossed the Jhelum at Khusháb, marched up the left bank of the river, and laid waste the three largest towns of the District. Bhera and Miáni (Meeanee) rose again from their ruins; but only the foundations of Chak Sánu now mark its former site. About the same time, by the death of Nawab Ahmadyár Khán, Khusháb also passed into the hands of Rájá Salámat Rái. Shortly after, how- ever, Abbás Khán, a Khattak, who held Pind Dadan Khán and the Salt Range for Ahmad Sháh, treacherously put the Rájá to death, i and seized upon Bhera. But Abbás Khán was himself thrown into prison as a revenue defaulter; and Fateh Sinh, nephew of Salámat Rái, then recovered his uncle's dominions. After the final success of the Sikhs against Ahmad Sḥáh in 1763, Chattar Sinh of the Sukar- chakia misl or confederacy overran the whole Salt Range, while the Bhangi chieftains parcelled out among themselves the country between those hills and the Chenáb. Meanwhile, the Muhammadan rulers of Sahiwal, Mitha Tiwána, and Khushab had assumed independence, and managed, though hard pressed, to resist the encroachments of the Sikhs. The succeeding period was one of constant anarchy, aggressive warfare, and territorial changes among the petty princes of the District, only checked by the gradual rise of Mahá Sinh, and his son, the great Mahárájá Ranjít Sinh. The former made himself master of Miáni in 1783; and the latter succeeded in annexing Bhera in 1803. Six years later, Ranjit Sinh turned his arms against the Baluch chieftains of Sahiwál and Khushab, whom he overcame by combined force and treachery. At\n\nthe same time, he swallowed up certain smaller domains in the same neighbourhood; and in 1810, effected the conquest of all the country subject to the Siál chiefs of Jhang. In 1816, the conqueror turned his attention to the Máliks of Mitha Tiwána. The Muhammadan chief retired to Nurpur, in the heart of the thal, hoping that the scarcity of water and supplies might check the Sikh advance. But Ranjit Sinh's general sank wells as he marched, so that the Tiwánas . fled in despair, and wandered about for a time as outcasts. The Mahárájá, however, after annexing their territory, dreaded their energy and influence, and therefore endeavoured to conciliate them by inviting them to Lahore, where he made a liberal provision for their support. . On the death of the famous Hari Sinh-to whom had been assigned the Tiwána estates-at Jamrúd, in 1837, Fateh Khán, the represen- tative of the Tiwána family, obtained a grant of the ancestral domains from his patron at court, Rájá Dhián Sinh. Thenceforward, Málik Fateh Khán took a prominent part in the turbulent politics of the Sikh realm, after the rapidly succeeding deaths of Ranjit Sinh, his son, and grandson. Thrown into prison by the opposite faction, after the murder of Dhiám Sinh, he was released by Lieut. (afterwards Sir Herbert) Edwardes, who sent him to Bannu on the outbreak. of the Múltán rebellion to relieve Lieut. Taylor. Shortly afterwards the Sikh troops mutinied, and Fateh Khán was shot down while boldly challeng- ing the bravest champion of the Sikhs to meet him in single combat. His son and a cousin proved themselves actively loyal during the revolt, and were rewarded for their good service both at this period and after the Mutiny of 1857. The District passed under direct British rule, with the rest of the Punjab, on the suppression of the Múltán rebellion. At the period of annexation, the greater part of the country was peopled only by wild pastoral tribes, without fixed abodes, but moving from place to place in search of grass and water. Under the influence of settled government, they have begun to establish themselves in permanent habitations, to cultivate the soil in all suitable places, and to acquire a feeling of attachment to their . regular homes. The Mutiny of 1857 had little influence upon Sháh- pur. The District remained tranquil, and though the villages of the bdr gave cause for alarm, no outbreak of sepoys took place, and the wild tribes of the upland did not revolt even when their brethren in . the Múltán Division took up arms. A body of Tiwána horse, levied in the District, did excellent service, and earned for their Máliks the coveted title of Khán Bahadur.\n\nPopulation. The Census of 1855 was taken over an area so greatly. altered by subsequent territorial changes (as the trans-Jhelum tract then lay chiefly within the old District of Leiah) that detailed com- \"' parison with later statistics becomes impossible. A rough calculation,\n\nhowever, would appear to show that the general density of population increased 25 per cent. between that date and 1868; and although \" this increase may be regarded as excessive, there can be no doubt that the number of inhabitants has grown with great rapidity ever since the annexation. The enumeration of 1868 extended over a total area of 4700 square miles, and disclosed a population of 368,796 persons, distributed among 667 villages or townships, and inhabiting 86,549 houses. From these data the following averages may be calculated :—Persons per square mile, 78'55; villages per square mile, o'14; houses per square mile, 18'42; persons per village, 552; persons per house, 4'26. But though the density of population is thus low, when the desert area is taken into account, the proportion of inhabitants to the cultivable surface is really very high, being upwards of 400 per square mile in the tilled portions of the Salt Range. The cultivable land, indeed, is very much subdivided, and is barely sufficient for the support of its inhabitants. Classified according to sex, the Census showed 195,823 males and 172,973 females; proportion of males, 53'10 per cent. Classified according to age, the returns give, under 12 years-males, 71,466; females, 63,203; total children, 134,669, or 36 per cent. of the whole population: above 12 years -males, 124,357; females, 109,770; total adults, 234,127, or 64 per cent. of the whole population. As regards religious distinctions, the faith of Islám immensely preponderates, the number of Muham- madans being 305,507, or 82'82 per cent., as against 53,590 Hindus, or 14'53 per cent.; 3122 Síkhs, or 0.85 per cent.; and 6577 'others,' or 178 per cent. The agricultural classes consist almost entirely tions. The District contained in 1868 four towns with a population of Muhammadans, the Hindus being occupied in trading opera- ' exceeding 5000 souls, namely-BHERA, 14,514; SAHIWAL, 8900; KHUSHAB, 8509; and MIANI (Meeanee), 6857. SHAHPUR, the civil station, has only 4743 inhabitants.\n\nAgriculture. The total area under cultivation in 1871-72 amounted . to 423,680 acres, of which 252,800 acres were artificially irrigated. The spring harvest forms the main crop of the District. Wheat, the spring staple, covers little less than half the cultivated area; while spiked millet and cotton make up the chief items of the autumn harvest: Among the more valuable commercial crops, sugar-cane is grown only in the valley of the Chenab, and poppy in the Jhelum lowlands between Shahpur and Bhera. Wheat thrives best in the alluvial soils that fringe the two rivers, where it is the only crop . grown, as after it is cut floods inundate the whole valley, and only subside in time for the next sowing. It also grows luxuriantly in the rich hollows and basins among the Salt Range, where the cool climate admirably suits it. The use of manure and rotation of crops\n\nare little understood. Land from which a spring crop has been taken is occasionally sown afresh for the autumn harvest. In the Salt Range, the richness of the soil admits of successive sowings without any repose; in the tract below the hills, the torrents bring down perpetual : supplies of fresh detritus; in the alluvial fringe of the rivers, the floods fertilize the soil by their annual deposit of silt, and so render possible a constant succession of double crops; but elsewhere the land lies fallow every second year. The anarchy which followed the break up of the Delhi Empire, and the grinding nature of the Sikh rule, have resulted in the disintegration of the village communities. Most of the tenures at present in existence belong to the type known as bháyáchára. Only 66 villages retain the ancient communal type. Agricultural labourers receive their wages entirely in kind; usually in the form of a proportion of the crops grown by their labour. Coolies receive from 2 d. to 3 d. per diem; skilled labourers, from 6d. to 1s. Prices of food grains ruled as follows in 1873:-Wheat, 20 sers per rupee, or 5s. 7d. per cwt. ; barley, 28 sers per rupee, or 4s. per cwt. ; joár, 26 sers per rupee, or 4s. 4d. per cwt.; bájra, 28 sers per rupee, or 4s. per cwt. ; and rice, 10 sers per rupee, or 11s. 2d. per cwt.\n\nCommerce and Trade, etc.-The commercial importance of the Dis- trict depends almost entirely upon its connection with the Salt Range, Miáni having been from time immemorial the centre for the salt of the MAYO MINES in Jhelum District. Opium and sajji (carbonate of soda) are bought up by traders from Ráwal Pindi, Siálkot, and Kashmir (Cashmere); but most of the surplus produce of Shahpur finds its way down the river in country boats to Múltán and Sukkur (Sakhar). The chief exports are grain, rice, cotton, wool, ghí, and saltpetre; the principal imports-sugar, English piece-goods, and metals. The Povindah merchants from Afghánistán bring down madder, dried fruits, gold coin, and spices in the winter, which they exchange for country cloth. Scarves of silk and cotton are manufactured at Khusháb; turned and lacquered toys at Sahiwál; felt at Bhera; and blankets throughout the District. Shahpur has no railroads; but good fair-weather roads intersect it in several directions, the chief being that from Láhore to Bannu and Dera Ismail Khán, which passes Sháhpur and Khusháb, and that which runs along the left bank of the Jhelum from Pind Dádan Khán to Múltán. Tolerable roads also open up the Salt Range; and the two main rivers are navigable throughout their whole course within this District.\n\nAdministration, --The District staff comprises a Deputy Commis- sioner, Assistant and extra-Assistant Commissioner, and the usual. fiscal, medical, and constabulary officials. The total amount of revenue raised in the District in 1872-73 amounted to £469,955, of which .\". sum the land tax contributed only £43,514. The largest item is\n\nthat of salt and customs, amounting to as much as £418,579. The incidence of the salt tax makes Sháhpur the most valuable District in point of revenue in the whole Punjab ; but the mines from which the income is really derived lie within the neighbouring District of Jhelum. The total police force in 1873 amounted to 462 officers and men, being at the rate of 1 policeman to every 11'34 square miles of area, and every 1334 of the population. The District jail, near the civil station of . Shahpur, contained in 1872 a daily average of 274 prisoners. Educa- tion still remains at a very low ebb, except in the four larger towns, while the nomad peasantry of the bár regard it with positive aversion. The District contained in 1872-73, 187 schools, with a roll of 4381 pupils. There is one printing press at the Shahpur jail. For fiscal and administrative purposes, the District is subdivided into 3 tahsils. The six municipal towns of MIANI, SAHIWAL, KHUSHAB, Bhera, Shahpur, and GIROT had an aggregate revenue in 1875-76 of £2979; incidence of taxation, 1s. 3%d. per head of the population (46,322) within muni- cipal limits.\n\nMedical Aspects. The climate of the plains is hot and dry, but in the Salt Range the temperature is cool and the rainfall more abundant. The annual rainfall in the plains for the six years ending 1871-72 averaged 19'01 inches, the maximum during that period being 36 inches in 1868-69, and the minimum 11'2 inches in 1866-67. No record of temperature is now kept, but the registers of 1868-70 give a mean temperature in the shade of 80·65 F. The principal endemic diseases are intermittent and remittent fevers, dysentery and diarrhoea. Goitre prevails on the right bank of the Chenáb, and guineaworm at the foot of the Salt Range. The total number of deaths reported in 1872 was 14,443, of which 10,426 were assigned to fevers and 584 to bowel complaints. The District contains 7 charitable dispensaries, which afforded relief in 1872 to 42,118 persons, of whom 461 were in- patients.\n\nSháhpur.—Tahsil of Shahpur District, Punjab; lying in the Jetch Doáb portion of the District, and consisting of a narrow belt of culti- vation along the Jhelum (Jhílam) river, together with a wide sterile upland tract in the rear.\n\nShahpur. — Town and administrative headquarters of Sháhpur District, Punjab. Pop. (1868), 4743. Situated in lat. 32° 16' N., and long. 72° 31′ E., on the left bank of the Jhelum (Jhílam) river, exactly opposite KHUSHAB. Derives its only claim to importance from the presence of the civil station. Court-house, tahsili, police station, staging bungalow, sardi (native inn), dispensary, school-house, and town hall.\n\nShahpur-Hill range in Mándla District, Central Provinces; north of the Narbadá (Nerbudda) river, while the Johilá flows below. Forms\n\ni.\n\npart of the watershed between Eastern and Western India. The scenery is wild and desolate, the only inhabitants being a few small colonies of Gonds and Baigás. The Gejar and Ganjái stream down from the highlands in a series of waterfalls, the finest of which is 60 feet high; behind the falls yawn dark caverns, tenanted by wild beasts and by reputed evil spirits. Most of the range, however, is under the imme- diate protection of Mahádeva.\n\nShahpura.-Native State in Rájputána, under the political super- intendence of the Rájputána Agency. Estimated area, 400 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 36,000. Revenue, excluding alienations, about £20,000. The country is flat and treeless, but fertile; much of it is pasture land. The Rájá of Sháhpura holds a fief under the Maháráná of Udaipur, consisting of 74 villages, with an estimated population of about 16,000 persons, and a revenue of £3500. Tribute of £300 is paid to the State of Udaipur. The Rájá is thus a feudatory both of the British Government and of Udaipur. The ruling family is of the Sesodia Rajput clan, being descended from a former Ráná of Udaipur. The founder of the house was Suráj Mall, a younger son of the Ráná, from whom the late chief was tenth in direct lineal descent. Suráj Mall received as his portion the parganá of Kherar in Udaipur, and his son also acquired from the Emperor Sháh Jahán, in reward for his gallant services, a grant of the parganá of Phulia out of the crown lands of Ajmere, upon condition of furnishing certain horse and footmen for service. He abandoned the town of Phulia and founded the present town of SHAHPURA. In 1848, the Rájá of Sháhpura received a sanad from the British Government fixing the amount of his tribute at £1000 per annum, with the proviso that if the customs duties levied in Ajmere were abolished he should also cease to collect such duties, and in consideration of such loss of revenue his tribute should be reduced to £200. The chief also holds a sanad guaranteeing to him the right of adoption. The present Rájá, Dhiráj Nahar Sinh, was born about 1855. There is a dispensary in the State, and vaccination is encouraged. The military force of the State con- sists of 12 guns, 20 artillerymen, 250 cavalry, and the same number j of infantry.\n\n´\n\nShahpura -Capital of Shahpura State, Rájputána. Lat. 27° 23' 45″ N., long. 76° 1' School, in which Hindi and arithmetic are the chief subjects taught, attended in 1875 by 198 pupils. In that year, 1. a girls' school was also established.\n\nShahpuri Small island, situated at the mouth of the Náaf river in .. Chittagong District, Bengal; famous as having afforded the casus belli of the first Burmese war. The Burmese claimed possession of the island, although it had for many years been in the undisputed occupation of the British Tolls were levied upon boats belonging to Chittagong;\n\nand on one occasion, the demand being resisted, the Burmese fired upon the party and killed the steersman. This act of violence was followed by the assemblage of armed men on the eastern side of the Náaf, and universal consternation pervaded the villages in this the most remote and unprotected portion of Chittagong District. On the night of the 24th September 1823, the Burmese proceeded to enforce their claim to the island of Shahpuri; a thousand men landed on the island, overpowered the guard, killed and wounded several of the party, and drove the rest off the island. As soon as this was known at Calcutta, a detachment of troops was sent to dislodge the Burmese, who, however, had previously retired. The occupation of Shahpuri by a military force had the effect of arresting for a time the hostile demonstrations of the Burmese on the Chittagong frontier. But not long afterwards the Rájá of Arakan was ordered to expel the English from Sháhpuri, and officials from Ava proceeded to take possession of the island, which had been temporarily abandoned on account of its unhealthiness. This and other acts of hostility rendered war inevitable; and in a proclama- tion dated the 24th February 1824, the grounds on which the first Burmese war was declared were made known.\n\nShahr Sultan.—Town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab; situated in lat. 29° 35′ N., and long. 71° 2' E. Pop. (1868), 2836.\n\nShaikháwati (Shekhawati).-A Province of Jaipur State in Ráj- putána ; situated between lat. 27° 20' and 28° 33′ N., and long. 74° 40′ and 76° 5' E. It is bounded on the north-east by the Punjab States of Loháru and Patiála, on the south-east by Jáipur proper, on the south by, Jodhpur or Márwár, and on the west and north-west by Bikaner. Its area has been estimated. at 5400 square miles, and its population at 432,000. In its physical aspects, the more fertile part of Shaikháwati resembles Jaipur; but a large portion of its soil is sandy desert, like that of Bikaner. There are no perennial rivers; but a small stream, which rises in the northern part of Jaipur, flows northward for some distance through Shaikháwati, ultimately losing itself in the sand. There is an important salt lake in the Province, called Kachor-Rewas ; it is not worked by any means to its full capacity, but the present yearly out-turn of salt is about 6000 tons. The minerals of Shaikháwati are important; the copper-mines near Khetri being perhaps the most valu- able in India. The ores are copper pyrites, mixed, it is said, with grey copper-ore (fahlerz or tetrahedrite); some carbonates also occur, and native copper has been found. Near the surface, also, in the shales, blue vitriol is produced by the decomposition of the pyrites. In the ' \" same mines cobalt is also obtained, the ore occurring in small veins. .. These mines have evidently been worked for a very long period. Some of the hills in the neighbourhood are honeycombed with old excava- tions; and the heaps of slag from the furnaces have accumulated in the\n\ncourse of time, until they now form a range of hillocks several hundred feet in length and from 30 to 40 feet high.\n\nHistory, etc. Shaikháwati is politically a confederacy of petty - 1 Rájput chieftains, bound to each other and to their common overlord at Jaipur by the ties of clanship. The Shaikháwats are a sept of that Kachwáha clan whose head is the Mahárájá of Jáipur or Amber. They derive their name from Shaikhjí, the grandson of Bálají, who was a younger son of the Mahárájá of Jáipur in 1389 A.D., and received a portion of this territory in appanage. Shaikhji was so called from a famous Musalmán saint named Shaikh Burhán, whose shrine near Achrol is still regarded with veneration, and whose prayers had been suc- cessfully invoked by Shaikhjf's father for the birth of a son and heir. In commemoration of this incident, every Shaikháwat boy wears, for two years from his birth, the Musalmán badid or threads, as well as the blue tunic and cap; and the Shaikháwat sportsmen never hunt the wild hog or touch its flesh, although by other Rájputs it is. commonly eaten once a year. Moreover, although the lands surrounding the saint's dargah belong now to the demesne of the Jáipur Mahárájá, the dargah itself is a sanctuary, and rent-free lands are held by about a hundred families descended from Shaikh Burhán. Shaikhji's father and grandfather had paid as tribute to the Mahárájá all the colts reared on their land; but Shaikhjí so enlarged his power that for some generations the lords of Shaikhawati became independent of the parent State. From Shaikhji's great-grandson, Rái Síl, are descended the chieftains of Southern Shaikháwati, who hence have always been known as Ráisilots; and from a younger son of Rái Sfl are descended the principal chieftains of Northern Shaikháwati, called the Sádhánis. The chief settlement of the Ráisilots, and the most important principality of Shaikháwati, was at Khandela; whilst the early seat of the Sádhánis was at Udaipur, another town of this territory, not to be confounded with the capital of Mewar. There have been, and still are, many other branches of the family, between whom feuds, conquests, and reconquests have been interminable. Rái Síl himself became chief both of Khandela and of Udaipur by the help of the Delhi Emperor; and he is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbart as a mansabdár of 1250 horse under Akbar. After the fatal battle of Merta, in 1754, had laid Rájputána prostrate at the feet of the Marhattás under De Boigne, Shaikhawati suffered severely from their ravages; most of her towns were sacked, the capital, Khandela, being saved from that fate only by a heavy payment. Later on, it was the : scene of some of the exploits of the famous adventurer George Thomas, : who was called in by a chief of Khandela to aid him against Jaipur. Finally, however, the Shaikhawat chieftains acknowledged the suzerainty of Jaipur; though the bond seems never to have been very close. The leading chiefships are those of Sikar and Khandela, Khetri and Kotputli.\n\nThe custom of equal division on succession to land in Shaikhawati is similar to that which prevails in Maláni, a dependency of Jodhpur that holds much the same kind of relation to its parent State that Shaikháwati does to Jaipur; and therein the custom differs from that prevalent elsewhere throughout Rájputána, where the eldest son suc- ceeds. The custom, however, does not appear to extend to the larger estates and chiefships in Shaikháwati.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 672, 4546, 10471, 12788, 14978, 16282, 17748, 18635, 18867, 19282, 19420, 19863, 21690, 21693, 21932, 23559, 23681, 25407 ], "pdf_page": 313, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-313.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shahpur", "formatted_address": "Shahpur, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.2877732, "longitude": 72.4287734, "place_id": "ChIJpZMzx1MRITkRRLUP9v2hYl0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shahpur&query_place_id=ChIJpZMzx1MRITkRRLUP9v2hYl0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:04:20.705Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00554", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shaikh Budín (Shekh Budín).", "normalized_name": "shaikh-bud-n-shekh-bud-n", "alternate_names": [ "Shekh Budín" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill sanatorium" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Derá Ismail Khán", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Bannu (Bunnoo) and Derá Ismail Khán Districts, Punjab, lying in lat. 32° 17′ 48″ N., and long. 70° 50′ 48″ E., on the border of the two Districts, but included for administrative purposes in Derá Ismáil Khán" }, "location_description": "On the border of Bannu and Derá Ismail Khán Districts, Punjab, included administratively in Derá Ismáil Khán; crowns a bare limestone rock rising from the Mohar range.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 32.296667, "longitude": 70.846667, "raw_text": "lat. 32° 17′ 48″ N., and long. 70° 50′ 48″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Elevation above sea level, 4516 feet", "Distant from Derá Ismáil Khán town 57 miles north, from Bannu town 64 miles south" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shaikh Budín (Shekh Budín).—Hill sanatorium in Bannu (Bunnoo) and Derá Ismail Khán Districts, Punjab, lying in lat. 32° 17′ 48″ N., and long. 70° 50′ 48″ E., on the border of the two Districts, but included for administrative purposes in Derá Ismáil Khán. Elevation above sea level, 4516 feet. Distant from Derá Ismáil Khán town 57 miles north, from Bannu town 64 miles south. The sanatorium crowns a bare limestone rock, which rises abruptly from the low range of Mohar, whose highest point it forms. A few stunted wild olives and acacias compose the only vegetation on the shadeless slope. The heat is frequently excessive, though mitigated from June to October by a cool south-western breeze. This drawback, combined with the want of sufficient water supply and the paucity of building sites, renders Shaikh Budín a very inadequate sanatorium. Persons who go up in good health are seldom attacked by illness; but the climate is not bracing enough for constitutions which require a radical change.", "pdf_page": 323, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-323.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sheikh Badin Mosque", "formatted_address": "Historical Mosque, National Park, Sheikh Badin Village, Pezu, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.2979125, "longitude": 70.802094, "place_id": "ChIJO6czlH01JjkRApeG8qOKhRU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sheikh+Badin+Mosque&query_place_id=ChIJO6czlH01JjkRApeG8qOKhRU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:05:01.986Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00555", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shaikh Budín (Shekh Budín).", "normalized_name": "shaikh-bud-n-shekh-bud-n", "alternate_names": [ "Shekh Budín" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain range" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "separating the Districts of Bannu and Derá Ismáil Khán, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Mountain range separating Bannu and Derá Ismáil Khán Districts, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 32.296667, "longitude": 70.846667, "raw_text": "lat. 32° 17′ 48″ N., long. 70° 50' 48\" E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The highest point (4516 feet above sea level) is occupied by the sanatorium" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shaikh Budín (Shekh Budín).-Mountain range, separating the Districts of Bannu and Derá Ismáil Khán, Punjab. The highest point (4516 feet above sea level) is occupied (lat. 32° 17′ 48″ N., long. 70° 50' 48\" E.) by the sanatorium which takes its name (Shaikh Budín) from the range.", "pdf_page": 323, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-323.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sheikh Badin Hill", "formatted_address": "Sheikh Badin Hill, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.3177854, "longitude": 70.78820999999999, "place_id": "ChIJz536prdKJjkRCqaJ0mMEx_k", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sheikh+Badin+Hill&query_place_id=ChIJz536prdKJjkRCqaJ0mMEx_k", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:05:13.159Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00556", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shaikhpura.", "normalized_name": "shaikhpura", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "tháná" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Monghyr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Monghyr District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Town and tháná in Monghyr District, Bengal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 25.141667, "longitude": 85.886389, "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 8′ 30″ N., long. 85° 53′ 11″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 11536, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Police force, 23 men" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shaikhpura.—Town and tháná in Monghyr District, Bengal. Lat. 25° 8′ 30″ N., long. 85° 53′ 11″ E.; pop. (1872), 11,536. Police force, 23 men.", "pdf_page": 323, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-323.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sheikhpura", "formatted_address": "Sheikhpura, Bihar 811105, India", "latitude": 25.1391653, "longitude": 85.83921509999999, "place_id": "ChIJ4-9oe1dB8jkRzbsn2sXxG7o", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sheikhpura&query_place_id=ChIJ4-9oe1dB8jkRzbsn2sXxG7o", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:05:19.690Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00557", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shakargarh.", "normalized_name": "shakargarh", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Gurdaspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Tahsil of Gurdaspur District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Tahsil comprising the whole trans-Rávi portion of Gurdaspur District, Punjab, except Narot parganá.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "comprising the whole trans-Rávi portion of the District, except Narot parganá" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shakargarh.—Tahsil of Gurdaspur District, Punjab; comprising ' the whole trans-Rávi portion of the District, except Narot parganá.", "pdf_page": 323, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-323.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shakargarh", "formatted_address": "Shakar Garh, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.2663985, "longitude": 75.1690975, "place_id": "ChIJ93EF91YJHDkRUPbt6yZEC8s", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shakargarh&query_place_id=ChIJ93EF91YJHDkRUPbt6yZEC8s", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:05:25.019Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00560", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shálí", "normalized_name": "sh-l", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Simlá", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Bhajji State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Bhajji State, Simlá District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Hill in Bhajji State, Simlá District, Punjab, 4 miles south of the Sutlej.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 31.183333, "longitude": 77.333333, "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 11′ N., long. 77° 20' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Described by Thornton as rising in a steep and almost inaccessible peak 4 miles south of the Sutlej (Satlaj)", "contains on its summit a wooden temple where human sacrifices were formerly offered to the goddess Káli", "Elevation above sea level, 9623 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shálí-Hill in Bhajji State, Simlá District, Punjab. Lat. 31° 11′ N., long. 77° 20' E. Described by Thornton as rising in a steep and almost inaccessible peak 4 miles south of the Sutlej (Satlaj), and containing on its summit a wooden temple where human sacrifices were formerly offered to the goddess Káli. Elevation above sea level, 9623 feet.", "pdf_page": 323, "pdf_page_end": 323, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-323.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shali", "formatted_address": "Shali, Himachal Pradesh 171103, India", "latitude": 31.1839962, "longitude": 77.0923004, "place_id": "ChIJsb5jk8hwBTkRpnqEnh1gxT4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shali&query_place_id=ChIJsb5jk8hwBTkRpnqEnh1gxT4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:05:56.358Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00565", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shamshabad", "normalized_name": "shamshabad", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Farrukhabad", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Farrukhabad District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Town in Farrukhabad District, North-Western Provinces, on the south bank of the Buddhi Ganga river, 18 miles north-west of Fatehgarh.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 27.5375, "longitude": 79.477778, "raw_text": "lat. 7° 32′ 15″ N., and long. 79° 28′ 40″ K." }, "stats": { "population": 8710, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated on the south bank of the Buddhi Ganga river, 18 miles north-west of Fatehgarh", "Anglo-vernacular school" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shamshabad-Town in Farrukhabad District, North-Western Pro- vinces; situated in lat. 7° 32′ 15″ N., and long. 79° 28′ 40″ K., on the south bank of the Buddhi Ganga river, 18 miles north-west of Fateh- garh. Pop. 1872), 8710. Anglo-vernacular school.\n\nShámsher -Village in Sylhet District, Assam; situated in lat.\n\n24° 43′ N., and long. 91°34′ E. There is a considerable river trade, the exports being―rice, oil-seeds, molasses, sitalpáti and bamboo mats; and the imports-piece-goods, pulses, spices, and tobacco.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 251 ], "pdf_page": 324, "pdf_page_end": 325, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-324.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shamshabad", "formatted_address": "Shamshabad, Uttar Pradesh 209503, India", "latitude": 27.53634, "longitude": 79.4394459, "place_id": "ChIJW2kyqNvUnzkR3fdSw3cMCnc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shamshabad&query_place_id=ChIJW2kyqNvUnzkR3fdSw3cMCnc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:10:41.150Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00570", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shárakpur.", "normalized_name": "sh-rakpur", "feature_type": "admin_unit", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Lahore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Shárakpur.—Tahsil of Lahore District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Tahsil of Lahore District, Punjab, comprising the whole trans-Rávi portion of the District.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "comprising the whole trans-Rávi portion of the District" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Shárakpur.—Tahsil of Lahore District, Punjab, comprising the whole trans-Rávi portion of the District.", "pdf_page": 325, "pdf_page_end": 325, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-325.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sharaqpur", "formatted_address": ", Punjab, F462+HMM, Sharaqpur, Pakistan", "latitude": 31.4614628, "longitude": 74.1016815, "place_id": "ChIJ2dSIFOr7GDkRBdjFZFez-ic", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sharaqpur&query_place_id=ChIJ2dSIFOr7GDkRBdjFZFez-ic", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:11:01.925Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00571", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sharakpur.", "normalized_name": "sharakpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "tahsil headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Lahore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Sharakpur.-Town in Lahore District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil of the same name" }, "location_description": "Town in Lahore District, Punjab, headquarters of the tahsil; west of the Rávi, on the bank of the river Degh.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 27' N.", "longitude": "74°6′ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 31° 27' N., and long. 74°6′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4162, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "west of the Rávi, and on the bank of the river Degh", "best rice of the District is grown in the neighbourhood, on land irrigated from the Degh", "Only town of any importance in the trans-Rávi tract", "centre of a considerable trade in local produce" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sharakpur.-Town in Lahore District, Punjab, and headquarters of the tahsil of the same name; situated in lat. 31° 27' N., and long. 74°6′ E., west of the Rávi, and on the bank of the river Degh. Pop. (1868), 4162. The best rice of the District is grown in the neighbourhood, on land irrigated from the Degh. Only town of any importance in the trans-Rávi tract, and centre of a considerable trade in local produce.", "pdf_page": 325, "pdf_page_end": 325, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-325.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sharaqpur", "formatted_address": "Sharaqpur, Pakistan", "latitude": 31.4632106, "longitude": 74.103441, "place_id": "ChIJ4USSCMD7GDkRcztC8P2uTyk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sharaqpur&query_place_id=ChIJ4USSCMD7GDkRcztC8P2uTyk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:11:17.322Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00575", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Shergarh", "normalized_name": "shergarh", "feature_type": "ruin_or_archaeological_site", "feature_labels": [ "ruined village", "fortress site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Sháhábád", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Sháhábád District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "20 miles south-west of Sásserám. Site selected by Sher Sháh for a fortress after abandoning ROHTAS.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 49′ 45″ N.", "longitude": "83° 46′ 15″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 24° 49′ 45″ N., and long. 83° 46′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Shergarh-Ruined village in Sháhábád District, Bengal; situated in lat. 24° 49′ 45″ N., and long. 83° 46′ 15″ E., 20 miles south-west of Sásserám. This spot was selected by Sher Sháh as the site of a fortress soon after he had begun strengthening ROHTAS, which he abandoned on discovering the superior advantages of Shergarh.", "pdf_page": 328, "pdf_page_end": 328, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-328.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shergarh Fort", "formatted_address": "RPHH+477, Shergarh, Bihar 821102, India", "latitude": 24.8277988, "longitude": 83.7281751, "place_id": "ChIJYdm_HlDSjTkRFuZBlZDEV0w", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shergarh+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJYdm_HlDSjTkRFuZBlZDEV0w", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:12:07.743Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00655", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sikandarábád (Secunderábád)", "normalized_name": "sikandar-b-d-secunder-b-d", "alternate_names": [ "Secunderábád" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Bulandshahr", "tehsil": "Sikandarábád", "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Bulandshahr District, North-Western Provinces, and headquarters of Sikandarábád tahsil" }, "location_description": "10 miles east of Bulandshahr town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "28° 27' 10\" N.", "longitude": "77° 44′40″ E", "raw_text": "Situated on the Delhi branch of the Grand Trunk Road, in lat. 28° 27' 10\" N., and long. 77° 44′40″ E" }, "stats": { "population": "18,349", "population_year": "1872", "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "including 10,933 Hindus and 7395 Muhammadans", "Two good bázárs, the centre of the local trade in cotton, sugar, and grain", "Founded by Sikandar Lodi in 1498; headquarters of a mahal under Akbar; centre of the fief of Najíb-ud-daulá", "Saadat Khán, Viceroy of Oudh, attacked and defeated the Marhattá force here in 1736", "The Ját army of Bhartpur encamped at Sikandarábád in 1764, but fled across the Jumna (Jamuná) on the death of Suráj Mall and defeat of Jaháwar Sinh", "Station of Perron's brigade under the Marhattás", "Occupied by Colonel James Skinner after the battle of Aligarh", "During the Mutiny of 1857, the neighbouring Gújars, Rájputs, and Muhammadans attacked and plundered Sikandarábád; but Colonel Greathed's column relieved the town on September 27th, 1857", "There is a station on the East Indian Railway, 4 miles south of the town, with which it is connected by a metalled road", "Tahsili and police station outside the town in a fortified building; charitable dispensary; Anglo-vernacular school; branch of Church of England Mission", "Several handsome mosques and temples", "Residence of Munshi Lakshman Sarúp, a large landholder and honorary magistrate, and of Munshi Hargopál, a well-known Persian and Urdu poet", "Manufacture of pagris (head-dresses)", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1519; from taxes, £960, or 1s. ogd. per head of population within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sikandarábád (Secunderábád).-Town in Bulandshahr District, North-Western Provinces, and headquarters of Sikandarábád tahsil. Pop. (1872), 18,349, including 10,933 Hindus and 7395 Muham. . madans. Situated on the Delhi branch of the Grand Trunk Road, in lat. 28° 27' 10\" N., and long. 77° 44′40″ E, 10 miles east of Bulandshahr town. Two good bázárs, the centre of the local trade in cotton, sugar, and grain. Founded by Sikandar Lodi in 1498; headquarters of a mahal under Akbar; centre of the fief of Najíb-ud- daulá. Saadat Khán, Viceroy of Oudh, attacked and defeated the Marhattá force here in 1736. The Ját army of Bhartpur encamped ! i at Sikandarábád in 1764, but fled across the Jumna (Jamuná) on the death of Suráj Mall and defeat of Jaháwar Sinh. Station of Perron's\n\nbrigade under the Marhattás. Occupied by Colonel James Skinner after the battle of Aligarh. During the Mutiny of 1857, the neighbour- ing Gújars, Rájputs, and Muhammadans attacked and plundered . Sikandarábád; but Colonel Greathed's column relieved the town on September 27th, 1857. Prosperity returned with the establishment of order, and Sikandarábád is now one of the most flourishing places in the District. There is a station on the East Indian Railway, 4 miles south of the town, with which it is connected by a metalled road. Tahsili and police station outside the town in a fortified building; charitable dispensary; Anglo-vernacular school; branch of Church of England Mission. Several handsome mosques and temples. ¡Resi- dence of Munshi Lakshman Sarúp, a large landholder and honorary magistrate, and of Munshi Hargopál, a well-known Persian and Urdu poet. Manufacture of pagris (head-dresses). Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1519; from taxes, £960, or 1s. ogd. per head of popula- tion within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 388, "pdf_page_end": 389, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-388.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sikandrabad", "formatted_address": "Sikandrabad, Uttar Pradesh 203205, India", "latitude": 28.4511246, "longitude": 77.6954889, "place_id": "ChIJiVC5i6a9DDkRAU7wtZzXm2E", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sikandrabad&query_place_id=ChIJiVC5i6a9DDkRAU7wtZzXm2E", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:15:19.174Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00657", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sikandarpur", "normalized_name": "sikandarpur", "feature_type": "admin_unit", "feature_labels": [ "parganá" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Unao", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Parganá in Unao District, Oudh ; bounded on the north by Pariar, on the east by Unao, on the south by Harha, and on the west by Cawnpore District in the North-Western Provinces." }, "location_description": "bounded on the north by Pariar, on the east by Unao, on the south by Harha, and on the west by Cawnpore District in the North-Western Provinces.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "58 square miles, or 37,023 acres", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Chief products, barley and sugar-cane", "Government land revenue, £6087, or an average assessment of 3s. 3 d. per acre", "The parganá comprises 51 villages, of which 48 are in the hands of Purihar Kshattriyas or Rájputs" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sikandarpur.-Parganá in Unao District, Oudh ; bounded on the north by Pariar, on the east by Unao, on the south by Harha, and on the west by Cawnpore District in the North-Western Provinces. Area, 58 square miles, or 37,023 acres. Chief products, barley and sugar- cane. Government land revenue, £6087, or an average assessment of 3s. 3 d. per acre. The parganá comprises 51 villages, of which 48 are in the hands of Purihar Kshattriyas or Rájputs. The history of this clan is thus described in Mr. Elliott's Chronicles of Unao, pp. 58-60 :-\n\n'The present Purihars in Unao District inhabit the parganá of Sarosi, or, as it has recently become habitual to call it, Sikandarpur. Accord- ing to their own traditions, they came from a place called Jigini (which is not to be found on the map), or Srinagar, i.e. Kashmir. From that high hill country they were driven—we know not by what cause-to inhabit the sandy plains of Márwár. Expelled thence, they were broken into innumerable little principalities, which found no abiding place, and have undergone continual changes, till we meet with a small portion of the clan who settled, comparatively a short time ago, in a little corner of Oudh; and even here the name of the beautiful valley from which they came ten centuries ago is still common in the mouths of men.\n\n'The story of the settling of the ancestors of the clan in Sarosi is thus told. About three hundred years ago, in the time of Humáyun, Emperor of Delhi, a Dikhit girl from Purenda was married to the son of the Purihar Rájá, who lived at Jigini, across the Jumna. The bridegroom : came with a large escort of his friends and brotherhood to celebrate the marriage, and the party on their journey passed through Sarosi. As they sat down around a well (the site of which is still shown), they\n\nasked who were the lords of the fort which stood not far off. They were told that the fort was held by Dhobis (washermen) and other Súdras who owned the neighbouring country. The procession then went on to Purenda, and returning, conducted the bride to her home. Just before the Holi festival, a party, headed by Bhagé Sinh, returned, waited for the evening of that riotous feast, and then, when the guards of the fort were heavy with wine, and no danger was looked for, suddenly attacked and slaughtered them, and made themselves masters of the fort and the surrounding country.\n\n• Bhagé Sinh-had four sons, and they divided the eighty-four villages he had conquered at his death. Asis and Salhu, the two eldest sons, took the largest portion of the estate-twenty villages falling to the former, and to the latter forty-two. The third son, . Manik, was a devotee, and refused to be troubled with worldly affairs. All he asked for was one village on the banks of the Ganges, where he might spend his life in worship, and wash away his sins three times a day in the holy stream. The youngest son, Bhuledhán, was quite a boy at the time of his father's death, and took what share his brothers chose to give him, and they do not seem to have treated him badly.\n\n\"The law of primogeniture did not exist among the family, and every son, as he grew up and married, claimed his right to a separate share of his father's inheritance; and thus the ancestral estate constantly dwindled as fresh slices were cut off it, till at last the whole family were a set of impoverished gentlemen, who kept up none of the dignity which had belonged to the first conquerors, Bhagé Sinh and his sons. For six generations they stagnated thus, no important event marking their his- tory till the time of Hira Sinh. The family property in his time had grown very small, and he had five sons to divide it amongst; and, to add to his misfortunes, he was accused of some crime, thrown into prison at Faizábád, and loaded with chains. With the chains on his legs he escaped, arrived safely at Sarosi, and lay in hiding there. His pride being thus broken, he resolved to send his third son, Kalandar Sinh, to take service in the Company's army. He rose to be Subahdár Major in the 49th Regiment of Native Infantry; and in this position, through his supposed influence with the Resident, became a very con- siderable man. He knew that as long as he was at hand, no chakladár or governor would venture to treat the Purihar zamindárs with injustice; but on his death they would be again at the mercy of the local authorities. He therefore collected all the members of the brotherhood who were descended from Asis, and persuaded them to mass their divided hold- ings nominally into one large estate, of which his nephew Ghuláb Sinh should be the representative talukdar; so that while in reality each small shareholder retained sole possession of his own share, they should present the appearance of a powerful and united táluk, making Ghuláb\n\nSinh their nominal head. Thus the chakladárs would be afraid to touch a man who seemed to hold so large an estate, though in reality he only enjoyed a small portion of it. The brotherhood consented to this, and from 1840 till British annexation the estate was held in the name of Ghuláb Sinh alone, and they had no further trouble from the oppressions of the chakladárs.'", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 543, 1313, 2384, 3062 ], "pdf_page": 389, "pdf_page_end": 391, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-389.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sikandarpur", "formatted_address": "Sikandarpur, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 26.5723207, "longitude": 80.3575128, "place_id": "ChIJg3cIO_o7nDkR6qtEg2WIDRI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sikandarpur&query_place_id=ChIJg3cIO_o7nDkR6qtEg2WIDRI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:15:24.929Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00658", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sikandra", "normalized_name": "sikandra", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "tomb", "mausoleum", "garden" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Agra", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Agra District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "5 miles north-west of Agra city, on the Muttra road. Chiefly noticeable as containing the tomb of Akbar, commenced by that monarch, and finished by his son Jahángír in 1613.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 27.216389, "longitude": 77.992778, "raw_text": "lat. 27° 12′ 59″ N., and long. 77° 59′ 34″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "40 acres (garden)", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "An asylum was established at Sikandra in 1837-38, for the orphans whose parents had perished in the terrible famine of that year." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sikandra. Town in Agra District, North-Western Provinces; situated in lat. 27° 12′ 59″ N., and long. 77° 59′ 34″ E., 5 miles north- west of Agra city, on the Muttra road. Chiefly noticeable as containing the tomb of Akbar, commenced by that monarch, and finished by his son Jahángír in 1613. Fergusson describes the mausoleum as the most characteristic of Akbar's buildings. It is quite unlike any other tomb in India erected before or since, and the design is believed by Fergusson to be borrowed from a Hindu, or, more correctly, a Buddhist model. It is surrounded by an extensive garden of 40 acres, still kept up, approached on each side by archways of red sandstone, the principal gateway being of magnificent proportions.\n\n‘In the centre of this garden, on a raised platform, stands the tomb itself, of a pyramidal form. The lower terrace measures 320 feet each way, exclusive of the angle towers. It is 30 feet in height, and pierced by ten great arches on each face, and with a larger entrance, adorned with a mosaic of marble in the centre.\n\n'On this terrace stands another far more ornate, measuring 186 feet on each side, and 14 feet 9 inches in height. A third and fourth, of similar design, and respectively 15 feet 2 inches and 14 feet 6 inches high, stand on this; all these being of red sandstone. Within and above the last is a white marble enclosure, 157 feet each way, or externally just half the length of the lowest terrace, its outer wall entirely com- posed of marble trellis-work of the most beautiful patterns. Inside, it is surrounded by a colonnade or cloister of the same material, in the centre of which, on a raised platform, is the tombstone of the founder, a splendid piece of the most beautiful Arabesque tracery. This, how- ever, is not the true burial-place; but the mortal remains of the great king repose under a far plainer tombstone in a vaulted chamber in the basement, 35 feet square, exactly under the simulated tomb that adorns the summit of the mausoleum.\n\n\"The total height of the building now is a little more than 100 feet to the top of the angle pavilions; and a central dome, 30 or 40 feet higher, which is the proportion that the base gives, seems just what is wanted to make this tomb as beautiful in outline and in proportion as . it is in detail. Had it been so completed, it certainly would have ranked next to the Táj among Indian mausolea.”\n\nAn asylum was established at Sikandra in 1837-38, for the orphans whose parents had perished in the terrible famine of that year.", "pdf_page": 391, "pdf_page_end": 391, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-391.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sikandra", "formatted_address": "Sikandra, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282007, India", "latitude": 27.217135, "longitude": 77.94667559999999, "place_id": "ChIJw1yOQRt4dDkRtk6O0N2Vh6s", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sikandra&query_place_id=ChIJw1yOQRt4dDkRtk6O0N2Vh6s", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T06:15:28.138Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00720", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sirajganj", "normalized_name": "sirajganj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "river mart" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Pábná", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Pábná District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated near the Jamuna or main stream of the Brahmaputra.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 26′ 58″ N.", "longitude": "89° 47′ 5″ E.", "raw_text": "situated near the Jamuna or main stream of the Brahmaputra, in lat. 24° 26′ 58″ N., and long. 89° 47′ 5″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 18873, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "10,333 were males and 8540 females", "Municipal income (1876-77), £573; incidence of taxation, 6‡d. per head of population within municipal limits", "town consists of 12 streets, and is traversed by the Pábná and Chándáikoná roads", "contains only 1 market", "4 gháts or landing-places: Ferry ghát on the Dhánbandi river, Kálibári, Rahuabári, and the Jute Company's ghát in Máchimpur", "in 1877, there were 6 European firms, or branches of firms, established at Sirajganj; and also an agency of the Bank of Bengal, which imports specie every year to the amount of about £500,000, to liquidate the favourable balance of exchange", "principal native merchants are Márwárís, locally known as Káyas, who are immigrants from Rájputána, and mostly profess the Jain religion", "their headquarters in Bengal is in Murshidabad District, but their operations extend as far as..." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirajganj.—Town in Pábná District, Bengal, and the most im- portant river mart in the Province; situated near the Jamuna or main stream of the Brahmaputra, in lat. 24° 26′ 58″ N., and long. 89° 47′ 5″ E. Pop. (1872), 18,873, of whom 10,333 were males and 8540 females.\n\nMunicipal income (1876-77), £573; incidence of taxation, 6‡d. per head of population within municipal limits. The town consists of 12 streets, and is traversed by the Pábná and Chándáikoná roads; it contains only 1 market; there are 4 gháts or landing-places, viz. Ferry ghát on the Dhánbandi river (which flows through Sirájganj), Kálibári, Rahuabári, and the Jute Company's ghát in Máchimpur.\n\nThe following description of Sirajganj and its river trade is condensed from the Report on the River Trade of Bengal for 1876-77, the facts having been originally supplied by Mr. Nolan, who was for several years Magistrate of the Sirajganj Subdivision :-\n\nThe town is said to take its name from a local zamíndár, called Siráj Alí, who first opened a bázár here in the beginning of the present century. It then stood upon the bank of the Jamuná; but in 1848 an excessive flood of the river washed the entire town away. The traders thereupon retreated some 5 miles backward to the new bank; and when the river, in a fresh caprice, returned to its old channel, they determined to remain where they were, safe from inundation, though at a long distance from their daily place of business. During the rainy season, from June to October, the Jamuná comes down in flood, over- flowing the waste of sand between the houses and the bázár, and filling the branch stream that passes through the town. For the rest of the year, business is entirely conducted on the permanent bank of the Jamuna, wherever that may happen to be, for the mighty river sweeps away acres of land and alters its navigable channel every year. Hence it is that Sirajganj has been described from the deck of a Brahmaputra steamer as 'a town without houses.' Scarcely a warehouse stands on the river's brink, nor a tree to afford shelter. Large boats and flats lie anchored in mid-stream; fleets of smaller craft take shelter in the natural bends of the river; while the merchants and brokers move to and fro in light dinghis, to conduct their transactions on the spot. The bright head-dresses of the Márwárís afford a lively contrast to the white robes of the Bengálís and the riding costumes and pith hats of the Europeans. On the shore, crowds of coolies are busy landing the open ‘hanks' of jute, packing them into 'drums,' and again reshipping them for Calcutta. All this is done under the blaze of a tropical sun; and all those engaged have to traverse twice daily the blinding waste of 5 miles of sand that intervenes between their houses and the river.\n\nIn 1877, there were 6 European firms, or branches of firms, estab- lished at Sirajganj; and also an agency of the Bank of Bengal, which imports specie every year to the amount of about £500,000, to liquidate the favourable balance of exchange. The principal native merchants are Márwárís, locally known as Káyas, who are immigrants from Ráj- putána, and mostly profess the Jain religion. Their headquarters in Bengal is in Murshidabad District, but their operations extend as far aș\n\nthe eastern corner of Assam. Like their brethren in the Deccan, they are a clannish race, who undertake considerable speculations in reliance upon the good faith of their numerous and distant correspondents. They are described as honest, frugal, and diligent, but quite uneducated. The Bengálí traders chiefly belong to the caste of Sháhás. They are very intelligent, but lack enterprise and confidence in one another.\n\nThe business of Sirajganj is mainly that of a changing station. The agricultural produce of all the country round is brought in in small boats, either by the cultivators themselves or by petty dealers, and here transferred to the 'wholesale merchants, for shipment to Calcutta in steamers or large cargo boats. In return, piece-goods, salt, hardware, and all sorts of miscellaneous articles are received from Calcutta for distribution. In 1876-77, the aggregate value of the registered trade of Sirájganj, including both exports and imports, amounted to more than 3 millions sterling; but in this total a great deal is counted twice over. The following are the principal items, in one table or the other: - -Jute, £606,000; European piece-goods, £264,000; salt, £263,000; oil-seeds, £171,000; oil, £97,000; rice and other grain, £83,000; sugar, £83,000; tobacco, £74,000; gunny bags, £69,000. The larger half of this trade is conducted direct with Calcutta, to which the exports in 1876-77 were valued at £831,000. Next in importance comes the trade of the surrounding country, and then the supply of rice and general stores to the coolies on the Assam tea-gardens. The relative amount of business done with the neighbouring Districts is shown by the following figures:-Imports from Rangpur, 830,000 maunds of jute, 62,000 maunds of tobacco, and 28,000 maunds of oil-seeds; exports to Rangpur, 167,000 maunds of salt and £18,000 of piece- goods: imports from Maimansinh, 294,000 maunds of jute and 140,000 maunds of mustard seed; exports to Maimansinh, 71,000 maunds of salt and £43,000 of piece-goods: imports from Kuch Behar, 160,000 maunds of jute and 28,000 maunds of tobacco; exports to Kuch Behar, 35,000 maunds of salt: imports from Jalpaiguri, 44,000 maunds of jute and 40,000 maunds of tobacco; imports from Bogra, 209,000 maunds of jute; imports from Goálpárá in Assam, 98,000 maunds of jute and 166,000 maunds of mustard seed.\n\nThe export jute trade is conducted entirely with Calcutta, and fluctuates according to the demand in that market. The largest figures were reached in 1872-73, when the local estimate made from the books of the traders was 3,500,000 maunds. In 1876-77, the registered total was 2,021,168 maunds, valued at £606,330; and in 1877-78, 2,156,307 maunds, being in each year the largest figure for any mart in the interior of Bengal. There are three means of communication with Calcutta, which compete actively with one another-by country boat, by steamer to Goálanda and thence by Eastern Bengal Railway, and\n\nby steamer all the way. The two latter modes carry together somewhat more than half the total, and it does not appear that the relative propor- tions have varied much in recent years. In 1876-77, 993,654 maunds went by boat, 567,673 by rail, and 450,841 by steamer. The time taken by the railway is only two days, as compared with eight or nine days by steamer, and somewhat less than thirty days by boat. Freights, of course, vary; but the railway and the steamers always maintain the same rate with one another. The freight by boat ranges from £1, 19s. to £3, ros. per 1000 maunds, averaging about 6d. per maund; that by both rail and steamer ranges from 7 d. to is. 41d. per maund, averaging about 10 d. But, as is usual in India, these figures are only nominal, and several reductions require to be made before an exact comparison can be instituted. The boats ship by a local maund of 8410 lbs., and it has become customary to load a 1000-maund boat with 1100 maunds, or an excess of 10 per cent. The railway uses a maund of exactly 80 lbs., and the steamers one of 82% lbs. Altogether, making every allowance (inclusive of insurance at the rate of 2½ per cent. on boat cargoes, and the difference of discount between bills drawn at thirty and three days), it has been estimated that the total cost of transmitting 1100 maunds of jute from Sirajganj to Calcutta would average £37, 11s. 6d. by boat, as compared with £48, 6s. 3d. by rail. Despite this advantage in cheapness, the rail is preferred by the smaller traders, who would not be trusted by the insurance office, and could not themselves bear the risk of shipwreck; and it is largely used by all persons in a rising market, when the object is to get the fibre to Calcutta before a fall.\n\nThe Sirajganj Jute Company, which commenced business in 1869, has a large steam factory at the suburb of Máchimpur, giving employ. ment to about 1200 men, women, and children. As compared with the numerous mills on the Húglí, it labours under the disadvantage of having to import its coal, which can only be landed near the factory in the rainy season; but besides supplying the local demand, it annually exports large numbers of gunny bags to Calcutta. They are carried by rail at favourable rates, though the coal always comes up by boat. In 1876-77, the export of gunny bags was 3,161,500 in number, valued at £69,550. In the following year the number was 2,950,625. In 1876-77, the import of coal for the use of the mill was 112,600 maunds, valued at £5630.\n\nThe municipal committee have twice taken a boat census of Siráj- ganj. On 31st August 1873, the number of boats found was 1436, laden with 162,000 maunds of goods, of which nearly three-fifths was jute. On 4th September 1874, 1185 boats were counted, with cargoes aggre- gating 195,000 maunds. Sirajganj is also a registration station, at which 49,644 boats were counted in the year 1876-77, passing up or down stream", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 666, 922, 2790, 3694, 5633, 7987, 8750 ], "pdf_page": 440, "pdf_page_end": 443, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-440.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sirajganj", "formatted_address": "Sirajganj, Bangladesh", "latitude": 24.4615545, "longitude": 89.7053442, "place_id": "ChIJG7oNg9_B_TkRYovnkrDL8Fg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sirajganj&query_place_id=ChIJG7oNg9_B_TkRYovnkrDL8Fg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:06:36.077Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00721", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sirakot.", "normalized_name": "sirakot", "feature_type": "fort", "feature_labels": [ "ruined fort", "temple" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Kumáun", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Kumáun District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Crowns a rocky ridge, with two of its sides scarped to a sheer depth of 2000 feet, and having its front terminated by a chasm 700 feet in depth. The narrow path from Almorá to Nepál winds round one of its flanks. The temple stands upon a conical rock, rising nearly perpendicularly from the ridge covered by the crumbling fortifications.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 29.816666666666666, "longitude": 80.28333333333333, "raw_text": "29° 49′ N. lat., and 80° 17′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Elevation above sea level, 6924 feet", "9 miles north-west of the confluence of the Gori and Eastern Káli rivers" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirakot.-Ruined fort and temple in Kumáun District, North- Western Provinces; situated in 29° 49′ N. lat., and 80° 17′ E. long., 9 miles north-west of the confluence of the Gori and Eastern Káli rivers. Elevation above sea level, 6924 feet. Crowns a rocky ridge, with two of its sides scarped to a sheer depth of 2000 feet, and having its front terminated by a chasm 700 feet in depth. The narrow path from Almorá to Nepál winds round one of its flanks. The temple stands upon a conical rock, rising nearly perpendicularly from the ridge covered by the crumbling fortifications. During the Gúrkha invasion in the early part of the century, the garrison was cut off from their water supply, upon which they surrendered, and the fort has ever since remained in a ruinous condition.", "pdf_page": 444, "pdf_page_end": 444, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-444.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sirkot", "formatted_address": "Sirkot, Uttarakhand 262561, India", "latitude": 29.3430672, "longitude": 79.94025599999999, "place_id": "ChIJLZCQ5j7moDkR1uO3JBEw2t0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sirkot&query_place_id=ChIJLZCQ5j7moDkR1uO3JBEw2t0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:06:58.097Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00722", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Siralkoppa.", "normalized_name": "siralkoppa", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "mercantile centre" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Mysore", "district": "Shimoga", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Shimoga District, Mysore" }, "location_description": "Important mercantile centre, where the jaggery prepared from sugar-cane in the surrounding country is collected for despatch to the neighbouring Districts of Bombay and Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 14.347222222222221, "longitude": 75.3313888888889, "raw_text": "Lat. 14° 20′ 50″ N., long. 75° 19′ 53″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 1661, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Important mercantile centre, where the jaggery prepared from sugar-cane in the surrounding country is collected for despatch to the neighbouring Districts of Bombay and Madras.", "Piece-goods and kamblis are received in exchange.", "Government distillery.", "Weekly fair held on Sundays is attended by 1700 persons." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Siralkoppa.—Village in Shimoga District, Mysore. Lat. 14° 20′ 50″ N., long. 75° 19′ 53″ E.; pop. (1871), 1661. Important mercantile centre, where the jaggery prepared from sugar-cane in the surrounding country is collected for despatch to the neighbouring Districts of Bombay and Madras. Piece-goods and kamblis are received in exchange. Government distillery. Weekly fair held on Sundays is attended by 1700 persons.", "pdf_page": 444, "pdf_page_end": 444, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-444.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Siralkoppa", "formatted_address": "Siralkoppa, Karnataka 577428, India", "latitude": 14.3810609, "longitude": 75.2479172, "place_id": "ChIJQ6EaYQDmuzsRlDcNaHNPWpo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Siralkoppa&query_place_id=ChIJQ6EaYQDmuzsRlDcNaHNPWpo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:07:20.691Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00725", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Sirgujá.", "normalized_name": "sirguj", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Chutiá Nágpur", "raw_context": "Chutiá Nágpur, Bengal" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirgujá.-Native State in Chutiá Nágpur, Bengal.-See SARGUJA.", "pdf_page": 444, "pdf_page_end": 444, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-444.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Surguja", "formatted_address": "Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India", "latitude": 22.9494079, "longitude": 83.1649001, "place_id": "ChIJ9Yy5ZsijiTkRdEZjpa-_zPk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Surguja&query_place_id=ChIJ9Yy5ZsijiTkRdEZjpa-_zPk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:08:22.408Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00727", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sirhind", "normalized_name": "sirhind", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "tract" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Tract in the Punjab, consisting of the north-eastern portion of the plain between the Jumna and Sutlej rivers.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of the north-eastern portion of the plain which intervenes between the Jumna and the Sutlej rivers", "includes the British Districts of UMBALLA (Ambála), LUDHIANA, and FIROZPUR, together with the Native States of PATIALA, JIND, and NABHA" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirhind-Tract in the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab; consisting of the north-eastern portion of the plain which intervenes between the Jumna and the Sutlej rivers. It includes the British Districts of UMBALLA (Ambála), LUDHIANA, and FIROZPUR, together with the Native States of PATIALA, JIND, and NABHA, each of which see separately. Sirhind has now no existence as an administrative\n\ndivision of territory; but in the historical sense, it includes all that portion of the cis-Sutlej tract which lies between the Simla Hills on the north-east, the Jumna valley Districts (Karnál and Rohtak) on the east, Hariána (Sirsa and Hissar) on the south, and the Sutlej on the north-west; or more roughly speaking, it embraces the level plain between the Himalayas and the desert of Bikaner, the Sutlej and the Jumna. This tract comprises the whole watershed of the now deserted stream which once formed the great SARASWATI (Sarsutí) river; and the projected Sirhind Canal will doubtless once more spread fertility over its somewhat desolate expanse. (For further particulars, see CIS- SUTLEJ STATES.)", "pdf_page": 444, "pdf_page_end": 445, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-444.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sirhind", "formatted_address": "Sirhind, Punjab 140406, India", "latitude": 30.6245124, "longitude": 76.3863018, "place_id": "ChIJ7SkeV58eEDkRxtJOYnJYYvQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sirhind&query_place_id=ChIJ7SkeV58eEDkRxtJOYnJYYvQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:08:26.405Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00728", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sirhind Canal", "normalized_name": "sirhind-canal", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "irrigation work", "canal" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "in Umballa (Ambála) and Ludhiana Districts, and Patiála and Nábha States, Punjab" }, "location_description": "An important irrigation work in process of construction in Umballa (Ambála) and Ludhiana Districts, and Patiála and Nábha States, Punjab. The canal draws its supply from the Sutlej near Rupar, runs through Ludhiana and Firozpur Districts, with branches traversing Patiála and Nábha, terminating in Sírsa and Karnál Districts.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "The canal will draw its supply from the Sutlej near Rupar" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Up to the close of the official year 1876-77, the total expenditure on capital account had been £1,394,875, of which £521,080 had been contributed by the Native States interested." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirhind Canal-An important irrigation work, now in process of construction, in Umballa (Ambála) and Ludhiana Districts, and Patiála and Nábha States, Punjab. The canal will draw its supply from the Sutlej near Rupar, and run through Ludhiana and Firozpur Districts. Other branches in connection will traverse Patiála and Nábha, ter- minating in Sírsa and Karnál Districts. It is probable that the canal will not be fully completed for several years. Up to the close of the official year 1876-77, the total expenditure on capital account had been £1,394,875, of which £521,080 had been contributed by the Native States interested.", "pdf_page": 445, "pdf_page_end": 445, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-445.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sirhind Canal", "formatted_address": "Sirhind Canal, Punjab", "latitude": 30.6926228, "longitude": 76.3781023, "place_id": "ChIJffx0Ro4cEDkRXBToVQFqVA0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sirhind+Canal&query_place_id=ChIJffx0Ro4cEDkRXBToVQFqVA0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:08:54.100Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00730", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sirohi", "normalized_name": "sirohi", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Sirohi", "agency": "Rájputána Agency", "region": null, "raw_context": "A Native State in the Rájputána Agency under the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Native State in the Rájputána Agency, bounded on the north by Márwár or Jodhpur, on the east by Mewár or Udaipur, on the south by Pálanpur and the Mahi Kántha States of Edar and Danta, and on the west by Jodhpur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between lat. 24° 22′ and 25° 16′ N., and between long. 72° 22' and 73° 18′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 153000, "population_year": 1875, "area": 3000, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sirohi.-A Native State in the Rájputána Agency under the Govern- ment of India, lying between lat. 24° 22′ and 25° 16′ N., and between long. 72° 22' and 73° 18′ E. Estimated area, 3000 square miles; estimated population (1875), 153,000. Sirohi is bounded on the north- by Márwár or Jodhpur, on the east by Mewár or Udaipur, on the south by Pálanpur and the Mahi Kántha States of Edar and Danta, and on the west by Jodhpur.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-The country is much intersected and broken up by hills and rocky ranges. The main feature is Mount ABU, the highest peak of which rises 5653 feet above the sea; it is situated at the extremity of the ARAVALLI MOUNTAIN chain, being partially sepa- rated from the main range by a narrow valley. That range, running from south-west to north-east, divides the State into two not very un- equal portions. The western half is comparatively open and level, and more populous and better cultivated than the other. Both portions, being situated at the foot of the hill range, are intersected by numerous water-courses or nálás, which become torrents of greater or less volume in the rainy season, but are dry during the remainder of the year. From the line of water-parting the streams discharge into the rivers Loni and Bands. The lower slopes of the Aravalli range in Sirohi are clothed with dense forest, and the country generally is dotted with low rocky hills, which, as a rule, are thickly covered with jungle, consisting chiefly\n\nof the dhao tree (Anogeissus pendula) mixed with khayer (Acacia catechu), bábul (Acacia arabica), ber (Zizyphus jujuba), and Euphorbia. The only river of any importance is the Western Banás. Within the limits of the State this river is not perennial; it usually ceases to flow as the hot season commences, and only heavy pools are then to be found. It is subject, during the rains, to occasional floods, but these rapidly subside, leaving the stream fordable and the water clear and good. The Banás, rising in the Aravalli Hills, flows through the State into Guzerat, and after passing the cantonment of Dísa, is finally lost in the Rann of Cutch (Kachchh). There are remains of many fine artificial lakes in Sirohi, but no lakes or jhils at present exist, with the exception of the Nakhi Taláo on Mount Abu. The nature of the sub- soil of Sirohi appears, as a rule, to be unsuited to the artificial storage of water, for in the village tanks the water generally subsides very rapidly after the end of the rainy season. The depth at which water is found below the surface varies a good deal in different parts of the State. Thus, in the north-east, the wells are from 90 to 100 feet deep, and the water is generally brackish. In the north-west, water is more easily found, at from 70 to 90 feet; while in the eastern Districts, water of good quality is found at depths varying from 15 to 60 feet, the depth required to be sunk decreasing towards the south. In the western Dis- tricts, the depth of the wells is generally 60 to 70 feet; and at Sirohi town, and in its neighbourhood, water is often scarce and of inferior quality. The geological formation of the Aravalli range is granite over- lying blue slate. The valleys exhibit variegated quartz and schistose slate. Rocks of gneiss and syenite appear at intervals. At the south-east corner of Sirohi, the Aravalli range takes a sweep to the south-west, enclosing a hilly tract called the bhakar. In this tract, the rocks are primitive and metamorphic, with schists and limestone. Mica is found in large quantities. Near the village of Jariwáo, on the south-eastern frontier of the State, are the marble quarries of that name, from which the celebrated Jain temples of Abu are said to have been built. The granite of Abu is used to a considerable extent for building, and the blue slate which underlies the granite is well adapted for paving and other purposes. It is said that a copper-mine was formerly worked in the hilly range above the town of Sirohi.\n\nAlthough a considerable portion of Sirohi is covered with tree and bush jungle, the forests, strictly speaking, may be considered as confined to the slopes of Abu and the belt of forest round its base. In the bhakar, there are here and there hills and valleys well wooded with the large dhao, and others. On the slopes of Abu a great variety of valuable timber, such as the timru (ebony), dhaman siris, huldru, ' trees and shrubs are found. The most common are the bamboo, mango, siris, dhao of various kinds, jámun, kachnar, etc. Tigers are\n\nnumerous, and destroy a great number of cattle. Bears and leopards are common. Both sámbhar and chital deer were also numerous, till the great famine of 1868-69, during which numbers of them either died, or were killed by the Bhils for food. Antelopes are scarce, but chikara and the four-horned, deer are to be found in parts of the country. Field rats are abundant in the sandy portions of the State. Hares are very common. The grey partridge abounds, the painted and black partridge are rare. Quails of several kinds and sand grouse are everywhere met with. Florican visit the country for a short time during the rains. Jungle and spur fowl are found in the hilly parts of the State. The fish are few and almost entirely confined to the Banás river, and are chiefly the rohu, murrel, pari, and chilwa.\n\nHistory. The present ruling family of Sirohi are Deora Rájputs, a branch of the great Chauhán clan, and are said to be immediately descended from Deo Ráj, a descendant of Prithwi Ráj, the Chauhán King of Delhi. The earliest known inhabitants of Sirohi were the Bhíls. The first Rájputs to settle in the country were the Gehlots. They were soon followed by the Pramara Rájputs, who appear to have been a powerful race, and to have had their capital at Chandrawati. The ruins of this place prove it to have been at one time a large and flourishing city. The Pramaras were succeeded by the Chauhán Rájputs, who seem to have first established themselves in the country about 1152 A.D., but who only dispossessed the Pramaras after a long series of years and much fighting. The Pramaras are said to have taken up their last refuge on Mount Abu, where remains of extensive fortifica- tions are still to be seen. Being unable to drive them from their strong- hold, the Deora Chauháns had recourse to stratagem. They sent a proposal that the Pramaras should bring twelve of their daughters to be married into the Chauhán tribe, and thus establish a friendship. The proposal being accepted, the story runs that the twelve girls were accompanied to Bhadeli, a village near the southern border of Şirohi, by nearly all the Pramaras. The Chauháns then fell upon them, massacred the majority, and pursuing the survivors back to Abu, gained possession of that place. It is said that the descendants of Pramaras now inhabit Abu, and, in memory of this act of treachery, never allow their daughters to go down to the plains to be married. During the reign of Sains Mall (about 1425 A.D.), the Ráná Kambají of Chittor obtained permission to take refuge at Achilgarh on Mount Abu, when flying from the Mughal Emperor. On the retreat of the imperial army, the son of Sains Mall sent word to the Ráná to return to his own country; but the latter, having found what a strong position Abu was, refused to leave, and had eventually to be driven out by force. In consequence this, no other Rájá was ever allowed to go up to Abu; and this custom\n\n,\n\nremained in force till 1836, when, through the intervention of Colonel Spiers (at that time in political charge at Sirohi), Maháráná Jawán Sinh of Udaipur was permitted to proceed to Abu on a pilgrimage to the Abu temples. Since then the prohibition has been withdrawn, and many chiefs of Rájputána have visited Abu. During the early years of the present century, the State of Sirohi suffered much from wars with Jodhpur, and the constant marauding of the wild Miná tribes. The State became too weak to protect its subjects; hence many of the Thákurs in the south threw off their allegiance, and placed themselves under the protection of Pálanpur; and the Sirohi State was nigh being dismembered. Under these circumstances, in 1817, Ráo Sheo Sinh, then Regent, sought the protection of the British Government. Captain Tod was at that time the Political Agent in Western Rájputána; and after making close inquiry into the history and relations of the two States, he disallowed the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi. In 1823, a treaty was finally concluded between the British Government and the Sirohi State. Many of the Thákurs were in rebellion, supported by the wild Minás of the hills; but they were eventually reduced to submission. Ráo Sheo Sinh did good service during the Mutiny of 1857, in consideration of which he received a remission of half his tribute, which is now fixed at £688. The Ráo of Sirohi in 1845 made over to the British Government some lands on Mount Abu, for the establish- ment of a sanatorium. The present Ráo is named Kesari Sinh; he is entitled to a salute of 15 guns, and holds a sanad giving rights of adoption.\n\nPopulation. The population of Sirohi is estimated by the Darbár to number 153,000, of whom 133,000, or about 86 per cent., are Hindus; 1500, or nearly 1 per cent., Muhammadans; and 18,500, or 12 per cent., Jains. There are a considerable number of Bráhmans and religious mendicants in the State. The Baniyas and Mahájans form a very nume- rous class; they are mostly Oswals and Porewals, followers of the Jain religion. The Rájputs are divided into twelve different clans, or septs of clans, in Sirohi. They are the dominant race, although not numerically the largest class. The greater portion are Deora Chauháns; next in order come the Sesodia and Rahtor clans, who are about equal in number. Rájputs, who are not jágirdárs or the immediate relatives of jágárdárs, gain their living as State servants, soldiers, and cultivators; they belong to the diwali band, or protectors of the villages, and cultivate free of land tax. Kalbis, Rabaris, and Dhers are also numerous. Aboriginal tribes and tribes of the half-blood,-Bhils, Grassias, and Minás,—taken together, form a considerable section of the population. The Grassias are principally confined to the bhakar or hilly tract in the south-east corner of Sirohi. They were formerly great plunderers, but have now settled down to agriculture. They are said to be the descend-\n\nants of Rájputs, married to Bhil women. Minás and Bhíls have always been troublesome races, with a hereditary taste for plundering. Speaking generally, the Minás may be said to occupy the north, and the Bhils the western part of Sirohi. There are some Kolis who are believed to have immigrated from Guzerat. They have now settled down as cultivators, and are principally found in the eastern and southern Districts. The Musalmáns mostly consist of tahsildárs and sepoys, and a few colonies of Cutch (Kachchh) Bohras at Madar and Sirohi. The language of Sirohi is a patois of Márwári and Guzeráti.\n\nAgriculture, etc.—The principal spring crops (rabi) are wheat, barley, gram, and mustard (Sinapis dichotoma), from which a kind of oil is pre- pared, much used by the people. Wheat and barley are the staple crops; on these being reaped, many of the fields are at once ploughed up and sown with two kinds of small grain called karáng and chaina, which come to maturity very quickly, and are cut before the rains set in. Manure is used every second or third year; but no rotation of crops is practised, the same land being sown with wheat or barley year after year. The chief rain-crops (kharif) are Indian corn, bájra, mung, moth, arad, kulath, and gúar. Cotton and ambari or san (a kind of hemp) are grown in small quantities for local consumption. Til, kuri basthi, kudra, mal, and sainwalai are only grown in walar cultivation, i.e. by cutting down and burning the jungle on the hillsides, and sowing the seed in the ashes. This mode of cultivation is very popular with the Grassias, Bhíls, and Minás, and has proved most destructive to the Aravalli forests. There is so much uncultivated land in the State that the grazing grounds are very extensive.\n\nThe agricultural tenures in Sirohi correspond with those generally pre- vailing throughout Rájputána. The ruler is the actual and sole owner of the land conquered by his ancestors. Those that came with him were granted portions of the conquered territory, on certain con- ditions of fealty and military service, and became his umras or nobles; but the ruler still retained the ownership or bhúm of the land. To this there are of course exceptions; and the Grassias, the original inhabitants of the bhakar, still retain their bhúm rights. The culti- vators generally are hereditary tenants, and cannot be ejected so long as they pay the revenue regularly; in fact, in such a sparsely populated country as Sirohi, the cultivator is too valuable to be parted with. There is a large class in Sirohi called the diwali band, consisting of Rai Bhils, Minás, and Kolis, who cultivate land rent-free. The safety of the village is in their hands, and they are bound to protect it. Bráhmans, Charans, and Bhats also cultivate their land free. In all the jágir estates, the Rájá receives a portion of the land revenue and local taxes. The rates of assessment vary in different Districts; but\n\ngenerally in the principal estates Rájputs pay three-eighths of the pro- duce, and in others one-half.\n\nEducation, Communications, etc.-Education is but little sought after. There are vernacular schools at the three principal towns, Sirohi, Rohera, and Madar. In many of the villages, boys of the Baniya class are taught to write and keep accounts by the village jatti. A dispensary is supported by the State at Sirohi. There are post offices at Erinpura, Sirohi, Anadra, and Abu. Abu has also a telegraph office. The main road through the State is that from Ajmere, through Márwár, Sirohi, Pálanpur, and the Gáekwár's territory, to Ahmedábád. This road enters Sirohi at Erinpura; and passing through the capital and along the western side of Abu, leaves the State again about 2 miles south of Madar, which is about 26 miles from the cantonment of Dísa. The Western Rájputána Railway, constructed on the metre gauge, between Ajmere and Pálanpur, which runs through the length of this State, passes just east of Mount Abu, and was opened in December 1880. There is a jail at Sirohi. Criminal suits are tried by the minister at the capital, and by tahsildars at the headquarters of Dis- tricts. There are no other courts in Sirohi; all civil suits are settled by panchayats, or village assemblies. The military force of the State consists of 2 guns, 74 cavalry, and 260 foot-soldiers.\n\nMedical Aspects.-The climate of Sirohi is, on the whole, dry and healthy; and there is a general freedom from epidemic diseases, which is doubtless in a measure due to the sparseness of the population. The heat is never so intense as in the North-Western Provinces or the Punjab; but on the other hand, the cold season is of much shorter duration, and less bracing. In the southern and eastern Districts, there is usually a fair amount of rain; but over the rest of the State, the rainfall is frequently scant. This is chiefly due to Mount Abu and the Aravalli Hills attracting the clouds driven inland by the south-west monsoon; thus at Abu the average annual rainfall is about 64 inches, while at Erinpura, less than 50 miles distant in a northerly direction, the average fall is only between 12 and 15 inches. The prevailing wind is south- westerly. The principal diseases are malarious fever and ague, com- plicated with enlargement of the spleen. Dysentery often occurs at the close of the rains, and during the early part of the cold season, especially in the jungle tracts round the base of Abu.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 424, 3981, 5330, 7452, 9115, 11040, 12195, 13480, 14760 ], "pdf_page": 448, "pdf_page_end": 453, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-448.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sirohi", "formatted_address": "Sirohi, Rajasthan 307001, India", "latitude": 24.8827147, "longitude": 72.8608948, "place_id": "ChIJ9bkv9lTaQjkRXrgW1KVEegc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sirohi&query_place_id=ChIJ9bkv9lTaQjkRXrgW1KVEegc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:08:59.145Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00733", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sironj.", "normalized_name": "sironj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central India", "district": "Bhopál", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Bhopál, Central India" }, "location_description": "Situated 78 miles north-west of Ságar (Saugor), and 140 north-east of Ujjain, at the foot of a pass connecting Málwá with the tableland to the north.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.10639, "longitude": 77.725, "raw_text": "lat. 24° 6′ 23″ N., and long. 77° 43′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sironj.—Town in Bhopál, Central India; situated in lat. 24° 6′ 23″ N., and long. 77° 43′ 30″ E., 78 miles north-west of Ságar (Saugor), and 140 north-east of Ujjain. Sironj is built at the foot of a pass connect- ing Málwá with the tableland to the north. It was once a large town, famed for its muslins and chintzes, but is now much decayed. One fine bázár still remains, and there are many mosques. Good water is abundant. 'Sironj, with the appertaining parganá,' writes Thornton, 'was in 1798 granted to Amir Khán by Jaswant Ráo Holkar; in 1809, the threatening attitude assumed towards Nagpur by Amir Khán led to the advance upon Sironj of a British force under Colonel Close; subse- quently, in 1817, this town and District, with other territories, were guaranteed by the British Government to the Amir.'", "pdf_page": 454, "pdf_page_end": 454, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-454.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sironj", "formatted_address": "Sironj, Madhya Pradesh 464228, India", "latitude": 24.0993031, "longitude": 77.6707924, "place_id": "ChIJzykkhZjDezkR_uJPs1W-Vc8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sironj&query_place_id=ChIJzykkhZjDezkR_uJPs1W-Vc8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:09:45.960Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00763", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Skardo", "normalized_name": "skardo", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Balti State", "agency": null, "region": "Kashmir", "raw_context": "Town in Balti State, Kashmir" }, "location_description": "Town in Balti State, Kashmir.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Skardo.—Town in Balti State, Kashmir.—See Iskardoh.", "pdf_page": 477, "pdf_page_end": 477, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-477.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Skardu", "formatted_address": "Skardu", "latitude": 35.3247102, "longitude": 75.55096019999999, "place_id": "ChIJgwLBupJj5DgR1zOYb3h6Lww", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Skardu&query_place_id=ChIJgwLBupJj5DgR1zOYb3h6Lww", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:10:08.393Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00843", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Suchin.", "normalized_name": "suchin", "feature_type": "state|town", "feature_labels": [ "state", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Surat", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "State and town in Surat District, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Suchin.-State and town in Surat District, Bombay.-See SACHIN.", "pdf_page": 505, "pdf_page_end": 505, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-505.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sachin", "formatted_address": "Sachin, Bombay Market, Umarwada, Surat, Gujarat 395010, India", "latitude": 21.1992876, "longitude": 72.8497478, "place_id": "ChIJ58CqHlVO4DsRKv54AAB2u10", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sachin&query_place_id=ChIJ58CqHlVO4DsRKv54AAB2u10", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:10:44.968Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00854", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Sukesar.", "normalized_name": "sukesar", "feature_type": "mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Sháhpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Mountain in Sháhpur District, Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Sukesar.-Mountain in Sháhpur District, Punjab.-See SAKESWAR.", "pdf_page": 507, "pdf_page_end": 507, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-507.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sakesar Bar", "formatted_address": "Jura, Sakesar, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.268266, "longitude": 72.74828339999999, "place_id": "ChIJQeA3jHGhITkR6RvBSWo6Rhs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sakesar+Bar&query_place_id=ChIJQeA3jHGhITkR6RvBSWo6Rhs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:11:02.827Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00891", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Surat.", "normalized_name": "surat", "feature_type": "city", "feature_labels": [ "municipal city", "administrative headquarters", "former seat of a Presidency" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Surat", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Surat District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Situated on the southern bank of the river Tápti; distant from the sea 14 miles by water, 10 miles by land. Once the chief commercial city of India, and still an important mercantile town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 21.158333, "longitude": 72.904167, "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 9′ 30″ N., long. 72° 54′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 107149, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on the southern bank of the river Tápti; distant from the sea 14 miles by water, 10 miles by land.", "Once the chief commercial city of India, and still an important mercantile town, though the greater portion of its export and import trade has long since centred in Bombay.", "In the centre of its river front rises the castle, a mass of irregular fortifications, flanked at each corner by large round towers.", "Planned and built in 1540 by Khudáwand Khán, a Turkish soldier in the service of the Guzerat kings.", "Remained a military fortress under the Mughal and the British rule till 1862, when the troops were withdrawn and the buildings utilized as public offices.", "The city stretches in the arc of a circle for about a mile and a quarter along the river bank.", "Two lines of fortification, the inner and the outer, once enclosed Surat; and though the interior wall has long since all but disappeared, the moat which marks its former course still preserves distinct the city and the suburbs.", "West of the city, the military cantonment lies along the river bank, with its open parade-ground stretching down to the water's edge.", "During the 18th century, Surat probably ranked as the most populous city of India.", "As late as 1797, its inhabitants were an official report returns the population at 250,000 persons, and in 1816, estimated at 800,000 persons; and though this calculation is doubtless excessive, the real numbers must have been very high.", "In 1811, population at 124,406.", "In 1847, the number of inhabitants amounted to only 80,000.", "By 1851, the total had risen to 89,505; and in 1872, it stood once more at 107,149.", "Of this number, 79,076, or 73.81 per cent., were Hindus; 21,260, or 19·84 per cent., Muhammadans; 6500, or 6'06 per cent., Pársís; and 313, or o‘29 per cent,, Christians and 'others.'", "The Pársís and high-caste Hindus form the wealthy classes; the Musalmáns are in depressed circumstances, except the Borahs, many of whom are prosperous traders.", "Caste feasts and processions are more common and more costly than elsewhere.", "Fairs, held a few miles away in the country, attract large crowds.", "The Borahs are famous for their hospitality and good living.", "In April 1837, a fire laid 9373 houses in ruins, extending over nearly 10 miles of thoroughfare.", "The houses alone represented an approximate value of £450,000.", "Later in 1837, the Tápti flooded almost the whole city, entailing a further loss of about £27,000.", "In 1838, it remained 'but the shadow of what it had been, two-thirds to three-fourths of the city having been annihilated.'", "From 1840 onward, trade improved and increased steadily, till in 1858 its position as the centre of railway operations in Guzerat brought a new influx of wealth and importance.", "The high prices which ruled during the American War again made Surat a wealthy city.", "The financial disasters of 1865-66 in Bombay somewhat affected all Western India, but Surat nevertheless preserved the greater part of its wealth." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Surat.-Municipal city and administrative headquarters of Surat District, Bombay, and former seat of a Presidency under the East India Company. Lat. 21° 9′ 30″ N., long. 72° 54′ 15″ E.; pop. (1872), 107,149 persons. Situated on the southern bank of the river Tápti; distant from the sea 14 miles by water, 10 miles by land. Once the chief commercial city of India, and still an important mercantile town, though the greater portion of its export and import trade has long since centred in Bombay.\n\nPosition and General Aspect.-Surat lies on a bend of the Tápti, where the river suddenly sweeps westward towards its mouth. In the centre of its river front rises the castle, a mass of irregular fortifications, flanked at each corner by large round towers, and presenting a pictur- esque appearance when viewed from the water. Planned and built in 1540 by Khudáwand Khán, a Turkish soldier in the service of the Guzerat kings; it remained a military fortress under the Mughal and the British rule till 1862, when the troops were withdrawn and the buildings utilized as public offices. With the castle as its centre, the city stretches in the arc of a circle for about a mile and a quarter along the river bank. Southward, the public park with its tall trees hides the houses in its rear; while low meadow lands elsewhere fringe the bank, from which the opposite ground rises slightly northward on the right shore, toward the ancient town of Ránder, now almost a suburb of Surat. Two lines of fortification, the inner and the outer, once enclosed Surat; and though the interior wall has long since all but disappeared, the moat which marks its former course still preserves distinct the city and the suburbs. Within the city proper, the space is on the whole thickly peopled; and the narrow but clean and well-watered streets wind between rows of handsome houses, the residences of high-caste Hindus and wealthy Pársís. The suburbs, on the other hand, lie scattered among wide open spaces, once villa gardens, but now cultivated only as fields. The unmetalled lanes, hollowed many feet deep, form water-courses in the rainy season, and stand thick in dust during the fair weather. The dwellings consist of huts of low-caste Hindus or weavers' cottages. West of the city, the military cantonment lies along the river bank, with its open parade- ground stretching down to the water's edge.\n\nmost populous city of India. As late as 1797, its inhabitants were an official report returns the population at 250,000 persons, and in 1816, estimated at 800,000 persons; and though this calculation is doubtless excessive, the real numbers must have been very high. With the at 124,406. In 1847, when the fortunes of Surat reached their lowest transfer of its trade to Bombay, the numbers rapidly fell off. In 1811, ebb, the number of inhabitants amounted to only 80,000. Thencefor- Population.—During the 18th century, Surat probably ranked as the form the wealthy classes; the Musalmáns are in depressed circum- cent., Muhammadans; 6500, or 6'06 per cent., Pársís; and 313, or o‘29 risen to 89,505; and in 1872, it stood once more at 107,149. Of this number, 79,076, or 73.81 per cent., were Hindus; 21,260, or 19·84 per ward the city began to retrieve its position. By 1851, the total had per cent,, Christians and 'others.' The Pársís and high-caste Hindus Fondness for pleasure and ostentation characterise all classes and stances, except the Borahs, many of whom are prosperous traders.\n\ncreeds in Surat alike. Caste feasts and processions are more com- mon and more costly than elsewhere. Fairs, held a few miles away in the country, attract large crowds of gaily dressed men and children, in bright bullock-carts. The Pársís join largely in these entertainments, besides holding their own old-fashioned feasts in their public hall. The Borahs are famous for their hospitality and good living. The extrava- gant habits engendered by former commercial prosperity have survived the wealth on which they were founded.\n\nHistory.—The ammals of Surat city, under native rule, have already been briefly given in the article on SURAT DISTRICT. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Surat ranked as the chief export and import centre of India. After the assumption of the entire government by the British in 1800, prosperity, which had deserted the town towards the close of the last century, for a time reappeared. But the steady transfer of trade to Bombay, combined with the famine of 1813 in northern Guzerat, continued to undermine its commercial importance; and by 1825, the trade had sunk to the export of a little raw cotton to the rising capital of the Presidency. In 1837, two calamities occurred in close succession, which destroyed the greater part of the city, and reduced almost all its inhabitants to a state of poverty. For three days in the month of April, a fire raged through the very heart of Surat, laying 9373 houses in ruins, and extending over nearly 10 miles of thoroughfare, both in the city and the suburbs. No estimate can be given of the total loss to property, but the houses alone represented an approximate value of £450,000. Towards the close of the rainy season in the same year, the Tápti rose to the greatest height ever known, flooded almost the whole city, and covered the surrounding country for miles like a sea, entailing a further loss of about £27,000. This second calamity left the people almost helpless. Already, after the fire, many of the most intelligent merchants, both Hindu and Pársí, no longer bound to home by the ties of an establishment, had deserted Surat for Bombay. In 1838, it remained 'but the shadow of what it had been, two-thirds to three-fourths of the city having been annihilated.' From 1840 onward, however, affairs began to change for the better. Trade improved and increased steadily, till in 1858 its position as the centre of railway operations in Guzerat brought a new influx of wealth and importance. The high prices which ruled during the American War again made Surat a wealthy city. The financial disasters of 1865-66 in Bombay somewhat affected all Western India, but Surat nevertheless preserved the greater part of its wealth. At the present day, though the fall of prices has reduced the value of property, the well-kept streets, public buildings, and large private expenditure stamp the city with an unmistakable air of steady order and prosperity.\n\n6 Commerce and Trade-guilds.-The sea commerce of Surat has de\n\nclined from a total estimated value of £1,043,222 in 1801, to £273,241 in 1874. The principal articles of export are agricultural produce and cotton. Since the opening of the railway, however, a great and growing land traffic has sprung up, which has done much to revive the prosperity of the city. The port of Surat is at Suwáli, 12 miles west of the city. The railway station of the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway is outside the city, surrounded by a rising suburb. The organisation of trade-guilds is highly developed in Surat. The chief of these guilds, composed of the leading bankers and merchants, is called the mahájan or banker-guild. Its funds, derived from fees on cotton and on bills . of exchange, are spent partly on the animal hospitals and partly on the temples of the Vallábhá Achárya sect. The title and office of Nagarseth, or chief merchant of the city, hereditary in a Sráwak or Jain family, has for long been little more than a name. Though including men of different castes and races, each class of craftsmen has its trade-guild or pancháyat, with a headman or referee in petty trade disputes. They have also a common purse, spending their funds partly in charity and partly in entertainments. A favourite device for raising money is for the men of the craft or trade to agree, on a certain day, to shut all their shops but one. The right to keep open this one shop is then put up to auction, and the amount bid is credited to the guild fund.\n\nChief Buildings.-The English church stands upon the river bank, between the castle and the custom-house, and has seats for about 100 persons. The Portuguese or Roman Catholic chapel occupies a site near the old Dutch factory. The Musalmáns have several large mosques, of which four are handsome buildings. The Nav Sayyid Sáhib's mosque stands on the bank of the Gopi Lake, an old dry tank, once reckoned among the finest works in Guzerat. Beside the mosque rise nine tombs, in honour of mine warriors, whose graves were miracu- lously discovered by a local Muhammadan saint. The Sayyid Idrus mosque, with a minaret which forms one of the most conspicuous buildings in Surat, was built in 1639 by a rich merchant, in honour of an ancestor of the present Shaikh Sayyid Husain Idrus, C.S.I. The Mirzá Sámi mosque and tomb, ornamented with carving and tracery, was built about 1540 by Khudáwand Khán. The Pársís have two chief fire-temples for their two subdivisions. The principal Hindu shrines perished in the fire of 1837, but have since been rebuilt by pious inhabitants. Gosávi Mahárájá's temple, built in 1695, was re- newed after the fire at a cost of £10,000. Two shrines of Hanumán, the monkey-god, are much respected by the people. The tombs of early European residents form some of the most interesting objects in . least one such institution for sick or worn-out animals. The clock- Surat. Two hospitals provide for the indigent poor; and there is at\n\ntower on the Delhi road, 80 feet in height, was erected in 1871 at the expense of Khán Bahádur Barjorji Merwánjí Frazer. The High School provides accommodation for 500 boys.\n\nMunicipality.—The municipal revenue in 1875 amounted to £20,435, and the expenditure to £23,171. The incidence of taxation was at the rate of 3s. 6d. per head of population. The municipality has opened a number of excellent roads, well lighted, paved, and watered. It has also constructed works for the protection of the city from floods, and for lessening the risk of fire. Systems of drainage, conservancy, and public markets have also been undertaken. No city in the Presidency, except Bombay, owes so much to its municipality as Surat. .", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 2385, 4009, 6414, 7955, 9590 ], "pdf_page": 538, "pdf_page_end": 542, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-538.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Surat", "formatted_address": "Surat, Gujarat, India", "latitude": 21.1702401, "longitude": 72.83106070000001, "place_id": "ChIJYxUdQVlO4DsRQrA4CSlYRf4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Surat&query_place_id=ChIJYxUdQVlO4DsRQrA4CSlYRf4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:11:11.723Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00896", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Surirpur.", "normalized_name": "surirpur", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Meerut (Mírath)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Meerut (Mírath) District, North-Western Pro- vinces" }, "location_description": "Village in Meerut (Mírath) District, North-Western Provinces; situated 28 miles west of Meerut city.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 1′ 45″ N.", "longitude": "77° 18′ E.", "raw_text": "situated in lat. 29° 1′ 45″ N., and long. 77° 18′ E., 28 miles west I' of Meerut city" }, "stats": { "population": 5216, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 4849 Hindus and 367 Muhammadans", "The Eastern Jumna Canal waters the surrounding lands" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Surirpur.-Village in Meerut (Mírath) District, North-Western Pro- vinces; situated in lat. 29° 1′ 45″ N., and long. 77° 18′ E., 28 miles west I' of Meerut city. Pop. (1872), 5216, consisting of 4849 Hindus and 367 lands. Muhammadans. The Eastern Jumna Canal waters the surrounding", "pdf_page": 543, "pdf_page_end": 543, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-543.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sarurpur", "formatted_address": "Sarurpur, Uttar Pradesh 250619, India", "latitude": 29.0301095, "longitude": 77.2333304, "place_id": "ChIJ1SOE8wNNDDkRQVbelz-GCwU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sarurpur&query_place_id=ChIJ1SOE8wNNDDkRQVbelz-GCwU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:04:47.131Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00901", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Surul.", "normalized_name": "surul", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "site of Commercial Residency" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bírbhúm", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bírbhúm District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Village in Bírbhúm District, Bengal; situated in the south of the District, about 5 miles north of the Ajai river. Noteworthy as the site of a large and important Commercial Residency.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated in the south of the District, about 5 miles north of the Ajai river" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Site of a large and important Commercial Residency, and the centre last century of the Company's trade in Bírbhúm", "During the latter years of the last century, from £45,000 to £65,000 was annually expended on mercantile investment at Surul", "The first Commercial Resident, Mr. Cheap, introduced indigo cultivation, improved sugar manufacture, and established a private firm", "When the Company gave up their commercial dealings, the Residency at Surul was abandoned, and the village allowed to fall into decay", "The ruins crown the top of a small hill visible for miles" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Surul.-Village in Bírbhúm District, Bengal; situated in the south of the District, about 5 miles north of the Ajai river. Noteworthy as the site of a large and important Commercial Residency, and the centre last century, from £45,000 to £65,000 was annually expended on of the Company's trade in Bírbhúm. During the latter years of the mercantile investment at Surul. The first Commercial Resident, Mr. Cheap, who exercised magisterial powers, has left behind him the name of 'Cheap, the Magnificent.' He introduced indigo cultivation into the District, improved the manufacture of sugar by means of apparatus brought from Europe, and established a private firm, which still flourishes. When the Company gave up their commercial dealings, the Residency at Surul was abandoned, and the village allowed to fall into decay. The ruins crown the top of a small hill visible for miles. Bengal; and\n\nSusang.Zamíndári or estate in Maimansinh District,\n\nalso the name of a pargand in the same District. Area, 451 square miles; land revenue, £2183. Court at Netrakoná. The zamindár has the title of Mahárájá; his palace, a large but dilapidated building, is situated at Durgapur. Pop. (1872), about 1000.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 893 ], "pdf_page": 543, "pdf_page_end": 544, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-543.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Surul", "formatted_address": "Surul, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 23.6653096, "longitude": 87.6556468, "place_id": "ChIJibXgco_c-TkRD3BlbIVYaUU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Surul&query_place_id=ChIJibXgco_c-TkRD3BlbIVYaUU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:05:09.680Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00902", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Súsúmau.", "normalized_name": "s-s-mau", "alternate_names": [ "Mubarakpur" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "market", "manufacturing" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Unao", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Town in Unao District, Oudh." }, "location_description": "Situated on a level tract of ground; appearance pretty; climate healthy; water sweet; soil loam.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 26.8667, "longitude": 80.3167, "raw_text": "Lat. 26° 52′ N., long. 80° 19′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 1479, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": 304, "other_facts": [ "1463 Hindus and 16 Muhammadans", "Market attended by about 700 persons", "Annual value of sales, £1000" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Súsúmau.-Town in Unao District, Oudh. Lat. 26° 52′ N., long. 80° 19′ E.; pop. (1869), 1479, namely, 1463 Hindus and 16 Muham- madans, residing in 304 mud-built houses. Formerly the residence of Sayyid Mubarak Alí, whose name it bore-Mubarakpur. It after- wards fell into decay; and on the expulsion of the Sayyids by Karan Deo, it was reclaimed by Kanchan Sinh of the Janwár clan in the time of the Emperor Akbar. Situated on a level tract of ground; appear- ance pretty; climate healthy; water sweet; soil loam. Scene of a battle between Karan Deo and the Sayyids. Market for the sale of English cloth, bullocks, and vegetables, attended by about 700 persons. Manufacture of shoes, earthenware, and jewellery. Annual value of sales, £1000.", "pdf_page": 544, "pdf_page_end": 544, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-544.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Mau", "formatted_address": "Mau, Uttar Pradesh 209868, India", "latitude": 26.8910266, "longitude": 80.219583, "place_id": "ChIJ653nWLCDnjkRTq_8Y7mNIuw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Mau&query_place_id=ChIJ653nWLCDnjkRTq_8Y7mNIuw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:05:20.185Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00903", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Susunia.", "normalized_name": "susunia", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Bánkurá", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Hill in Bánkurá District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Covered with heavy tree jungle, except on its south face, where it is quarried for building-stone.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated due west of Korá" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "runs due east and west for 2 miles", "height being 1442 feet above sea level", "quarried by the Bardwán Stone Company for building-stone" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Susunia.-Hill in Bánkurá District, Bengal; situated due west of Korá. It runs due east and west for 2 miles, its height being 1442 feet above sea level. Covered with heavy tree jungle, except on its south face, where it is quarried by the Bardwán Stone Company for building-stone.", "pdf_page": 544, "pdf_page_end": 544, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-544.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Susunia Hill", "formatted_address": "Susunia Hill, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 23.3951412, "longitude": 86.98743259999999, "place_id": "ChIJrW5yhisH9zkRWBobvYssMgU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Susunia+Hill&query_place_id=ChIJrW5yhisH9zkRWBobvYssMgU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:05:25.982Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00904", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sutalia.", "normalized_name": "sutalia", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "guaranteed Girasia chiefship" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Rájgarh", "agency": "Bhopál Agency", "region": "Central India Agency", "raw_context": "guaranteed Girasia chiefships under the political superintendence of the Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "chief, Sheodan Sinh, pays, under British guarantee, £340 to the chief of Rájgarh", "holds a lease of twelve villages" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sutalia. One of the guaranteed Girasia chiefships under the - political superintendence of the Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency. The chief, Sheodan Sinh, pays, under British guarantee, £340 to the chief of Rájgarh, within which State he holds a lease of twelve villages.", "pdf_page": 544, "pdf_page_end": 544, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-544.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Suthaliya", "formatted_address": "Suthaliya, Madhya Pradesh 465677, India", "latitude": 23.995637, "longitude": 77.13815579999999, "place_id": "ChIJuVte3jgLezkRufqDNFle0rU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Suthaliya&query_place_id=ChIJuVte3jgLezkRufqDNFle0rU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:05:31.990Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00907", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sutlej (Satlaj).", "normalized_name": "sutlej-satlaj", "alternate_names": [ "Satlaj" ], "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river", "Five Rivers of the Punjab" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "One of the 'Five Rivers' of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Rises among the Himalayas in Chinese territory; flows through Punjab, unites with the Indus near Mithánkot.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.1333, "longitude": 81.8833, "raw_text": "Rises among the Himalayas in Chinese territory, about lat. 30° 8' N., and long. 81° 53′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "total course of about 900 miles", "attains its greatest volume in June, July, and August", "railway bridge on the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Line crosses the Sutlej at Phillour", "another bridge carries across the Indus Valley State Railway near Bahawalpur", "Steamers can ascend the river during the floods as far as Firozpur" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sutlej (Satlaj).—One of the 'Five Rivers' of the Punjab, from which the Province derives its name. Rises among the Himalayas in Chinese territory, about lat. 30° 8' N., and long. 81° 53′ E. The interest of the .' Sutlej is to some extent absorbed in that of the INDUS, with which it eventually unites, and which is very fully treated in its alphabetical\n\nplace. The Sutlej, like the Indus, rises on the slopes of the sacred Kailas Mountain, the Elysium, or Siva's Paradise of ancient Sanskrit literature, with peaks estimated at 22,000 feet high. It is said to issue from the Mánasarowar (Mánasa-Sarovara) Lake, which plays so important a part in Sanskrit cosmogony. According to another account, it issues from another and larger lake called Rávana-hráda, or Rakas-tal, which lies close to Mánasarowar on the west. Mr. Tre- lawny Saunders states that it rises 'in the great lakes named Mána- sarowar and Rakas-tal.' The truth seems to be that these are twin lakes, united with each other; and the Sutlej issues from the Rakas-tal, although its effluence from the lake is intermittent. (Colonel H. Yule, adopting Captain H. Strachey's account in Jour. Geog. Soc., vol. xxiii., and in Jour. Beng. Soc.)\n\nThe Manasarowar had, according to the Hindu mythology, the honour of being also the source of the Ganges, which, of course, is a mere myth. The Sutlej rises near the source, not only of the Indus, but of the Brahmaputra ; and the Kailás Mountain is thus ascertained by modern investigations to have a real claim to the position which it holds in Sanskrit tradition as the Meeting-Place of Waters. The Brah- maputra, or rather the Tsan-pu, as it is known in Tibet, flows to the east, the Indus to the west, and the Sutlej to the south-west. Starting at an elevation of 15,200 feet high, the Sutlej first passes across the plain of Goge—a vast alluvial tract apparently formed from deposits which the river and its mountain-feeders have swept down from the Himálayas. It has scoured a passage across the plain in a channel said to be 4000 feet deep, between precipitous banks of alluvial soil. Near Shipki, the frontier Chinese outpost, the Sutlej turns sharp to the south, and commences its marvellous passage through the Himálayas. It pierces the southern chain of these great mountains through a gorge with heights of 20,000 feet on either side. At Shipki, its elevation is said to be 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. By the time the river has reached Rámpur, it has fallen to about 3000 feet, and at Bilaspur, to a little over 1000 feet.\n\nAfter entering British territory, the details of its course may be sketched as follows. For the first 200 miles, it runs through a wild and almost unpeopled mountain country. Receives the Li or river of Spiti near Dáblang. Thenceforth, the united stream takes a south-westerly direction, through Bashahr and the Simla Hill States, and on entering the British District of Hoshiarpur, takes a sudden southward bend round the spurs of the Siwálik Hills. Debouching upon the plains near Rupar, it divides Umballa (Ambála) District from Hoshiarpur, or the Jullundur (Jalandhar) Doáb from the Sirhind plateau. It next flows almost due west, between Jullundur on the north, and Umballa (Ambála), Ludhiána, and Firozpur on the south, till it receives the BEAS (Biás) at the south-western corner\n\nof Kapurthála State (lat. 31° 11' N., long. 75° 4' E.). The united river thenceforward preserves an almost uniform south-westerly direction till its junction with the Indus. Its south-eastern shore is bordered by the Districts of Firozpur and Sirsa, and the sterile Native State of Bahá- walpur; its north-western by the Bári Doáb, comprising parts of Lahore, Montgomery, and Múltán Districts. The whole of its course throughout the plains is fringed by a fertile lowland valley, confined at either side by high banks, which lead to the comparatively barren tablelands above; but the lower portion lies through a much less fruitful tract, partaking largely of the characteristics which mark the desert of Ráj- putána. Near Machiála, the Sutlej joins the TRIMAB, and the whole river then bears the name of the Panjnad; and finally falls into the Indus, after a total course of about 900 miles, near Mithánkot, at 258 feet above sea level. Like other rivers having their rise in the Himálayas, the Sutlej attains its greatest volume in June, July, and August. A railway bridge on the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Line crosses the Sutlej at Phillour, and another carries across the Indus Valley State Railway near Bahawalpur. Steamers can ascend the river during the floods as far as Firozpur. The Sutlej has been identified with the Zapádpos (various reading Zapadons) of Ptolemy; the Sydrus, or better reading Hesidrus, of Pliny.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1203, 2551 ], "pdf_page": 544, "pdf_page_end": 546, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-544.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sutlej River", "formatted_address": "Sutlej River, Punjab 140117", "latitude": 31.168258, "longitude": 76.5486736, "place_id": "ChIJpSkgOIROBTkRckZSxbUEZaU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sutlej+River&query_place_id=ChIJpSkgOIROBTkRckZSxbUEZaU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:11:18.495Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00911", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Syámnagar.", "normalized_name": "sy-mnagar", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "river-side village", "railway station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Twenty-four Parganás", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal" }, "location_description": "River-side village and railway station, 18 miles from Calcutta; ruins of an old fort nearby.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "station on the Eastern Bengal Railway, 18 miles from Calcutta", "ruins of an old fort, surrounded by a moat about 4 miles in circumference, built in the last century by a Rájá of Bardwán as a refuge from the Marhattás", "now belongs to the Tagore family, Calcutta, and is protected by thick date plantations" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Syámnagar.-River-side village in the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal, and a station on the Eastern Bengal Railway, 18 miles from Calcutta. A short distance east of the station are the ruins of an old fort, sur- rounded by a moat about 4 miles in circumference, built in the last century by a Rájá of Bardwán as a refuge from the Marhattás; it now belongs to the Tagore family, Calcutta, and is protected by thick date plantations.", "pdf_page": 547, "pdf_page_end": 547, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-547.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Shyamnagar", "formatted_address": "Shyamnagar, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 22.8315138, "longitude": 88.39774179999999, "place_id": "ChIJ0a8fYsCQ-DkRwUWXEMCj5dM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Shyamnagar&query_place_id=ChIJ0a8fYsCQ-DkRwUWXEMCj5dM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T21:44:00.085Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00913", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Sylhet (Srihatta).", "normalized_name": "sylhet-srihatta", "alternate_names": [ "Srihatta" ], "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "British District" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Chief Commissionership of Assam", "region": "Eastern Bengal", "raw_context": "A British District in the Chief Commissionership of Assam, lying between 25° 12' and 23° 58′ 42″ N. lat., and between 91° and 92° 37′ 40″ E. long." }, "location_description": "District in Assam, formerly part of Bengal, with headquarters at Sylhet Town on the Surmá river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between 25° 12' and 23° 58′ 42″ N. lat., and between 91° and 92° 37′ 40″ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 1719539, "population_year": 1872, "area": 5440.2, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "administrative headquarters at SYLHET TOWN, on the right bank of the Surmá river, in 24° 53′ 22″ N. lat., and 91° 54′ 40″ E. long.", "bounded north by the District of the Khási and Jaintia Hills; east by Cáchár; south by the State of Hill Tipperah and the Bengal District of Tipperah; west by the Bengal District of Maimansinh" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sylhet (Srihatta).-A British District in the Chief Commissionership\n\nJaintia Hills; east by Cáchár; south by the State of Hill Tipperah N. lat., and 91° 54′ 40″ E. long. Sylhet District is bounded north by the District of the Khási and\n\nand the Bengal District of Tipperah; west by the Bengal District of Maimansinh.\n\nHistory.—Sylhet, lying in a remote corner of Bengal, was one of the last conquests made by the Muhammadans. Even at the pre- sent day, many special features in the administration mark its character as a frontier District. Since September 1874, it has been annexed to the Chief Commissionership of Assam; but in the ethnological char- acter of its population, as well as in its history, it forms an integral portion of Eastern Bengal. In early times, this tract of country was divided among the following three petty States :-(1) Gor, (2) Laur, and (3) Jáintia. The local tradition of the arrival of Bráhmans from Bengal in the time of King Adisur would seem to indicate that the inhabitants of these three States were of aboriginal descent, and that Hinduism was introduced among them at a comparatively late period. The subsequent conversion of half the population to Islám points in the same direction. The Muhammadans first invaded the District towards the close of the 14th century, when the Afghán King Sháms- ud-din was ruling over Bengal with his capital at the city of GAUR. The invaders were led by a fákír or religious fanatic called Sháh Jalál, whose miraculous powers are said to have effected more than the swords of his followers in overthrowing the local Hindu dynasty then repre- sented by Gaur Gobind. The secular leader of the Musalmáns was Sikandar Ghází; but his reputation is quite eclipsed by that of Sháh Jalál, whose tomb in Sylhet town is still a frequented place of pil- grimage. The only portion of Sylhet conquered at this time was the territory of Gor, which was placed under the charge of a Nawáb. The chief of Laur retained his independence until the reign of the Emperor Akbar, when Bengal passed under the rule of the Mughals. The last Hindu Rájá of Laur, also called Gobind, was summoned by Akbar to Delhi, and there became a convert to the faith of Islám. He submitted to undertake the defence of the frontier, but did not pay tribute. His grandson removed his residence to Baniáchang in the first half of the 18th century. At about the same period a tribute of forty-eight large boats was imposed upon him by Alí Vardí Khán, the Nawab of Murshidabád; and subsequently three-fourths of his estates were assessed. The zamindári of Baniáchang has now passed out of the hands of his descendants.\n\nWhen the British obtained possession of the diwání of Bengal in 1765, Jáintia was still independent. Sylhet proper was governed by officers called amils, directly subordinate to the Nawab of Dacca. The system of administration was modelled after the necessities of a frontier District. The land assessment was light; and colonies of Muhammadan soldiery were posted along the border, who held their villages without payment of revenue on a sort of feudal tenure. During the early years\n\nof British administration, Sylhet was much neglected. The population was turbulent, means of communication were difficult, and all the arts tribes and insurrections of the Musalmán inhabitants demanded the of civilisation were very backward. Raids on the part of the border continual presence of a body of troops, whose existence is still con- tinued in the Regiment of Sylhet Light Infantry. The soil is extremely fertile, and in ordinary years yields abundant crops of rice. But in those early days the channels of trade were not open. A good harvest so depressed prices in the local markets that the cultivators were rendered unable to pay their revenue to Government. On the other hand, disastrous floods were of common occurrence, and in a few days changed plenty into the extremity of famine. A vivid picture of the condition of the country at the end of the 18th century is quoted from the Lives of the Lindsays, as an Appendix to my Statistical Account of Sylhet.\n\nThe territory of the Rájá of Jáintia was confiscated in 1835, in con- sequence of his complicity in the forcible seizure of certain British subjects, who were barbarously sacrificed at the shrine of Kálí. The Rájá, Indra Sinh, was granted a pension of £600 a year, and he resided peaceably in Sylhet until his death in 1861. The plains por- tion of his territory, extending from the foot of the hills to the Surmá river, was annexed to Sylhet District, while the remainder now consti- tutes the Jaintia Hills Subdivision of the Khasi Hills. Since that date, the District has undergone no historical changes, until it was annexed in 1874 to the Chief Commissionership of Assam. The only troubles of the administration have arisen from the confusion in which the land settlement is involved. The Permanent Settlement of 1793 was in name extended to Sylhet, and the annual revenue was fixed at 1,519,450 káháns of kauris, or approximately £32,415. But only about one-third of the total area of the District was then under cultivation, and the remaining two-thirds were expressly excluded from the Settlement. No actual survey, however, was made; and it was soon discovered that the landlords or mirásdárs in the cultivated tract claimed to exercise rights of property over the adjoining jungle. This claim has been persistently opposed by the Government, and has given rise to the historical dispute about the ilám lands, which began in 1802 and was finally terminated by a decision of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in 1869. The ilám lands represent the difference between the total area of the District and that portion assessed by the Permanent Settlement. Hitherto these lands have been settled for short periods and on easy terms with the occupants; but for the future it has been determined to assess them at full rates, and in perpetuity. The land settlement in the Jáinția plains is made with the cultivators themselves for a term of twenty years, and it is not proposed to disturb the old system in that portion of the District.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-Sylhet consists of the lower valley of the Surmá or Barák river—a rich alluvial tract about 70 miles wide, bounded north and south by high mountains, and opening westwards to the plain of Lower Bengal. The greater part of the District is a uniform level, only broken by clusters of sandy hillocks called tilds, and inter- sected by a network of rivers and drainage channels. During the rainy season-from June to October-the torrents that pour down from the surrounding hills convert the entire surface into a sea of water, amid which the raised village sites appear as islands, and the only means of communication is by boat. The banks of the rivers, as is the case in all alluvial tracts, are raised by the annual flood deposits to a higher level than that of the surrounding country. The low strip of land lying beneath is every year subject to a protracted inundation, and is usually left to weeds and grass. Farther back, as the surface gradually rises, the soil is under continuous rice cultivation. The village sites are embowered in groves of bamboos, palms, and other trees. The soil is for the most part a blue clay, which turns to black on the borders of the swamps or háors, as they are locally termed.\n\nIn the south of the District, eight low ranges of hills run out into the plain, being spurs of the Tipperah Mountains. The highest is about 1500 feet above sea level. There is also a small detached group, the Ita Hills, in the centre of the District. The tilás or sandy hillocks, which are scattered all over the valley, rise to a height of nearly 80 feet in the neighbourhood of Sylhet town. For the most part they are overgrown with grass jungle, but some have recently been cleared for the cultivation of tea. The river system of Sylhet is constituted by the BARAK or SURMA, with its many tributaries and offshoots. This river enters the District from Cáchár, and forthwith bifurcates into two branches. The main branch, or the Surmá, flows beneath the hills bordering the north of the District; the minor branch, or the Kusiára, runs in a south-westerly direction across the District; and the two again unite on the south-western boundary, to fall into the estuary of the Meghná under the name of the Dhaleswari. Both are navigable by large boats and support a busy traffic. The river steamers pass up the Surmá into Cáchár, and this river also brings down the limestone and other products of the Khasi Hills. Two short canals or artificial water-courses have been cut in recent years to facilitate navigation. There are now no embankments in the District to protect the fields against flood, those that formerly existed having been suffered to fall into decay about fifty years ago. It is argued that the land. benefits more from the silt deposited during inundations, than it used to do from any artificial interference with the natural lines of drainage.\n\nCoal has been discovered in Sylhet, but the coal-field has not\n\nof limestone, but the principal quarries lie within the jurisdiction of declared as 'Forest Reserves.' Other wild products are lac, beeswax, as Arabia and Turkey. The wild animals comprise elephants, tigers, the Khasi Hills. The most valuable timber is found in the south-east honey, and a perfume called agar attar prepared from the resinous yet sap of the pitákará tree (Aquilaria agalocha), which is exported as far of the District, where a tract covering 273 square miles has been been examined. The northern hills yield an inexhaustible supply been seen of late years. Wild elephants are captured in khedás or Commissariat Department. The rivers abound in fish, and the drying stockades, chiefly in the south-east of the District, for the Government had in the rivers issuing from the northern hills. of fish forms an important industry. Excellent mahsir fishing is to be þuffaloes, bison, and several varieties of deer. The rhinoceros has not\n\nPeople. In 1853, the total population of Sylhet District was esti- - mated at 1,393,050. The regular Census of 1872, the first enumeration that has any pretension to accuracy, disclosed a total of 1,719,539 persons, dwelling in 5589 villages and in 286,594 houses. The area was taken at 5283 square miles, showing an average density of 319 persons to the square mile. The average number of persons in each village is 308, and of persons in each house, 6. Classified according to sex, there are 880,330 males and 839,209 females; proportion of males, 51°2 per cent. Classified according to age, there are, under 12 years-353,624 boys and 286,443 females; total children, 540,067, or 37°3 per cent. of the population. The total number of persons afflicted with certain infirmities is 4911, or 0'2085 per cent. The returns show- ing the occupations of the people are not trustworthy, but it may be mentioned that the cultivators number 301,844, or 57 per cent. of the adult male population. The ethnical classification gives the following results :-Europeans, 43, and Eurasians, 8; non-Indian Asiatics, 5974; aboriginal tribes, 11,515; semi-Hinduized aborigines, 170,881; Hindus divided according to caste, 676,987; Muhammadans, 854,131. The frontier hill tribes are represented by 5715 Manipurís, 3108 Tipperahs, 2755 Khásiás, 2505 Kukis or Lusháis, and 1188 Hájangs. Among Hindus, the higher castes are fairly numerous, as also are the low castes found in the Gangetic delta; and generally speaking, as com- pared with the rest of Assam, there is a conspicuous absence of the castes predominant in the valley of the Brahmaputra or even in Northern Bengal. The two most numerous castes are the Kaibartta (134,523) and the Chandál (117,457). The boating and fishing castes in the aggregate number 54,001; the weaving castes, 86,097. The Bráhmans number 46,967; the Rájputs, only 2768; the Khatris or traders from the north-west, 7104; the Kayasths or clerks, 90,042; the Sunrís, who are a respected caste in Sylhet, 29,095. Divided according to\n\nreligion, the population is composed of Hindus (as loosely grouped . together for religious purposes), 859,234, or 50 per cent.; Muhammadans, 854,131, or 49'7 per cent.; Christians, 159; 'others,' 6015, or 0'3 per cent. The majority of the Hindus belong to the Vaishnav sect, though the Census Report only returns 7997 Vaishnavs. These are perhaps to be regarded as the professed adherents of the Kisárí-bhajan sect, identical with the Kartá-bhájás of Bengal. There are several frequented places of Hindu pilgrimages in the District, including two temples in the territory of Jaintia where human sacrifices used to be offered up to the beginning of the present century. The Bráhma Samáj, or theistic sect of Hindus, has three communities in the District, of which the one established at Sylhet town counts about fifty members. It is said that the Musalmáns, in point of social rank, take precedence over the Hindus, but the faith of Islám has now ceased to make converts. Many of the Muhammadans have recently joined the reforming sect of Faráizís, and there may be some Wahábí sympathizers among the well- to-do classes. Out of the total number of 159 Christians, 108 are native converts.\n\nUrban life is entirely undeveloped in Sylhet. Out of 5589 villages enumerated in the Census Report of 1872, as many as 4654 have each less than 500 inhabitants. The only place in the District with a popu- lation of more than 5000 is SYLHET TOWN, which is also the only municipality; pop. (1872), 16,846; municipal revenue (1876-77), including ferry tolls, £1769; rate of taxation proper, 1s. per head. Sylhet town conducts a large trade by water. The following twelve villages, mostly situated on the Surmá or Kusiára rivers, are also important trading marts:-(1) Chhaták, (2) Sonámganj, (3) Azmerſganj, (4) Báláganj, (5) Habiganj, (6) Nabiganj, (7) Bahádúrpur, (8) Karím- ganj, (9) Shamsherganj, (10) Gobindganj, (11) Mutíganj, (12) Doháliá.\n\nAgriculture. The one staple crop cultivated throughout the District is rice, which yields three harvests in the year-(1) áus, sown on low- lying lands in March and April, and reaped in July and August; (2) kátáriá, sown on marshy lands early in July, and reaped in October and November; (3) áman or sáil, sown on comparatively high lands in March and April, transplanted in the following months, and reaped in December and January. This last harvest furnishes by far the largest proportion of the food supply. The other crops include-mustard, lin- seed, and til or sesamum, grown as oil-seeds; chind, a variety of millet, cultivated chiefly in the west of the District as a substitute for rice; several kinds of pulses, jute, sugar-cane; and cotton, grown in patches amid the jungle by the hill tribes. Out of the total area of the District, 2,386,560 acres or 69 per cent. are returned as cultivated, and an additional 827,570 acres or 23 per cent. as capable of cultivation, leaving\n\n256,000 acres or 8 per cent. as uncultivable waste. About two-thirds of the total cultivated area are permanently under rice. The out-turn is estimated at from 11 to 17 cwts. of paddy or unhusked rice per acre. It is stated that the produce of the rice-fields has steadily diminished in recent years, owing to the damage caused by floods. Oxen are almost exclusively employed in agriculture, though a few buffaloes imported from Manipur are found in the south of the District. Manure, in the form of oil-cake and cow-dung, is applied only to sugar-cane lands; irrigation is rarely practised, and fields are never allowed to lie fallow for any length of time. The system of land tenure prevailing in Sylhet differs both from that in Bengal, and also from the mauzáwári of Assam. The greater part of the cultivated land is permanently settled, but the tenants of Government are not wealthy landholders like the zamíndárs of Bengal, but peasant proprietors locally known as mirásdárs. The strict Sale Law of Bengal has not been enforced against revenue defaulters, and consequently the subdivision of landed property, or rather of the rights in land, has been encouraged to an excessive degree. But on the whole, the cultivators of Sylhet, owing partly to the fertility of the soil, and partly to the moderation of the assessment, occupy a position of comparative comfort. Intermediate tenures between the mirásdár and the actual cultivator are very rare. Where land is rented out, the rent for rice land varies from 12s. to is. 4d. an acre.\n\nBoth blight and flood are more dreaded in Sylhet than drought. Within the memory of the present generation, the winter of 1869-70 has been the only occasion when the rainfall was so deficient as to affect the general harvest. Inundations take place every year over a considerable tract of country; and it is thought that the flood water does more good than harm, by depositing fresh silt on the exhausted fields. There is some local demand for embankments, but their con- struction is a matter of doubtful advantage. During 1866-67, the year of the Orissa famine, the price of rice rose to 10s. 8d. a cwt. The people mainly depend upon the áman harvest for their food supply; and if that were to fail, the two other rice harvests would be inadequate to supply the deficiency. In ordinary years, Sylhet is able to export large quantities of its surplus grain to Bengal, Cáchár, and the Khási\n\nHills. The Manipuri women settled in the District weave cotton cloths called Manipuri khesh, also handkerchiefs and mosquito curtains, of fine quality and tastefully embroidered with silk. The Manipuri men are the best small colony of Musalmáns, who inlay iron weapons with silver and carpenters in the country. At the village of Lashkarpur, there is a brass scroll-work. But the specialities of Sylhet, known throughout Trade, etc.-Sylhet is celebrated for several special manufactures. '\n\nIndia, are sítalpátí mats, ivory and shell carving, pukálá work or lac inlaid with feathers and talc, and pottery. All these industries are pursued with much skill and elegance, and the artisans command large prices for their wares. Local trade is conducted chiefly at permanent markets, situated on the banks of the large rivers. The external com- merce of Sylhet, both with Bengal and with the neighbouring Districts of Assam, is very considerable. The 'Bengal registration returns for 1876-77 show a total export from Sylhet valued at £597,500, against imports valued at £490,755. These figures unavoidably include some portion of the trade of the Districts that lie beyond, but at the same time they omit the rice, etc. of Sylhet exported to those Districts. The chief items on the export side are-tea, 2,856,480 lbs., valued at £285,648, evidently including much grown in Cáchár; lime and lime- stone, 1,053,759 maunds, valued at £79,032, almost entirely from the Khási Hills; rice and paddy, 647,900 maunds, valued at £86,270; vegetables, £36,932; oil-seeds, £22,730; fruits and nuts, £19,351; jute, £8093; mats, £3927. The imports include-European piece- goods, £144,726; salt, £112,800; sugar, £29,020; tobacco, £26,800; spices, £22,655. The tea and cotton goods are carried by the river steamers; all the heavy commodities go in country boats. Almost the only means of communication is by water. There are no regular roads outside the limits of Sylhet town. In 1875-76, the aggregate length of the navigable rivers was returned at 800 miles; and of the roads, and those all second class, at only 91 miles.\n\nTea Cultivation occupies a subordinate position in Sylhet, as compared with the neighbouring District of Cáchár. The tea-plant was first discovered growing wild in 1856, and the oldest garden now existing dates from the following year. Ever since the season of excessive speculation that reached its crisis in 1865, the business of tea cultiva- tion and manufacture in Sylhet has improved steadily and rapidly year by year. Statistics for 1875, as furnished by twenty-three gardens, show a total area of 26,612 acres taken up for tea, of which 4446 acres were covered by mature plant; the aggregate out-turn was 470,748 lbs., or an average of 111 lbs. per acre under mature plant. In the previous year, the average monthly number of labourers employed was 3109, of whom 462 had been imported under contract from Bengal.\n\nAdministration.-The fiscal and executive administration of the District is vested in a Deputy Commissioner, who must be a member of the covenanted service. The judicial department is entrusted to a Civil and Sessions Judge, whose jurisdiction extends also over Cáchár. For purposes of forest conservancy, Sylhet and Cáchár form one Division under a Deputy Conservator. For the ordinary work of administra- tion, Sylhet is divided into 4 Subdivisions, but these have not yet been supplied with offices. The District is further divided into 16\n\nthands or police circles, and into 186 parganás or fiscal divisions. In 1875-76, the number of magisterial and revenue courts was 7, and of civil courts 9; there were 5 covenanted civil servants stationed in the District, of whom some were engaged on settlement work.\n\nIn 1870-71, the total revenue of the District amounted to £88,120, against an expenditure of £38,406. The chief items on the revenue side were-land tax, £48,761; stamps, £16,263; excise, £8679. The regular District police force in 1872 consisted of a total strength of 579 officers and men, maintained at an aggregate cost of £10,573. These figures show I policeman to every 9'29 square miles or to every 2969 persons, maintained at a cost of £1, 19s. 3 d. per square mile and 1d. per head of population. In addition, there was a municipal force in Sylhet town, numbering 45 officers and men, and maintained at a cost of £342; and a body of chaukídárs or rural police, numbering 4156 men, supported by doles from the landholders, or by lands held rent free, at a total estimated cost of £9974. In 1872, a total number of 7689 criminal cases were investigated, and 5796 persons were put upon their trial, of whom 2793, or 48°19 per cent., were con- victed, being 1 person convicted of an offence of some kind or another to every 615 of the population. The jail statistics for that show year a daily average of 410'33 prisoners, including 6·35 females, being 1 person always in jail to every 4190 of the population. The total cost of the jail amounted to £2008, or an average of £4, 17s. 11d. per prisoner. The accounts of the manufacturing department disclose a net loss of £6, 148. 11ɖ\n\nSylhet. But the introduction of Sir G. Campbell's reforms in 1872, Until within recent years, education had not made much progress in by which the benefit of the grant-in-aid rules was extended to the páthsálás or village schools, has acted as a great stimulus to primary instruction. In the year 1870-71, there were only 15 schools in the District, attended by 879 pupils. By the close of 1874-75 these numbers had risen to 255 schools and 7025 pupils, showing I school to every 2109 square miles, and 4'05 pupils to every thousand of the population. The total expenditure in 1872-73 amounted to £1370, of which described as the most successful of its class in Assam. Government contributed £570. The principal educational institution in the District is the Government English School at Sylhet, which is In 1874-75, it was attended by 330 pupils, of whom 86 were Musalmáns. To promote Muhammadan education, this school receives an annual grant of £80 from the Mohsin endowment. The Sylhet municipality also supports, at its own cost, two Muhammadan maktabs. The Normal School, founded in 1873, was attended in the following year by 21 gurús, whose expenses are entirely defrayed by Government.\n\nMedical Aspects.-The climate of Sylhet is excessively damp and\n\ntrying to Europeans. The rainy season generally lasts from April to October, and the remaining months are regarded as constituting the cold weather. The rainfall is very heavy, and has the effect of temper- ing the heat. In 1870, the maximum temperature recorded was 96° F., the minimum 46°. During the five years ending 1876, the average annual rainfall was 159 26 inches. The earthquake of January 10, 1869, of which the centre of disturbance was at Cáchár, was severely felt in Sylhet. The church and other buildings in the town were considerably damaged; and in many parts of the District the surface of the ground was rent into fissures, and the channels of the larger rivers were sensibly altered.\n\nThe chief epidemic disease in Sylhet is malarious fever. Dysentery and diarrhœa are also prevalent, as well as many cutaneous disorders; outbreaks of both cholera and small-pox are common. In 1874, out of the total number of deaths reported to the police, nearly one- half were assigned to cholera. The general returns of vital statistics are absolutely untrustworthy. The registration system in selected areas during 1874 showed a death-rate of 35 per thousand in the urban area, which is coincident with the limits of Sylhet town; and 34'6 per thousand in the rural area. Throughout the District no regard is paid to the most ordinary rules of conservancy; and the sanitary condition even of Sylhet town is most deplorable. Drinking water is obtained from rivers and tanks, rarely from wells. There is but one charitable dispensary in the District, at Sylhet town. In 1874, it was attended by 331 in-door and 3814 out-door patients; the total expenditure was £117, towards which Government contributed £48.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 69, 318, 2647, 4106, 6145, 7378, 9041, 10055, 12098, 13289, 14033, 16559, 17451, 19558, 20379, 21191, 22578, 23774, 24543 ], "pdf_page": 547, "pdf_page_end": 556, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-547.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Sylhet (Srihatta).", "latitude": 24.5898654, "longitude": 91.0544046, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sylhet+Division,+Bangladesh/@24.5898654,91.0544046,219946m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x375054d3d270329f:0x866f1ac20b3574a9!8m2!3d24.7049811!4d91.6760691!16zL20vMDJydnho?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:11:48.663Z" } }, { "id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881-agentic-entry-00914", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Sylhet.", "normalized_name": "sylhet", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town", "municipality" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": "Sylhet", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Chief town of the District of the same name, Assam" }, "location_description": "Situated on the right or north bank of the Surmá river, Assam; chief town of Sylhet District.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.889444, "longitude": 91.911111, "raw_text": "lat. 24° 53′ 22″ N., and long. 91° 54′ 40″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 16846, "population_year": 1872, "area": "13.18 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "municipal revenue (1876-77), £1769, including £1056 from ferry tolls", "rate of taxation proper, 1s. per head", "houses of the European residents are scattered along the river bank for a distance of about 2 miles", "handsome church", "native quarter lies behind, overgrown with vegetation, and intersected by open sewers", "river water is commonly used for drinking purposes", "in 1874, the total number of deaths registered was 590, of which 144 were assigned to fevers and 119 to cholera", "average death-rate, 35 per thousand", "Muhammadans number 8089, or nearly half the total population", "mosque of Sháh Jalál attracts pilgrims from great distances", "small colony of native Christians, converted by a Protestant Mission established in 1850", "no missionary is now resident" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Sylhet.-Chief town of the District of the same name, Assam; situated on the right or north bank of the Surmá river, in lat. 24° 53′ 22″ N., and long. 91° 54′ 40″ E. Pop. (1872), 16,846; municipal revenue (1876-77), £1769, including £1056 from ferry tolls; rate of taxation proper, 1s. per head. The area included within municipal limits is 13'18 square miles. The houses of the European residents are scattered along the river bank for a distance of about 2 miles. Besides the usual public offices, there is a handsome church. The native quarter lies behind, overgrown with vegetation, and inter- sected by open sewers. The river water is commonly used for drinking purposes. In 1874, the total number of deaths registered was 590, of which 144 were assigned to fevers and 119 to cholera; average death- rate, 35 per thousand. The Muhammadans number 8089, or nearly half the total population. The mosque of Sháh Jalál, a fakir whose miraculous powers contributed greatly to the Musalmán conquest of the country, attracts pilgrims from great distances. There is a small colony of native Christians, converted by a Protestant Mission established in 1850. No missionary is now resident. Sylhet town is", "pdf_page": 556, "pdf_page_end": 556, "source_page_image": "data/source-pages/imperial-gazetteer-vol-8-1881/page-556.png", "source_id": "imperial-gazetteer-india-vol-8-1881", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 8", "dataset_id": "vol-8-1881", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Sylhet", "formatted_address": "Sylhet, Bangladesh", "latitude": 24.9047808, "longitude": 91.86000790000001, "place_id": "ChIJnzJw0tNUUDcRgnP2MTT5jvU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Sylhet&query_place_id=ChIJnzJw0tNUUDcRgnP2MTT5jvU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-01T17:11:53.894Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00018", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jalpáigurí", "normalized_name": "jalp-igur", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "district" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Rájsháhí Kuch Behar Division", "raw_context": "The north-eastern District of the Rájsháhí Kuch Behar Division, under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal." }, "location_description": "District in north-eastern Bengal, south of Bhután and north of Kuch Behar and Rangpur District.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "It lies between 26° 0′ 35″ and 26° 59′ 30″ N. lat., and between 88° 22′ 40″ and 89° 55′ 20″ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 418665, "population_year": 1878, "area": 2905.64, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The area was returned in 1875 at 2905-64 square miles.", "The population, according to two separate enumerations, numbers 418,048 persons.", "The Parliamentary Blue-Book of 1878 gives the population at 418,665.", "The administrative headquarters are at JALPAIGURI town, which is also a military station." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jalpáigurí.—The north-eastern District of the Rájsháhí Kuch Behar Division, under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. It lies between 26° 0′ 35″ and 26° 59′ 30″ N. lat., and between 88° 22′ 40″ and 89° 55′ 20″ E. long., occupying an irregularly shaped tract south of Bhután and north of the State of Kuch Behar and Rangpur District. The area was returned in 1875 at 2905-64 square miles; and the population, accord- ing to two separate enumerations, numbers 418,048 persons. The Parliamentary Blue-Book of 1878 gives the population at 418,665. The administrative headquarters are at JALPAIGURI town, which is also a military station.\n\nPhysical Aspects.—From a geographical point of view, as well as for administrative purposes, the District divides into two distinct parts- the Regulation tract, lying towards the south-west, which originally formed portion of the settled District of Rangpur; and the strip of country, about 22 miles in width, running along the foot of the Himalayas, which was annexed from Bhután in 1865, and is known as the WESTERN DWARS. The former of these tracts resembles in all respects the neighbouring Districts. The continuous expanse of level paddy fields is only broken by the groves of bamboos, palms, and\n\nfruit-trees, which encircle the homesteads of the jotdárs, or substantial tenant-farmers. The Western Dwárs are, for the most part, overgrown with grassy jungle, the secure home of large game. The country in this tract is everywhere traversed by hill torrents, which, on the higher slopes, lose themselves beneath the sandy soil. There are a few valu- able sál forests, now reserved by Government. Cultivation is confined to the neighbourhood of the thinly scattered villages. During the last few years, tea-planting has been introduced, with every promise of success. In 1876-77, the number of plantations was 13, covering an area of 818 acres, and yielding 29,520 lbs. of tea.\n\nIn the neighbourhood of the military outpost of Baxá, the frontier with Bhután is formed by the Sinchulá mountain range, some peaks of which attain an elevation of 6000 feet. It is thickly wooded from base to summit. The principal rivers, proceeding from west to east, are the MAHANANDA, KARATOYA, TISTA, JALDHAKA, DUDUYA, MUJNAI, TORSHA, KALJANI, RAIDHAK, and SANKOS. Of these, the Tístá is the most considerable, forming a valuable means of water communication. The rivers all flow down from the hills in a southerly direction, and are navigable for the greater part of their course through the plains. They are constantly changing their main channels, and the country is everywhere seamed by deserted river - beds. The Government forest reserves in the Western Dwárs cover a total area of 342°54 square miles. There is also a valuable forest in the Regulation part of the District, the private property of the Ráikat of Baikunthpur. The. only mineral is lime, which is largely quarried in the form of calcareous tufa along the lower Bhután Hills.\n\nHistory.The District of Jalpaiguri first came into existence in the year 1869, when the Titályá Subdivision of Rangpur was incorporated with the Western Dwars, and erected into an independent revenue unit. The criminal jurisdiction alone had been assigned to the Deputy Com- missioner of the Western Dwárs two years before; the civil jurisdiction was not finally transferred till 1870.\n\nThe permanently settled portion of Jalpáigurí has no history of its own, apart from the parent District of Rangpur. Its boundaries are perplexingly intermingled with those of the Native State of Kuch Behar, from which it was conquered by the Muhammadans in com- paratively recent times. At the present day, by far the wealthiest land- owners are the Rájá of Kuch Behar himself, and the Ráikat of Baikunthpur, who is descended from a younger branch of the Kuch Behar family. This tract is administered in accordance with the ordinary Regulations and Acts in force throughout Bengal.\n\nThe Western Dwárs became British territory as the result of the war with Bhután in 1864-65. That war had been provoked by the gross insults offered to a British ambassador by the Bhutiá Government in\n\n1863. As no apologies were offered, it was resolved forthwith to effect by force of arms the permanent annexation of the Dwárs; by which step a command would be gained over the hill passes, and a race closely allied with the people of Bengal would be delivered from Bhutiá anarchy. Accordingly, in December 1864, four strong military columns made a simultaneous advance, and occupied the Dwárs and the hill posts above, after slight opposition. But in the beginning of 1865, the Bhutiás recovered heart. They threatened in force the whole line of British outposts, and drove away the garrison at Díwángirí with the loss of two mountain guns. The abandoned post was speedily recovered; and before the close of the year, the Bhutiás consented to accept the terms of peace which had been offered to them before the outbreak of hostilities, and, in addition, to surrender the two guns they had captured. By this treaty the Dwárs were ceded in perpetuity to the British Government; and an annual allowance of £2500 was granted to Bhután, which sum may be increased to £5000, or withdrawn altogether at the option of the British. Since that date our relations with Bhután have been entirely peaceful, and the frontier raids, which were previously of common occurrence, have altogether ceased.\n\nThe newly acquired territory was immediately formed into the two Districts of the Eastern and Western Dwárs, of which the former has been since incorporated with the Assam District of Goálpárá. In 1867, the Dálingkot Subdivision of the Western Dwárs, which lies high up among the mountains, was annexed to Dárjíling; and the remainder, as already mentioned, was formed into the new District of Jalpáigurí, with the addition of a portion taken from the unwieldy jurisdiction of Rangpur. The Dwárs are still administered in a provisional manner, being reckoned as a non-regulation tract. The entire soil is held khás, or under direct Government management, temporary settlements being made with the actual cultivators; and a large portion has been reserved by the Forest Department. Great tenderness has been shown in all dealings with the nomad aboriginal population. A careful record was made of all rights and interests in the land at the time of the settlement in 1870, when an enumeration of the people and houses was also con- ducted. The regular Census of 1872 was confined to the permanently settled portion of the District. Cultivation is now rapidly extending through the Dwárs, wherever practicable; and the introduction of the tea-plant will open out a new source of prosperity. It is believed that the population has about doubled during the ten years that have elapsed since British annexation. From motives of precaution, a regiment of Native infantry is stationed in permanent cantonments at the hill pass of Baxá; and a smaller force is also posted at Jalpaiguri town.\n\nPeople.The Parliamentary Abstract of 1878 gives the population at 418,665, but the following calculations are based on the Census\n\nof 1872, which was only taken in the permanently settled part of Jalpáigurí, which originally formed part of Rangpur; and, even there it was found impossible to effect a simultaneous enumeration. The inhabitants of the Dwárs had been previously counted at the time of the settlement operations in 1870. These two enumerations yielded an aggregate population of 418,048 persons, inhabiting 70,246 houses; average density of the population per square mile, 144; average number of inmates per house, 5·8. The average density in the Dwárs is only 48 per square mile, against 320 in the Regulation tract. The returns from the Dwárs were not drawn up in the form adopted for Bengal generally; the following details, therefore, only apply to the remaining part, which has a total population of 327,985, or more than three-fourths of the whole. Classified according to sex, there are 169,288 males and 158,697 females; proportion of males, 516 per cent. Classified according to age, there are, under 12 years - 66,779 males and 53,881 females; total, 65,420, or 36.8 per cent. of the total population. The occupation returns are not trustworthy; but it may be mentioned that the total number of male adults. connected with agriculture is returned at 83,022, as against 50,562 male adult non-agriculturists. The ethnical division of the people shows 25 Europeans; 7 Eurasians; 8 Chinese and 144 Nepálís; - 553 aborigines; 148,043 semi-Hinduized aborigines; 32,155 Hindus subdivided according to caste; 2070 persons of Hindu origin not recognising caste; 144,980 Muhammadans. The great bulk of the population belongs to the semi-Hinduized aboriginal tribe, known as Koch or Rájbansí, which numbers 137,135 in the permanently settled tract, and is ascertained to form as much as two-thirds of the total inhabitants in the Western Dwárs. To these figures there ought to be added a large proportion of those returned in the Census Report as Musalmáns, who are known historically to be of Koch descent. The headquarters of this race are in the adjoining State of Kuch Behar ; but Kochs, Rájbansís, or Palís are thickly scattered through all Northern Bengal, from Assam to the frontier of Purniah. Among aboriginal tribes, the immigrant Uráons number 453, the Mechs only 40; but this latter race is strongly represented in the Dwárs, where they constitute about one-ninth of the population. They are identical with the Assam tribe of Cacharis, and probably connected with the Kochs. Their mode of agriculture is that known as júm, which consists in burning down a fresh patch of jungle land every year on these clearings, rice, cotton, and mustard are grown together, the caly agricultural implement used being the dáo or hill knife. Of the Hindus proper, the most numerous caste is that of Tántís or weavers, numbering 4034; Bráhmans number 1275; Rájputs, 523; and Káyasths, 587. Classi- fied according to religion, the population is composed of-Hindus,\n\n182,375, or 556 per cent.; Musalmáns, 144,980, or 44'2 per cent. ; 'others,' 586, or 2 per cent. The native Christians are returned at only 4 persons; the Vaishnavs at 1877. The Bráhma Samáj is repre- sented by about 20 members, who meet regularly at Jalpaiguri town.\n\nThe population is of a purely rural character. There is no town with as many as 5000 inhabitants, and even trading villages are few. The only places worth mention are JALPAIGURI town on the Tístá river, which is distinguished from other villages merely by the civil offices and military cantonments; the prosperous mart of Baurá, also on the Tístá; the military outpost of BAXA, half-way up the Sinchulá moun- tains; and the wide-spread ruins of the city of Prithu Rájá, one of the fabled monarchs of the early kingdom of Kámrúp. Small forts, temples, and tanks, built by Hindus or Muhamınadans, abound in the south-western corner of the District, which formed, two centuries ago, the extreme limit of the Mughal empire.\n\nAgriculture.--Rice constitutes the staple crop in all parts of the District. Of the total food supply, the áman or haimantik rice, sown on low-lying lands and reaped in winter, forms from 60 to 75 per cent. ; the remainder is made up by the dus or bhadaí rice, sown on high lands and reaped in September, and by wheat and barley. Mustard seed is extensively grown throughout the District; cotton is the export staple of the Dwárs, jute and tobacco of the Regulation tract. Manure, in the form of cow-dung, is used by all cultivators for special crops, the quantity being determined by the number of cattle that they own. Irrigation is com- *monly practised in the Western Dwárs. Aman rice land is never suffered to lie fallow, but the other crops are known to grow better after the soil has enjoyed an occasional rest. There is still some spare land uncultivated in the Regulation tract; and in the Western Dwárs it has been estimated that about three-fourths of the land now waste is capable of cultivation. The average produce of paddy or unhusked rice from an acre of land is about 22 cwts., worth from £2 to £3. In the Dwárs, the rent of rice land varies from 15. to 6s. per acre; in the remainder of the District, from 2s. to 7s. 6d. Jute land lets at somewhat higher rates. The land in the Western Dwárs is managed as the immediate property of Govern- ment; in the Regulation tract, the zamindárs are the proprietors, sub- ject only to the payment of a fixed revenue. But the subordinate tenures in either case are much the same. First comes the jotdár, who usually possesses a permanent interest in his farm, and has under-tenants. called chukánidárs or mulándárs. The actual cultivator is the prájá, who has no rights in the soil, but is allowed to retain a share of the produce. It has been the object of the recent settlement in the Western Dwárs to fix the relative positions of these several parties.\n\nThe rate of wages in Jalpaiguri are somewhat arbitrary, as the majority of the day-labourers are immigrants from Chutiá Nágpur or Behar.\n\nIn 1871, coolics received from 4 d. to 6d. a day; skilled workmen could earn from £1 to £2 a month. These rates are considerably higher than used to be paid before the Bhután war of 1864. The prices of food grains appear to have about doubled within the past ten years. In 1860, common rice fetched from 1s. 4d. to 1s. 8d. per cwt. ; by 1870, the price had risen to from 2s. 8d. to 4s. 1d.\n\nNeither of the calamities of flood or drought are known in the Dis- trict, and a general destruction of the crops from such a cause has never occurred. Scarcity elsewhere only affects Jalpáigurí by stimulat- ing the exportation of grain, and thus raising the market prices. In the improbable event of a local scarcity, the inhabitants of the Dwárs could fall back upon the wild produce of the jungle; while those in the settled tract have now been saved from the danger of isolation by the opening of the Northern Bengal State Railway. If the price of rice were to rise in January, after the harvesting of the áman crop, to more than ros. rod. per cwt., that should be regarded as a sign of approach- ing distress.\n\nManufactures, etc.-No special industries have been developed in Jalpaiguri. Among the lower classes, and especially with the aboriginal tribes, the scanty garments are woven by members of the household, who also build their own dwellings and make their own agricultural implements. Of late years trade has been stimulated by the demand for agricultural produce from the south, and by the institution of fairs on the Bhután frontier. The chief exports are jute, tobacco, timber, and a little rice. The imports are piece-goods, salt, and betel-nuts. The tobacco trade is concentrated at the busy mart of Baurá, on the Tístá, whence the produce is despatched down the river to the em- poriums of Sirájganj and Goálandá. Baurá can be reached by large boats of from 30 to 40 tons burthen all the year round. Jalpáigurí town, higher up the same river, is only accessible by such vessels during the rains. The Karátoyá is the second river in commercial importance; the chief mart on its banks is Debíganj, whence large quantities of timber are floated down into Dinajpur and Pábná. The timber-cutting is effected by the Mechs, who are very skuful at hollowing trees into canoes. The system of river registration at Sirajganj unfortunately fails to record the entire traffic of Jalpaiguri District, especially in the case of the imports, which are reconsigned from Sirájganj, after having once passed the registration station. The returns for the year 1876-77 show a total export valued at £176,044, against mports valued at only £42,118. The principal exports from the District were 158,000 maunds of tobacco, 67,900 maunds of jute, 764,611 gunny bags, valued at £16,821, and 12,819 maunds of Indian-made twist and yarn. The imports comprise 35,200 maunds of salt, valued at £17,600, and £11,190 of European piece-goods. The river traffic is almost entirely\n\nconfined to Baurá, which alone exported 136,600 maunds of tobacco, and 50,000 maunds of jute, and received in exchange 27,400 maunds of salt, and £10,800 of piece-goods.\n\nThe new Northern Bengal State Railway is intended to have its terminus at Jalpaiguri town, which will thus be brought into direct communication with Calcutta. The District is well supplied with roads, some of which are maintained by the Public Works Department, while the majority are under local management. This advantage it owes to its being on the high way both to Dárjíling and Bhután, and also to its commanding the emigration route between Behar and the Assam valley. There are no artificial canals.\n\nAdministration.--In 1870-71, the net revenue of Jalpaiguri District amounted to £32,994, towards which the land tax contributed £23,983, or 72 per cent.; the net expenditure was £16,135, or just one-half the revenue. The land revenue derived from the permanently settled tract amounts to £22,598. The settlement in the Western Dwárs is made for a period of ten years with the jotdárs or farmers, except in the case of the Mechs, who pay a capitation tax. For police purposes, the District is divided into 7 thánás or police circles, with 4 additional outposts in the Dwárs. In 1872, the regular police force numbered 269 men of all ranks, maintained at a total cost of £6180. In addition, there was a rural police or village watch of 893 men. The total machinery, therefore, for the protection of person and property, consisted of 1162 officers and men, giving I man to every 2'50 square miles of the area or to every 360 persons in the population. The estimated total cost was £8501, averaging £2, 18s. 6d. per square mile and 4 d. per head of population. In that year, the total number of persons in Jalpaiguri District convicted of any offence, great or small, was 484, being 1 person to every 864 of the population. By far the greater proportion of the convictions were for petty offences. There is one jail in the District, at Jalpaiguri town, which has recently been condemned on account of its excessive unhealthiness. The labouring convicts have been transferred to neighbouring Districts, and the short-term prisoners moved out into camp. In 1872, the average daily number of prisoners was 61, of whom one was a female; the labouring convicts averaged 47. These figures show 1 prisoner to every 3599 of the population. The total cost amounted to £696, or £11, 8s. 6d. per prisoner; the jail manufactures yielded a net profit of £17, 8s. 1od. The death-rate was as high as 426 per thousand, the number of deaths in the jail hospital being 26, of which 20 were due to an outbreak of cholera.\n\nEducation encounters great difficulties in Jalpáigurí, partly owing to the circumstance that the people are not gathered into villages, but live each family in its own sequestered homestead. In 1870, the earliest\n\nyear for which statistics are available, the number of schools open was 64, attended by 1372 pupils; the total expenditure was £855, towards which Government contributed £463. The statistics for 1871, and also for 1872, show decline rather than improvement; but by 1875 the schools had increased to 153, and the pupils to 3263, showing I school to every 189 square miles, and 8 pupils to every thousand of the population.\n\nThe District is divided into 2 administrative Subdivisions, with 7 police circles; and the Western Dwárs are again parcelled out into 11 minor divisions or parganás. In 1876, there were 4 civil judges and 9 stipendiary magistrates. There is no municipality in the District.\n\nMedical Aspects.-The climate in the vicinity of Jalpaiguri town does not materially differ from that common to Northern Bengal, except that the rainfall is heavier, and during the cold months fogs and mists are of daily occurrence. The prevailing wind is from the cast. The average annual rainfall is over 100 inches; the average temperature is about 76° F. The climate of the Western Dwárs is markedly different, especially on the lower slopes of the Bhután Hills. The hot weather here disappears altogether, and the rains last continuously from April to October. The average annual rainfall at Baxá is returned at 280 inches, the temperature at 74°.\n\nThe principal diseases are malarious fevers, especially severe in the tarái; splenitis, enlargement of the liver, diarrhoea, and dysentery. Goitre is very common in the hilly portion of the Dwárs; and the native troops stationed at Baxá regularly suffer from scurvy, which is said to be induced by the impossibility of obtaining fresh vegetables during the prolonged rainy season. Of recent years, some very fatal outbreaks of cholera have occurred. The vital statistics for selected areas show a death-rate during 1875 of 43'14 per thousand in the rural area, and 30.56 in the urban area. There were in 1872 three charitable dispen- saries in the District--all in the Regulation tract-at which 222 in- door and 7110 out-door patients were treated during the year; the total income was £604, towards which Government contributed £402.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 634, 1918, 2969, 3356, 3939, 5428, 7013, 10354, 11076, 12990, 13519, 14235, 16258, 16766, 18766, 19403, 19678, 20331 ], "pdf_page": 26, "pdf_page_end": 33, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-026.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jalpaiguri", "formatted_address": "Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 26.5214579, "longitude": 88.7195567, "place_id": "ChIJe9xERVp55DkRQJxMpf7xRP0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jalpaiguri&query_place_id=ChIJe9xERVp55DkRQJxMpf7xRP0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:05:54.215Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00027", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jámbusar", "normalized_name": "j-mbusar", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Broach", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Broach District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Chief town of the Subdivision of the same name in Broach District, Bombay, formerly a trade center, now connected by road and rail.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 22.058333, "longitude": 72.858333, "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 3′ 30″ N., and long. 72° 51′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 14924, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Municipal revenue (1874), £767", "Rate of taxation, 1s. per head of municipal population", "In former times, enjoyed considerable trade", "18 miles from Pálej station on the railroad between Bombay and Baroda", "Roads connect Jámbusar with Pálej and Broach (27 miles)", "3 ginning factories employed in 1874", "Tanning, leather manufacture, calico printing, ivory, armlets, and toys manufactured", "Subordinate judge's court, post office, and dispensary" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jámbusar.-Chief town of the Subdivision of the same name in Broach District, Bombay. Lat. 22° 3′ 30″ N., and long. 72° 51′ 30″ E. ; pop. (1872), 14,924; municipal revenue (1874), £767; rate of taxation, 18. per head of municipal population. In former times, when Tankáriá, 10 miles south-west of Jámbusar, was a port of but little\n\nless consequence than Broach, Jámbusar itself enjoyed considerable trade. Of late years, since the opening of the railway (1861), the traffic by sea at Tankáriá has much fallen off. On the other hand, Jámbusar is only 18 miles distant from the Pálej station, on the railroad between Bombay and Baroda; and as roads have recently been made connecting Jámbusar both with Pálej and Broach (27 miles), a traffic by land has to some extent taken the place of the old sea-borne trade. In preparing cotton for export, 3 ginning factories were employed in 1874. Tanning, the manufacture of leather, and calico printing are carried on to a small extent, and there are also manufactures of ivory, armlets, and toys. Jámbusar has a subordinate judge's court, post office, and dispensary.\n\nJames and Mary Sands. (The old explanation of this name, derived from the Bengali words jal-mári, \"The Deadly Water,' has been exploded by Dr. Birdwood's discovery in the India Office MSS. of the wreck of a ship called The James and Mary on this shoal, circ. 1700 A.D.)-Shifting and dangerous alluvial deposits formed in the channel of the Húglí, by the meeting of the backwater of the Rúp- náráyan with the discharge of the Dámodar, both of which last-named rivers enter the Húglí at sharp angles from the west, nearly opposite Falta. Lat. 22° 13′ to 22° 17' N., and long. 88° 5′ 45″ to 88° 7′ 30″ E.— See HUGLI River.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1110 ], "pdf_page": 36, "pdf_page_end": 37, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-036.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Jámbusar", "latitude": 22.0532579, "longitude": 72.8013252, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jambusar,+Gujarat+392150,+India/@22.0528068,72.792485,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x395f9f4796418351:0x39c4d5856ee896af!8m2!3d22.0532579!4d72.8013252!16zL20vMGY1MGtu?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:06:25.607Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00044", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jamrúd", "normalized_name": "jamr-d", "feature_type": "fort", "feature_labels": [ "ruined fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Peshawar District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Ruined fort in Peshawar District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "at the mouth of the Kháibar (Khyber) Pass", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "34° N", "longitude": "71° 24' E", "raw_text": "situated in lat. 34° N., and long. 71° 24' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "at the mouth of the Kháibar (Khyber) Pass", "It was occupied by Hari Sinh, Ranjit Sinh's commander, in 1836; but in April 1837, Dost Muhammad sent a body of Afgháns to attack it. A battle ensued, in which the Sikhs gained a doubtful victory, with the loss of their general, Hari Sinh.", "Elevation above sea level, 1670 feet.", "During the military operations of 1878-79, Jamrúd has become a place of considerable importance, as the frontier outpost on British territory towards Afghánistán." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jamrúd. Ruined fort in Peshawar District, Punjab; situated in lat. 34° N., and long. 71° 24' E., at the mouth of the Kháibar (Khyber) Pass. It was occupied by Hari Sinh, Ranjit Sinh's commander, in 1836; but in April 1837, Dost Muhammad sent a body of Afgháns to attack it. A battle ensued, in which the Sikhs gained a doubtful victory, with the loss of their general, Hari Sinh. Elevation above sea level, 1670 feet. During the military operations of 1878-79, Jamrúd has become a place of considerable importance, as the frontier outpost on British territory towards Afghánistán.", "pdf_page": 40, "pdf_page_end": 40, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-040.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jamrud Fort", "formatted_address": "293H+98H, Jamrud, Pakistan", "latitude": 34.0034291, "longitude": 71.3783551, "place_id": "ChIJsb1lPiYO2TgRxwE30N-rogA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jamrud+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJsb1lPiYO2TgRxwE30N-rogA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:06:34.271Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00054", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jandiála", "normalized_name": "jandi-la", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jalandhar (Jullundur)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Agricultural centre, of purely local importance.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 31.158333, "longitude": 75.658333, "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 9′ 30″ N., long. 75° 39′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6439, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "2539 Hindus, 932 Muhammadans, and 2968 Síkhs" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jandiála.—Town in Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab. Lat. 31° 9′ 30″ N., long. 75° 39′ 30″ E.; pop. (1868), 6439, consisting of 2539 Hindus, 932 Muhammadans, and 2968 Síkhs. Agricultural centre, of purely local importance.", "pdf_page": 43, "pdf_page_end": 43, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-043.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jandiala Manjki", "formatted_address": "Jandiala Manjki, Punjab 144033, India", "latitude": 31.1617158, "longitude": 75.61498929999999, "place_id": "ChIJLfvrKzZnGjkRJNXFu5FLUwM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jandiala+Manjki&query_place_id=ChIJLfvrKzZnGjkRJNXFu5FLUwM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-11T21:04:11.988Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00060", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jarwál", "normalized_name": "jarw-l", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Bahráich", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Bahráich District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "On the road from Bahramghát to Bahráich, 5½ miles from the former and 29 from the latter town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "27° 10' 9\" N.", "longitude": "81° 35′ 33″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 27° 10' 9\" N., long. 81° 35′ 33″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 3328, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": 900, "other_facts": [ "1928 Muhammadans, 1400 Hindus", "Bi-weekly market for the sale of grain, cloth, and brass vessels", "Manufactures—fireworks, dyes, saltpetre, scents, and felts, the latter being a speciality of Bahráich District", "Two Hindu temples, 4 mosques, resting-house (sarái), Government school" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jarwál.—Town in Bahráich District, Oudh; on the road from Bahramghát to Bahráich, 5½ miles from the former and 29 from the latter town. Lat. 27° 10' 9\" N., long. 81° 35′ 33″ E. A Muhammadan town, captured from the Bhars in 1340 A.D., by a Sayyid chief, whose descendants still reside in the village. Their influence has of late much decreased, and a considerable portion of their ancestral estates has passed into the possession of Rájput neighbours. Pop. (1869), 1928 Muhammadans, 1400 Hindus-total, 3328, residing in 900 houses. Bi-weekly market for the sale of grain, cloth, and brass vessels. Manu- factures—fireworks, dyes, saltpetre, scents, and felts, the latter being a speciality of Bahráich District. Two Hindu temples, 4 mosques, resting-house (sarái), Government school.", "pdf_page": 46, "pdf_page_end": 46, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-046.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jarwal", "formatted_address": "Jarwal, Uttar Pradesh 271904, India", "latitude": 27.1634436, "longitude": 81.53907280000001, "place_id": "ChIJXcWc1aKdmTkRKz0OuSXhkBs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jarwal&query_place_id=ChIJXcWc1aKdmTkRKz0OuSXhkBs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:06:57.315Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00098", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jerruck (or Jhirak)", "normalized_name": "jerruck-or-jhirak", "alternate_names": [ "Jhirak" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Karáchi (Kurrachee)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Sind", "raw_context": "Municipal town in the Jerruck Deputy Collectorate, Karáchi (Kurrachee) District, Sind." }, "location_description": "Jerruck stands on an eminence commanding the Indus from both military and commercial points of view; headquarters of the local subordinate revenue and police establishments.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 3′ 6″ N", "longitude": "68° 17′ 44″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 25′ 3′ 6″ N., long. 68° 17′ 44″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 1666, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 1137 Muhammadans and 529 Hindus", "The annual municipal revenue ranges from £110 to £190" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jerruck (or Jhirak).--Municipal town in the Jerruck Deputy Collec- torate, Karáchi (Kurrachee) District, Sind. Lat. 25′ 3′ 6″ N., long. 687 17′ 44″ E.; pop. (1872), 1666, consisting of 1137 Muhammadans and 529 Hindus. The annual municipal revenue ranges from £110 to £190. The trade, since the opening of the Sind Railway diverted traffic from this part of the Indus, has fallen off greatly. Formerly there existed an active traffic with the mountain tribes, who brought sheep to exchange for grain, especially rice. The only local manufacture of marked excel- lence is that of camel saddles. Jerruck stands on an eminence commanding the Indus from both military and commercial points of view; a position so advantageous that Sir Charles Napier regretted not having selected it for the European barracks instead of Haidarábád (Hyderabad). The Deputy Collector resides here, and it is therefore the headquarters of the local subordinate revenue and police establish- ments. It has a market.", "pdf_page": 64, "pdf_page_end": 64, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-064.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Jerruck (or Jhirak)", "latitude": 25.0546299, "longitude": 68.2519486, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jhirk,+Pakistan/@25.0619913,68.2362193,13.53z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x394c5c0e31928843:0x19b19fd57cf9826c!8m2!3d25.0546299!4d68.2519486!16s%2Fm%2F03c55p4?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:07:42.092Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00103", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jetpur Bhílka", "normalized_name": "jetpur-bh-lka", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Káthiáwár", "raw_context": "Native State in Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 142 villages, with 18 independent tribute-payers", "Estimated revenue in 1876, £80,000", "tribute of £5026 to the British Government, £516 to the Gáekwár of Baroda, and £411 to the Nawáb of Junagarh" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jetpur Bhílka.-Native State in Káthiáwár, Bombay, consisting of 142 villages, with 18 independent tribute-payers. Estimated revenue in 1876, £80,000; tribute of £5026 to the British Government, £516 to the Gáekwár of Baroda, and £411 to the Nawáb of Junagarh.\n\nJetpur. Fortified town in the peninsula of Káthiáwár, Bombay. Lat. 21° 45′ 30″ N., long. 70° 48′ 30″ E.; 40 miles south-west of Rájkot, and 63 miles north-east of Porbandar. Pop. (1872), 9599.", "pdf_page": 73, "pdf_page_end": 73, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-073.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jetpur", "formatted_address": "Jetpur, Gujarat, India", "latitude": 21.7546665, "longitude": 70.6179777, "place_id": "ChIJT7j3rGkXWDkRdXifhCdqT9E", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jetpur&query_place_id=ChIJT7j3rGkXWDkRdXifhCdqT9E", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:34:31.826Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00107", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Jeysulmere", "normalized_name": "jeysulmere", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Rájputána", "raw_context": "Native State and town in Rájputána" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Jeysulmere.—Native State and town in Rájputána.—See JAISALMIR. Jhábua (Jabuah).-The principal guaranteed Chiefship in the Bhil Agency, under the Central Indian Agency and the Government of India. Estimated area, 1500 square miles, of which only a small proportion is inhabited or cultivated. The State lies between lat. 22\" 32' and 23° 18' N., and long. 74° 17′ and 75° 6'′ E. Jhábua is said to derive its name from having been about two centuries and a half ago the residence of Jhábú Náik, a celebrated Bhíl freebooter, who infested these hills and built a small fort. The present chief is a lineal descendant of a younger branch of the ancient Ráhtor chiefs of Jodhpur. One of his ancestors, Kishan Dás, did good service to the Emperor of Delhi, Alá-ud-dín, in restoring his authority in Bengal, and punishing the Bhil chiefs of Jhábua, who had murdered the family of a governor of Guzerat. The whole of the possessions of the conquered Bhil chiefs were granted to him as a reward, with high titles and royal insignia. Thus things continued until the invasion of the Marhattás, when Holkar seized some of the finest Districts, and so crippled the State that in 1817 its revenue had become almost nominal. It is remarkable, however, that Holkar left to its rulers the right to collect in these Districts the fourth part of the revenues which the Marhattás exacted from the country that they conquered. There are about twenty families of rank in this State, who pay £1500 a year in tribute to Holkar, and £2500 to their own chief. In lieu of the tribute of £3500, which Holkar claimed from this State, lands were assigned to him, through the mediation of the British Government.\n\nThe Jhábua possessions, formerly of considerable extent and value, are now comprised within very narrow limits. What remains to the State may be described as a mountainous and woody tract. It consists chiefly of extensive ranges of hills, seldom abrupt or rising to any great height, and covered for the most part with thick jungle of small but valuable timber-trees, chiefly teak and blackwood. These ranges, as a rule, run nearly north and south, at distances from each other varying from 1 to 5 or 6 miles. The intermediate valleys are watered by numerous small rivulets, tributaries of the Narbadá (Nerbudda), the Mahi, and the Anas. The latter especially, taking its rise in the south, and running through the centre of the State, with its several branches and feeders, contributes greatly to the fertility of Jhábua. The cultivator in these valleys is able to raise a second or 'dry' crop, an advantage unknown in many of the southern and eastern parts of the State. The soil is for the most part good, and repays with little culture the toils of the cultivator. The hills abound with minerals, especially iron and copper ores; but these, for want of skill or industry, are comparatively valueless.\n\nThe population in 1875 was estimated to number 55,000, chiefly Bhils of the agricultural class, a hardy, industrious, but wild race. The products of the State are more than sufficient for the needs of the inhabitants. The surplus, chiefly gram and, in the southern and plain Districts, wheat, is exchanged for the numerous articles of necessity or luxury which the neighbouring Province of Guzerat affords. The principal rain crops are Indian corn, rice, kúra, múg, urad, badli, and samli. The 'dry' or second crops are gram and wheat. Small quantities of cotton and poppy are raised, but only in two or three places, and not sufficient for home consumption. In the Pitlawád and other Districts in the plains, sugar-cane is grown to a con- siderable extent. The gardens produce ginger, garlic, onions, and most of the vegetables common to the rest of Málwá. In the greater part of this State, as in most hilly and Bhíl Districts, the soil not admitting of regular cultivation, but merely of patches in the more fertile parts,--instead of admeasurement or regular allot- ments of ground, the system has been adopted of taxing the cultivator according to the number of pairs of bullocks used by him in agriculture. The whole of the revenue duties and village government are in the hands of the hereditary Bhí Pátels or head-men. In- cluding the Districts held by Holkar in lieu of tribute, which yield about £3500, the gross revenues of Jhábua were estimated in 1875 at about £22,500. The State pays £147 towards the cost of the Málwá Bhí corps. The Rájá of Jhábua, Gopal Sinh, is a Rahtor Rájput. He receives a salute of 11 guns, and maintains a military force of 50 horse and 200 foot. The chief town, Jhábua, is situated in lat. 22° 45' N., long. 74° 38′ E.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1681 ], "pdf_page": 74, "pdf_page_end": 75, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-074.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jaisalmer Fort", "formatted_address": "Dhibba Para, Manak Chowk, Amar Sagar Pol, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 345001, India", "latitude": 26.9124555, "longitude": 70.9126093, "place_id": "ChIJ7XFhiCK9RzkRcxk-ksQHpdQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jaisalmer+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJ7XFhiCK9RzkRcxk-ksQHpdQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:34:37.389Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00111", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jhaláwár", "normalized_name": "jhal-w-r", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Jhaláwár", "agency": "Rájputána Agency", "region": "Rájputána", "raw_context": "Native State in Rájputána, under the political superintendence of the Rájputána Agency and the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Native State in Rájputána, consisting mainly of two detached tracts, the larger containing the capital Jhalra Patan, the lesser with chief town Sháhábád.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "This portion of the State lies between lat. 24° 48' to 23° 48′ N., and long. 75° 55' to 77' E. ... The lesser detached area ... lics between lat. 25° 5' to 25\" 25' N., and long. 77° 25' to 76° 55′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 226000, "population_year": 1875, "area": 2500, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The State mainly consists of two detached tracts", "The larger one contains the capital, JHALRA PATAN", "The lesser detached area ... chief town in this tract is Sháhábád" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhaláwár.—Native State in Rájputána, under the political superin- tendence of the Rájputána Agency and the Government of India. The State mainly consists of two detached tracts. The larger one is bounded on the north by the State of Kotah; on the east by Sindhia's territory and a detached District of the Tonk State; on the south by the petty State of Rájgarh, outlying portions of the Marhattá States of Sindhia and Holkar, a detached District of the Dewas State, and the State of Jáora (Jaura); and on the west by detached Districts belonging to Sindhia and Holkar. This portion of the State lies between lat. 24° 48' to 23° 48′ N., and long. 75° 55' to 77' E., and contains the capital, JHALRA PATAN. The lesser detached area is bounded on the north, east, and south by the Gwalior State, and on the west by Kotah. It lics between lat. 25° 5' to 25\" 25' N., and long. 77° 25' to 76° 55′ E. The chief town in this tract is Sháhábád. The area of the whole State is 2500 square miles. Estimated pop. 226,000 (1875).\n\nPhysical Aspects.-The main portion of Jhaláwár is situated on a raised plateau, gradually rising from 1000 feet in the north to 1500 feet above sea level in the south. The northern, castern, and part of the southern portions are very hilly, and intersected by numerous streams. The hills are for the most part covered with timber and grass, and frequently enclose lakes, which have been formed by damming up the outlets of natural basins. The rest of this tract is a rich undulating plain, dotted with evergreen trees. Sháhábád is, on the west, an elevated tableland, very hilly and covered with thick jungle. Speak- ing generally, the soil is rich, consisting in great part of the dark clayey mould, which produces valuable crops, such as opium, etc. Locally the soils are divided into 3 classes--(1) káli, a rich black loam; (2) dhámni, of a lighter colour, but equally fertile; (3) lálpili, a yellowish red soil, by far the poorest of the three. It is estimated that about one-quarter of the cultivable area consists of káli, one-half of dhamni, and one-quarter of lálpili soil. At places the presence of rock and kankar close to the surface interferes with the productiveness of the káli and dhámni soils.\n\nOf the many streams running through the territory, the following are the most important:-The Parwan enters the State at the south-east extremity, and winds its way for 5° miles up to the point where it enters Kotah; half-way, it is joined by the Newáj, another good-sized stream. For 16 miles of its length, the Parwan forms the boundary line between Jhaláwár and Kotah State. There are two ferries on this river; one at Manohar Tháná, the other at Chachurni. A ferry at Churilia crosses the Newáj.—The Káli Sind flows for a distance of some 30 miles through the State. Its bed is rocky, the banks precipitous, and in parts lined with trees. There is a ferry at Bhonrása.-—The Aú river, flowing from the south western corner, traverses the State for a length of 60 miles, dividing Jhaláwár from Holkar's territory and the Tonk Districts in the south, and Kotah in the north. It joins the Káli Sind at the point where that stream enters Kotah. The bed of this river is less rocky than the Káli Sind, its banks are precipitous, and in parts where the foliage reaches the water's edge, it is picturesque. Ferries cross it at Suket and Bhilwári.- The Chhota Káli Sind, with a ferry at Gangrar, flows only for a short distan,e through the south-western portion of the State.\n\nThe following extract from a brief memorandum by the Superinten- dent of the Survey, shows the geological formation of the country:- \"Two of the main rock series of India are well exposed. Jhalra Pátan, the capital, stands on Vindhyán strata, at the northern edge of the great spread of basaltic rocks known as the Deccan trap formation, this northern area of it being also often mentioned as the Málwá trap. These Vindhyáns belong to the upper division in the Geological Survey\n\nclassification of this great Indian rock system. The beds about Jhalra Pátan are considered to belong to the Rewah or middle group of them, and consist of sandstones and shales, with a band of limestone. Over the greater part of this Vindhyán area the strata are quite undisturbed, and their habit is to weather into scarped plateaux or ridges, having one face steep and the other sloping. These are capped by the sandstone, the low ground being eroded out of the shales. There are many varieties of basaltic rocks, hard with columnar and ball structure or amorphous, also vesicular and amygdaloidal in every degree, and soft crumbling ash-like beds, both earthy and vesicular. The age of the Vindhyán formation is quite unknown, beyond the fact that it must be at least as old as the paleozoic. The trap is certainly either upper cretaceous or lower tertiary.' Iron, and red and yellow clays used for dyeing cloth are found in the Sháhábád District.\n\nHistory. The ruling family of Jhaláwár belongs to the Jhalá clan of Rájputs. Their ancestors were petty chiefs of Halwad in the District of Jhaláwár, in Káthiáwár. About 1709 A.D., one Bhao Sinh, a younger son of the head of the clan, set out from home with his son and a small troop of followers, to try his fortune at Delhi. At Kotah, Bhao Sinh left his son Madhu Sinh with the Mahárájá of Kotah, and went on himself to Delhi, where all trace of him ends. Madhu Sinh rose into great favour with the Kotah chief, who married his eldest son to Madhu Sinh's sister, and gave him a grant of the estate of Nandla, with the post of Faujdár, which included not only the command of the troops, but that of the castle, the residence of the sovereign. This procured him the respectful title of Mámá, or maternal uncle, from the younger members of the prince's family, a title which habit has per- petuated with his successors. Madhu Sinh was succeeded in the office of Faujdár by his son Madan Sinh, and it then became hereditary in the family. Himmat Sinh followed Madan Sinh, and was in his turn succeeded by his nephew Zalím Sinh, who was at the time only eighteen years of age. Three years later, Zalím Sinh was the means of securing victory for the troops of Kotah over the army of Jaipur, but he afterwards fell into disfavour with the Rájá in consequence of some rivalry in love. Being dismissed from his office, he migrated to Udaipur (Oodeypore), where he did good service. But when the Kotah Rájá was on his deathbed, he sent for Zalim Sinh, and committed his son Ahmad Sinh and the country to his charge. From this time, Zalím Sinh was the real ruler of Kotah. He raised it to a wonderful state of prosperity; and under his administration, which lasted over forty-five years, the Kotah territory was respected by all parties-Muhammadan, Marhattá, and Rájput (see KOTAH). In 1838, it was resolved, with the consent of the chief of Kotah, to dismember the State, and to create the new principality of Jhaláwár as a separate provision for the descendants of\n\nZalím Sinh. The Districts then severed from Kotah were considered to represent a revenue of 12 lakhs of rupees (£120,000), or one-third of the income of the State. The new State also became responsible for one-third of the debts of Kotah; and by treaty acknowledged the supremacy of the British Government, agreed to supply troops accord- ing to available means, and to pay an annual tribute of £8000. Madan Sinh received the title of Mahárájá Ráná, was granted a salute of 15 guns, and placed on the same footing as the other chiefs in Rájputána. He was succeeded by Pirthi Sinh, who, during the Mutiny of 1857-58, did good service by conveying to places of safety several Europeans who had taken refuge in his State. He was succeeded in 1876 by his adopted son, Bakht Sinh, then in his eleventh year. On accession, in accordance with family custom, which enjoins that only the four names of Zalín Sinh, Madhu Sinh, Madan Sinh, and Prithi Sinh are to be assumed by the rulers of this house, he took the name of Zalim Sinh. During his minority he is studying at the Mayo College in Ajmere, and the State is administered by a council under the super- intendence of a British officer. A military force is maintained of 20 field and 75 other guns, 150 artillerymen, 425 cavalry, and 4400 infantry.\n\nAgriculture. In Jhaláwár all the ordinary Indian grains are culti- vated. In the southern Districts opium is extensively grown for the Bombay market. Throughout the rest of the State, wheat and opium are the chief crops, except in Sháhábád, where the staple is bájra (Holcus spicatus). Irrigation is principally carried on by means of wells, water generally lying near the surface. Near Jhalra Pátan, however, is a large artificial lake, from which water is drawn by a channel 2 miles long. In 1876, it was estimated that about 507,418 acres, or barely two-fifths of the total area of the State, were cultivated. Of the untilled portion, more than one-third is cultivable; the re- mainder consists of hilly and waste land.\n\nRevenue. The total land revenue in 1876 was returned at £174,719, of which sum £132,194 reached the Treasury, the balance being alienated in jágirs or feudal holdings, or in religious grants. The theory that the State is lord of the soil is well carried out in Jhaláwár. The cultivators are, as a rule, nominally occupancy tenants, but the caprice of various managers seems to have made them in reality tenants-at-will of the officials. The jágírdars furnish horses and men for the police service of the State, and present themselves at head- quarters on festivals.\n\nThe police organization is very complicated. It numbers about 100 horse and 2000 foot, who are distributed over the country. A central jail exists, in which the prisoners are employed in road-making and the manufacture of paper, rugs, and clothes. Education is at present very backward in the State. In the Districts, the village priest teaches the\n\nyoung people (chiefly the sons of Bráhmans and Banias) the method of keeping accounts and the rudiments of reading and writing Hindí. In the city of Jhalra Pátan, and in the Chhaoni or cantonment, there are schools in which Hindi, Urdu, and English are taught, but the results as yet have not been very successful.\n\nPopulation.—The population was estimated in 1875 at 226,000 per- sons, but the statistics on this head are far from trustworthy. The majority are Hindus; Jains are few in number, but influential. There are a considerable number of Muhammadans, most of whom are Turkia Bohras of the Shiá persuasion from Guzerat. Among the Hindus, most of the Rájputs belong to the Jhalá family. Of the other classes of Hindus, the Mahájans or Baniás are well represented.\n\nMeans of Communication. The only metalled roads in the State are in the cantonment; one leads thence to Jhalra Pátan, 4 miles distant. A metalled way is in course of construction from the boundary of Kotah State to the Chhaoni, a length of 18 miles. It will meet a road that is being made in Kotah, and thus establish good communications between the two places. All other roads are simply cart tracks, which in the rains become useless for wheeled traffic. The principal of these lead towards the high road between Agra and Bombay, towards Agra and Indore, to the south-west towards Ujjain, to the west in the direction of Nimach (Neemuch). Along the south-east and south routes traffic is carried on with Bombay through Indore, opium being exported, and English cloths imported; grain from Bhopál is also imported by these routes. By the north-west route grain from Hadoti, and a small quantity of cloth from Agra, is imported. The chief towns in the State are Jhalra Pátan and the Chhaoni, Sháhábád, and Kailwára.\n\nClimate. The climate resembles that of Central India, and is generally healthy. The hot weather is less severe than in Northern Rájputána, the thermometer during the day in the shade ranging from 85\" to 88° F. The temperature during the rains is cool and pleasant, and in the cold weather frosts occasionally occur. No trustworthy register of the rainfall has been kept; but judging from the record kept at Agar (a station in Sindhia's territory, about 60 miles south of Jhalra Pátan), the annual rainfall is probably between 30 and 40 inches.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1018, 2229, 3500, 4932, 8287, 9011, 9578, 10244, 10700, 11717 ], "pdf_page": 76, "pdf_page_end": 80, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-076.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jhalawar", "formatted_address": "Jhalawar, Rajasthan 326001, India", "latitude": 24.593906, "longitude": 76.1642846, "place_id": "ChIJB6_PU94-ZTkRHkK6i_A6JjE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jhalawar&query_place_id=ChIJB6_PU94-ZTkRHkK6i_A6JjE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:34:44.790Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00113", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jhalotar - Ajgáin", "normalized_name": "jhalotar-ajg-in", "feature_type": "parganá", "feature_labels": [ "parganá" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Unao District", "tehsil": "Mohán tahsil", "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Parganá of Mohán tahsil, Unao District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Situated between Mohán Aurás on the north, and Harha on the south.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 62159, "population_year": 1869, "area": 98, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "55 are cultivated", "Government land revenue demand, £9228", "average incidence, 2s. 11 d. per acre", "prevailing tenure is imperfect pattidári, 46,650 out of the total of 62,657 acres being thus held; of the balance, 12,096 acres are zamin- dári, and 3910 tálukdárí", "58,542 Hindus and 3617 Muhammadans", "32,685 males and 29,474 females", "Number of villages, 103", "average density of population, 634 per square mile", "Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway intersects the parganá, with a station at Kusumbhi", "Five market villages" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhalotar - Ajgáin.-Parganá of Mohán tahsil, Unao District, Oudh; situated between Mohán Aurás on the north, and Harha on the south. Originally constituted a parganá in the reign of Akbar.\n\nArea, 98 square miles, of which 55 are cultivated; Government land revenue demand, £9228; average incidence, 2s. 11 d. per acre. The prevailing tenure is imperfect pattidári, 46,650 out of the total of 62,657 acres being thus held; of the balance, 12,096 acres are zamin- dári, and 3910 tálukdárí. Pop. (1869), 58,542 Hindus and 3617 Muhammadans-total, 62,159, viz. 32,685 males and 29,474 females. Number of villages, 103; average density of population, 634 per square mile. The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway intersects the parganá, with a station at Kusumbhi. Five market villages.", "pdf_page": 80, "pdf_page_end": 81, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-080.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jhalotar", "formatted_address": "Jhalotar, Uttar Pradesh 209831, India", "latitude": 26.6855824, "longitude": 80.6313041, "place_id": "ChIJf0YkQq0anDkRakwZRYBqFl8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jhalotar&query_place_id=ChIJf0YkQq0anDkRakwZRYBqFl8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:34:56.556Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00114", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jhalra Pátan", "normalized_name": "jhalra-p-tan", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "capital" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "State of JHALAWAR", "agency": null, "region": "Rájputána", "raw_context": "Town in Rájputána, the capital of the State of JHALAWAR" }, "location_description": "Situated at the foot of a low range of hills running from south-east to north-west, with a lake and dam, near the Chandrabágh river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.533333, "longitude": 76.2, "raw_text": "lat. 24° 32′ N., and long. 76° 12′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated at the foot of a low range of hills running from south-east to north-west", "drainage collected into a good-sized lake by a large and very solid masonry dam, about two-thirds of a mile long", "city protected by a good masonry wall with circular bastions and a ditch capable of being supplied by the lake", "old town was situated a little to the south of the present site, along the bank of the Chandrabágh", "present city was founded in 1796 by Zalim Sinh", "Chhaoni, a permanent cantonment about 4 miles from the city", "Mahárájá Ráná's palace and all the various courts and public offices are at Chhaoni", "Chhaoni is about 2½ miles from the strong fort of Gagron", "mint and other State establishments are at Jhalra Pátan", "headquarters of the Jhalra Pátan parganá" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhalra Pátan. --Town in Rájputána, the capital of the State of JHALAWAR; in lat. 24° 32′ N., and long. 76° 12′ E. Situated at the foot of a low range of hills running from south-east to north-west, the drainage being collected into a good-sized lake by a large and very solid masonry dam, about two-thirds of a mile long, on which stand sundry temples and buildings, as well as the old palace. The town lies behind this dam, the general level of the ground being the same height as the water of the lake in the cold weather. Between the city walls and the foot of the hills stretch a number of gardens, watered by a small canal brought from the lake. Except on the lake side, the city is protected by a good masonry wall with circular bastions and a ditch capable of being supplied by the lake. The ditch, however, ceases in the centre of the eastern face. From the west, running south of the city at a distance of 400 or 500 yards, flows the Chandrabágh river, which then bends to the north-east, and, passing through the hills, join the Káli Sind after a course of about 4 miles through open country. The old town of Jhalra Pátan was situated a little to the south of the present site, along the bank of the Chandrabágh. There is considerable diversity of opinion as to the derivation of the name. According to Tod, Jhalra Pátan means the City of Bells,' as the old 6 town, being a place of some sanctity, contained 108 temples with numerous bells. Others connect the name of the town with the Jhalá clan. Thornton considers the most plausible etymology to be jhalra, ' a spring of water,' and patan, a 'town.' The present city was founded in 1796 by Zalim Sinh, who also established the Chhaoni, a permanent cantonment about 4 miles from the city, with which it is connected by a metalled road. Here are situated the Mahárájá Ráná's palace and all the various courts and public offices. The Chhaoni is situated on a rising stretch of rocky ground, about 2½ miles from the strong fort of Gagron. Its present great want is a proper water supply for drinking and bathing purposes. The population s considered to be larger than that of the town proper. The chief inkers live at Jhalra Pátan. The mint and other State establishments are there also. It is the headquarters of the Jhalra Pátan parganá, while the cantonment may be considered as the headquarters of the Jhaláwár Darbár.\n\nJhalu. Agricultural town in Bijnáur (Bijnor) District, North- --- Western Provinces. Pop. (1872), 5979. Situated in lat. 29° 20′ 10″ N., and long. 78° 15′ 30″ E., on the Dhampur road, 6 miles east of Bijnor.", "pdf_page": 81, "pdf_page_end": 82, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-081.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jhalrapatan", "formatted_address": "Jhalrapatan, Rajasthan 326023, India", "latitude": 24.5367194, "longitude": 76.1743455, "place_id": "ChIJIxPvDqo-ZTkRDVQa2gPWric", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jhalrapatan&query_place_id=ChIJIxPvDqo-ZTkRDVQa2gPWric", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:35:03.066Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00118", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jhang", "normalized_name": "jhang", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "district" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "A British District in the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Lying between 30° 35' and 32° 4' N. lat., and between 71° 39′ and 73° 38′ E. long., in the Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between 30° 35' and 32° 4' N. lat., and between 71° 39′ and 73° 38′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 348027, "population_year": 1868, "area": 5712, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "forms the northern District of the Múltán (Mooltan) Division", "bounded on the north by Shahpur and Gujranwála; on the west by Derá Ismail Khán; and on the south-east by Montgomery", "administrative headquarters are at MAGHIANA, a suburb of the town of JIANG" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhang.--A British District in the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab, lying between 30° 35' and 32° 4' N. lat., and between 71° 39′ and 73° 38′ E. long., with an area of 5712 square miles, and a population in 1868 of 3.48,027 persons. Jhang forms the northern District of the Múltán (Mooltan) Division. It is bounded on the north by Shahpur and Gujranwála; on the west by Derá Ismail Khán; and on the south-east by Montgomery. The administrative headquarters are at MAGHIANA, a suburb of the town of JIANG.\n\nPhysical Aspects. The District of Jhang comprises an irregular triangle, artificially constituted for administrative purposes from portions of three separate tracts. Its eastern half embraces a large part of the high dorsal ridge in the Rechna Doáb; thence it stretches across the Chenab into the wedge of land between that stream and the Jhelum (Jhilam), whose waters unite a few miles below the town of Jhang; while westward again the boundary runs beyond the joint river, far into the heart of the Sind Ságar (Saugor) Doáb. The Rávi also bounds the District for a few miles along its southern edge. So artificial a tract can hardly be said to possess any common natural features of its own. Starting from the eastern border, we come first upon the bár or wild upland plain of the Rechna Doáb, broken here and there by sandy depressions, and inhabited only by pastoral nomads, who dwell in moveable hamlets of thatched huts. In the south, however, along the bank of the Rávi, and to the west, along the Chenáb, before and after its junction with the Jhelum, strips of comparatively fertile lowland support a dense population. Some 7 miles east of the Chenáb, the country once more rises, and abruptly changes from a wooded cultivable plain to the lifeless wilderness characteristic of the higher lands between the river valleys of the Punjab. Strips of cultivation\n\nalong the convergent streams enclose this sterile wedge, which runs like an intrusive spur of Shahpur District down the centre of the Jech Doáb. Beyond the Jhelum, another singularly fertile belt fringes the river, extending a few miles inland, till it reaches the bank of the Sind Ságar bár, rising like a wall above the rich alluvial lowland. Only 28 per cent. of the whole area is included within regularly defined villages; the remainder consists of wild and elevated plateaux, almost destitute of vegetation, or covered with coarse clumps of grass. An ancient water-course, now dry, crosses the north-eastern angle, and bears the name of the Nannánwa Canal. Fish are caught at Lalhera, in the extreme south, to supply the market of Múltán. Ravine-deer, wild pig, and hares occur in the less frequented parts of the lowlands; while water-fowl are plentiful during the season. Herds of wild horses are said to roam over the outskirts of the desert uplands. The sajji plant, which yields soda, grows abundantly in the high ground between the Chenab and the Jhelum.\n\nHistory. The District of Jhang possesses unusual historical interest, from the presence within its borders of the ruins which crown the small rocky eminence of Sánglawála Tiba. This site has been identified by General Cunningham with the Sákala of the Bráhmans, the Ságal of Buddhism, and the Sangala of Alexander's historians. The hill occupies a position on the Gujránwála border, surrounded on two sides by a large swamp, formerly a lake of considerable depth. In the Mahábhárata, Sákala appears as the capital of the Mádras, whose memory still survives in the name of Mádra-des, which the surrounding country retains at the present day. Pleasant paths through the Pilu forest then led up to the lake and hill where the Aryan colonists had placed their stronghold. In Buddhist legend, Ságal once more occurs as the metropolis of King Kusa, against whom seven kings made war, to carry off his wife, Prabhávati; but the king, mounting an elephant, met them without the city, and shouted with so loud a voice that his cry resounded over all the earth, and the seven kings fled away in terror. The Hellenic historians inform us how Alexander turned aside from his projected march toward the Ganges, to attack the people of Sangala, who held out against him in the rear. He found the city strong both by art and nature, defended by brick walls and covered on two approaches by the lake. The Macedonian forces attacked and took an outpost on the low ridge of Mundapapura, after which they laid siege to the city, undermined the walls, and carried the position by assault. Hiouen Thsang, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, who visited Sákala in 630 A.D., has given the topographical details which enable General Cunningham to effect the present identification with an unusual degree of certainty. The walls then lay in ruins, and a small inhabited town occupied the centre of the ancient city, whose\n\nrelics surrounded it on every side. It still contained a Buddhist monastery of 100 monks, and two topes (stufas), one of them erected by the famous Emperor Asoka. Sherkot, in the lowlands of the Chenáb, has also been identified, though less certainly, with a town of the Malli, attacked and taken by Alexander, and described at a later period by Hiouen Thsang as the capital of a considerable District. In modern times, the history of Jhang centres in the family of Siáls, who ruled over a large tract between Shahpur and Múltán, with little depen- dence on the imperial court at Delhi, until they finally fell before the power of Ranjit Sinh. The Siáls of Jhang are Muhammadans of Rájput descent, whose ancestor, Rái Shankar of Dáranagar, emigrated early in the 13th century from the Gangetic Doáb to Jaunpur. His son, Siál, in 1243, left his adopted city for the Punjab, then overrun by the Mughal hordes. Such emigrations appear to have occurred frequently at the time, owing to the unsettled state of the lower Provinces. During his wanderings in search of a home, Siál fell in with the famous Musalmán saint Bába Farid-ud-din Shakarganj of Pák Pattan, whose eloquence converted him to the faith of Islám. He afterwards sojourned for a while at Sialkot, where he built a fort; but finally settled down and married at Sáhiwál, in Shahpur District. It must be confessed, how ever, that his life and those of his descendants bear somewhat the character of eponymic myths. Mahpál, sixth in descent from Siál. founded the town of Mankera in 1380; and his great-grandson, Mal Khán, built Jhang Siál on the Chenab in 1462. Four years later, he presented himself at Lahore, in obedience to a summons, and obtained the territory of Jhang as a hereditary possession, subject to a payment of tribute into the imperial treasury. His family continued to rule at Jhang, with the usual dynastic quarrels and massacres of Indian annals, till the beginning of the present century. Meanwhile, the Sikh power had arisen in the north, and Karam Sinh Dúla, a chief of the Bhangi confederacy, had conquered Chiniot in this District. In 1803, Ranjit Sinh marched against that fort and captured it, after which he turned towards Jhang, but was bought off by Ahmad Khán, the last of the Siál chieftains, on promise of a yearly tribute, amounting to L6000. Three years later, however, the Mahárájá again invaded Jhang with a large army, and captured the fort, after a desperate resistance. Ahmad Khán then fled to Múltán, and the Mahárajá farmed the territories of Jhang to Sardár Fatch Sinh. Shortly afterwards, Ahmad Khán returned with a force given him by Muzaffar Khán, Nawáb of Múltán, and recovered a large part of his previous dominions, which Ranjít Sinh suffered him to retain on payment of the former tribute, as he found himself too busy elsewhere to attack Jhang. After his successful attempt on Múltán in 1810, the Mahárájá took Ahmad Khán a prisoner to Lahore, as he suspected him of favouring his enemy,\n\nMuzaffar Khán. He afterwards bestowed on him a jágír, which descended to his son, Inayat Khán. On the death of the latter, his brother, Ismail Khán, endeavoured to obtain succession to the jágír, but failed through the opposition of Ghuláb Sinh. In 1847, after the establishment of the British Agency at Lahore, the District came under the charge of our Government; and in 1848, Ismail Khán rendered important services against the rebel chiefs, for which he received a small pension. During the Mutiny of 1857, the Siál leader again proved his loyalty by raising a force of cavalry and serving in person on the British side. His pension was afterwards increased, and he obtained the title of Khán Bahádur, with a small jágír for life.\n\nPopulation.The Census of 1855 returned the total population of the District, as then constituted, at 251,769 persons; but for purposes of comparison, it becomes necessary to add to these figures the inhabitants of various villages in Shahpur and Muzaffargarh, since transferred to Jhang, amounting to 47,285 persons, who thus raise the total to 299,054. The Census of 1868 shows an increase of 48,973 persons, or 16:37 per cent. The last-named enumeration was taken over an area of 5712 square miles. It disclosed a total population of 348,027 persons, distributed among 1089 villages or townships, and inhabiting an aggregate of 74,986 houses. From these data the following averages may be deduced-Persons per square mile, 60'95; villages or town- ships per square mile, 0:19; houses per square mile, 13.12; persons per village, 319; persons per house, 4'64. Classified according to sex, there were males,. 193,624; females, 154,403; proportion of males, 5564 per cent. Classified according to age, there were, under 12 years-males, 70,980; females, 57,660; total, 128,640, or 36.8 per cent. As regards religious distinctions, the District forms a strong centre for the faith of Islám. The Muhammadans at the date of the Census numbered 270,819, or 77.81 per cent.; while the Hindus amounted to only 57,297, or 16°46 per cent. The Sikhs were returned at 2994, and ‘others' at 16,917, or 0.86 and 4·86 per cent. respectively. In the ethnical classification, Rájputs occupy the first place numeri- cally, with 47,254 persons, chiefly Siál., and Battis. Aroras, a Hindu trading caste, numbered 39,495; Játs, 17,404; Sánsis, a gipsy race, with a religion and language of their own, 16,899; Kshattriyas, 13,266; Biluchis, 10,841 ; Sayyids, 5553; and Brahmans, 5112. Only 3 towns. contained a population exceeding 5000 persons namely, JHANG, 9124; MAGHIANA, 10,525; and CHINIOT, 11,477. Paníbí and Múltání are the languages spoken in the District.\n\nAgriculture. The area under cultivation in 1873 amounted to --- 241,325 acres, out of an assessed total of 3,650,867 acres. The dis- tinguishing feature of the District consists in the fact that no crops can anywhere be grown without irrigation. The best land is that which lies\n\nbeyond the immediate action of the rivers, and below the high bank of the bar. In this tract all the principal staples of the District can be raised by means of well-irrigation. The land exposed to the inunda- tions produces more uncertain crops, as a rich deposit sometimes covers the previously sterile plain, while at other times villages, wells, and cultivated fields are carried away by the destructive flood. Rain crops are practically unknown. Wheat, barley, gram, and mustard form the staples of the spring harvest; while china, joár, maize, and cotton make up the chief items of the autumn crops. In 1872-73, wheat covered 143,764 acres; joár, 28,168 acres; barley, 8376 acres; and cotton, 16,795 acres. Agricultural knowledge remains in a very back- ward state, rotation of crops being absolutely unknown, and the use of manure but little practised. The village system and the theory of joint responsibility for the land revenue may be regarded as to a great extent an innovation of British rule. By far the greater number of villages are held on the tenure known as bháyáchára, though they cannot be entirely assimilated to any of the common Punjab types. The majority of tenants hold their land at will. Rents vary from 6s. to £3 per acre. Good irrigated wheat lands bring in L1, 145., cotton lands from 128. to £2, 48. Prices of food-grains ruled as follows in 1873 Wheat, 23 sers per rupec, or 4s. 1od. per cwt.; barley and joár, -- 31 sers per rupee, or 3s. 7d. per cwt.; maize, 30 sers per rupee, or 3s. 9d. per cwt.; bájra, 25 sers per rupce, or 4s. 6d. per cwt.\n\nCommerce and Trade, etc.-The trade of the District is inconsiderable. Grain is imported from the banks of the Rávi and from Wazirábád in Gujránwála. Country cloth is manufactured at Jhang and Maghiána, and bought up by the Povindah merchants of Afghánistán. The District contains as many as 5766 looms, and the annual value of the cloth woven amounts to £41,721. The estimated value of the imports is £108,328, and that of the exports £65,864. Manufactures of leather and of gold and silver lace also exist. The chief road is that from Múltán to Wazirábád, passing Sherkot, Jhang, Maghiana, and Chiniot in this District. A bridge of boats is in course of construction (1875) across the united stream of the Jhelum and the Chenáb, just below their junction. Both rivers are navigable all the year round by the largest native craft.\n\nAdministration.-The total imperial revenue raised in the District in 1873 amounted to £49,302, of which sum the land tax contributed £42,115, or more than six-sevenths. Stamps formed the only other item of any importance. In addition to this sum, a Provincial and a local revenue were also raised, but no returns of these are available. Leases for grazing and for collecting sajji form considerable items of public income. The administrative staff usually comprises a Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, and two extra-Assistant Com-\n\nmissioners, besides the usual fiscal, constabulary, and fiscal officers. In 1872, the regular police force consisted of a total of 427 officers and men, or, with the municipal and ferry police, 503; being at the rate of 1 policeman to every 11'35 square miles of area, and every 691 of the population. The total number of persons brought to trial for all offences committed in the District during the year 1871 amounted to 2654. The District jail at Maghiána contained in 1872 a total popu- lation of 866 prisoners, with a daily average of 319 inmates. Education was carried on during the same year by 32 Government or aided schools, and 123 indigenous schools, with an aggregate roll of 3696 pupils. For fiscal and administrative purposes, the District is divided into 3 tahsils and 24 pargands. The 4 municipal towns of Jhang- Maghiána, Chiniot, Sherkot, and Ahmadpur had a total revenue in 1875-76 of £3555, or an average of 1s. 10d. per head of the population (38,783) within municipal limits.\n\nMedical Aspects.-The District bears a good reputation for healthi- ness. Small-pox and fever are the most prevalent diseases. The total number of deaths recorded from all causes in 1872 amounted to 6083, or 17 per thousand. Of these, 3965, or 11'39 per thousand, were assigned to fever alone. Government charitable dispensaries have been established at Maghiána, Jhang, Sherkot, Chiniot, Ahmadpur, and Kot Isá Sháh. In 1872, they afforded relief to 19,708 persons, of whom 383 were in-patients. The annual rainfall in inches for the seven years ending 1872-73 was as follows:-1866-67, 7'2; 1867-68, 16′1; 1868-69, 14'5; 1869-70, 10°7; 1870-71, 5'4; 1871-72, 5·8; 1872-73, 10'6; average, 10 inches.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 511, 2947, 8573, 10517, 12378, 13210, 14752 ], "pdf_page": 82, "pdf_page_end": 87, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-082.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Jhang", "latitude": 31.1929214, "longitude": 72.236379, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jhang,+Pakistan/@31.1674329,71.585083,206968m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3923ba736611d4bb:0xf8ccc5738388c325!8m2!3d31.1929214!4d72.236379!16zL20vMDgyXzJr?entry=tts&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDcwOC4wIPu8ASoASAFQAw%3D%3D&skid=1bc71ae5-abb2-4b51-8093-393519d211fa", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:35:43.839Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00120", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jhang", "normalized_name": "jhang", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Jhang", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Jhang District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Municipal town in Jhang District, Punjab, about 3½ miles to the west of the present bed of the Chenáb, 10 and 13 miles respectively north-west of its junction with the Jhelum.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 16′ 16″ N", "longitude": "72° 21' 45″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 16′ 16″ N., long. 72° 21' 45″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 9124, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "4568 Hindus, 4244 Muhammadans, 129 Sikhs, 12 Christians, and 171 'others.'", "The sister town of MAGHIANA, containing the civil station for the District, lies 3 miles south of Jhang, and has a population of 10,525 persons, giving a grand total for both of 19,649.", "They form together a single municipality, and may be regarded as practically one town; situated in lat. 31° 16′ 16″ N., and long. 72° 21′ 45″ E., about 3½ miles to the west of the present bed of the Chenáb, 10 and 13 miles respectively north-west of its junction with the Jhelum.", "Founded by Mal Khán, a Siál chieftain, in 1462, and long the capital of a Native Muhammadan State.", "Principal inhabitants, Siáls and Kshattriyas." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhang. Municipal town in Jhang District, Punjab. Lat. 31° 16′ 16″ N., long. 72° 21' 45″ E. Pop. (1868), 9124, consisting of 4568 Hindus, 4244 Muhammadans, 129 Sikhs, 12 Christians, and 171 'others.' The sister town of MAGHIANA, containing the civil station for the District, lies 3 miles south of Jhang, and has a population of 10,525 persons, giving a grand total for both of 19,649. They form together a single municipality, and may be regarded as practically one town; situated in lat. 31° 16′ 16″ N., and long. 72° 21′ 45″ E., about 3½ miles to the west of the present bed of the Chenáb, 10 and 13 miles respectively north- west of its junction with the Jhelum. Jhang itself lies on the lowland, a little apart from the regular lines of trade; and since the removal of the Government offices to Maghiána, has yielded its commerce and importance to its younger rival. Founded by Mal Khán, a Siál chief- tain, in 1462, and long the capital of a Native Muhammadan State. (See JHANG DISTRICT.) Principal inhabitants, Siáls and Kshattriyas.\n\nManufacture of country cloth, bought up by the Povindah merchants of Afghánistán. Imports of grain from Wazirábád and Miánwáli. Municipal revenue of Jhang-Maghiána in 1875-76, £2482, or 2s. 2 d. per head of population (22,342) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 87, "pdf_page_end": 88, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-087.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jhang", "formatted_address": "Jhang, Pakistan", "latitude": 31.2776355, "longitude": 72.3211975, "place_id": "ChIJw8s4saGiIzkRoRGSJbnB1N4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jhang&query_place_id=ChIJw8s4saGiIzkRoRGSJbnB1N4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:35:54.130Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00137", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Jhind", "normalized_name": "jhind", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Jhind", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State in the Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhind.—Native State in the Punjab.-See JIND.", "pdf_page": 108, "pdf_page_end": 108, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-108.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jind", "formatted_address": "Jind, Haryana, India", "latitude": 29.325508, "longitude": 76.29979089999999, "place_id": "ChIJxZruD1YEEjkRsH23UN65J-Q", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jind&query_place_id=ChIJxZruD1YEEjkRsH23UN65J-Q", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:19.008Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00141", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jhúsi", "normalized_name": "jh-si", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Allahábád", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in Allahábád District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Opposite the city of Allahábád, on the left bank of the Ganges. A ferry affords communication with the city.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 26′ N.", "longitude": "81° 58′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 26′ N., long. 81° 58′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Jhúsi.-Village in Allahábád District, North-Western Provinces, opposite the city of Allahábád, on the left bank of the Ganges. A ferry affords communication with the city. Lat. 25° 26′ N., long. 81° 58′ E.", "pdf_page": 109, "pdf_page_end": 109, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-109.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jhusi", "formatted_address": "Jhusi, Uttar Pradesh 211019, India", "latitude": 25.4290183, "longitude": 81.9139692, "place_id": "ChIJcWwFIyZLhTkRkTPWXxd1sk4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jhusi&query_place_id=ChIJcWwFIyZLhTkRkTPWXxd1sk4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:28.144Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00143", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jiáganj", "normalized_name": "ji-ganj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Murshidábád", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Murshidábád District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "On the left bank of the Bhagirathi. 3 miles above Murshidábád city, and opposite Azimganj railway station.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 14′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "88° 18′ 31″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 24° 14′ 30″ N., long. 88° 18′ 31″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "In 1857, the revenue surveyor stated that this town carried on a large trade in cotton, saltpetre, sugar, rice, and silk.", "According to the registration returns of 1876-77, the total imports were valued at £123,000, chiefly salt, oil-seeds, tobacco, and ghí; the principal exports were piece-goods and rice." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jiáganj.—Town in Murshidábád District, Bengal, on the left bank of the Bhagirathi. Lat. 24° 14′ 30″ N., long. 88° 18′ 31″ E.; 3 miles above Murshidábád city, and opposite Azimganj railway station. In 1857, the revenue surveyor stated that this town carried on a large trade in cotton, saltpetre, sugar, rice, and silk. According to the registration returns of 1876-77, the total imports were valued at £123,000, chiefly salt, oil-seeds, tobacco, and ghí; the principal exports were piece-goods and rice.", "pdf_page": 109, "pdf_page_end": 109, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-109.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jiaganj", "formatted_address": "Jiaganj, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 24.2441053, "longitude": 88.26801720000002, "place_id": "ChIJJa6NUTbR-zkRZc5VYCYsWD8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jiaganj&query_place_id=ChIJJa6NUTbR-zkRZc5VYCYsWD8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:33.929Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00144", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jigni", "normalized_name": "jigni", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Jigni", "agency": "Bundelkhand Agency, Central India Agency", "region": null, "raw_context": "One of the petty States in the Bundelkhand Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Situated south of the Betwa, at its confluence with the Dhasán river to the north-west of Hamirpur District.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 44' N.", "longitude": "79° 27' E.", "raw_text": "Jigni town is situated in lat. 25° 44' N., long. 79° 27' E." }, "stats": { "population": 4000, "population_year": null, "area": "17 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The State, at the time of the British occupation of Bundelkhand, consisted of 14 villages, which were attached in consequence of contumacy, but eventually 6 villages were restored in I8ro.", "The present Ráo Jágirdár is named Lakshman Sinh, a Hindu Bundela. He holds a sanad of adoption.", "the revenue about £1400.", "There is a military force of about 57 infantry." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jigni.-One of the petty States in the Bundelkhand Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India. It is situated south of the Betwa, at its confluence with the Dhasán river to the north- west of Hamirpur District. The State, at the time of the British occupation of Bundelkhand, consisted of 14 villages, which were attached in consequence of contumacy, but eventually 6 villages were restored in I8ro. The present Ráo Jágirdár is named Lakshman Sinh, a Hindu Bundela. He holds a sanad of adoption. The area of the State is 17 square miles, the population about 4000, and the revenue about £1400. There is a military force of about 57 infantry. Jigni town is situated in lat. 25° 44' N., long. 79° 27' E.", "pdf_page": 109, "pdf_page_end": 109, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-109.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jigni", "formatted_address": "PCV3+MGV, Jigini, Uttar Pradesh 210430, India", "latitude": 25.7437249, "longitude": 79.4040409, "place_id": "ChIJRwnhZc5hnTkRVsMI-h9ar_M", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jigni&query_place_id=ChIJRwnhZc5hnTkRVsMI-h9ar_M", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:38.811Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00145", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jind", "normalized_name": "jind", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Jind", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "One of the Native States situated to the east of the Sutlej (Satlaj) river, under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 19' N.", "longitude": "76° 23′ F.", "raw_text": "The town of Jind is situated in lat. 29° 19' N., and long. 76° 23′ F." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "It consists of three or four isolated tracts.", "The principality was founded in 1763, and the chief was recognised as Rájá by the Emperor of Delhi in 1768.", "The Rájás of Jind have always been steady adherents of the British Government.", "Among the foremost and most sincere of those who proffered their allegiance after the overthrow of the Marhattás was Bágh Sinh of Jind; and the good offices of this chief were not unimportant in the negotiations which followed the advance of Lord Lake in pursuit of Holkar to the banks of the Beas.", "In recognition of these services, Lord Lake confirmed to the Rájá the grants of land he held under the Emperors of Delhi, and under Sindhia.", "After the Sutlej campaign, the Governor-General bestowed a grant of land of about £300 a year in value on the Rájá of Jind, as a mark of satisfaction with his conduct." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jind.—One of the Native States situated to the east of the Sutlej (Satlaj) river, under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab. It consists of three or four isolated tracts. The town of Jind is situated in lat. 29° 19' N., and long. 76° 23′ F. The prin- cipality was founded in 1763, and the chief was recognised as Rájá by the Emperor of Delhi in 1768. The Rájás of Jind have always been steady adherents of the British Government. Among the fore- most and most sincere of those who proffered their allegiance after the overthrow of the Marhattás was Bágh Sinh of Jind; and the good offices of this chief were not unimportant in the negotiations which followed the advance of Lord Lake in pursuit of Holkar to the banks of the Beas. In recognition of these services, Lord Lake con- firmed to the Rájá the grants of land he held under the Emperors of Delhi, and under Sindhia. After the Sutlej campaign, the Governor- General bestowed a grant of land of about £300 a year in value on the Rájá of Jind, as a mark of satisfaction with his conduct. In 1857,\n\nSwarup Sinh, then Rájá, was the first to march against the mutineers at Delhi. His troops acted as the vanguard of the army, and he remained in the British camp until the reoccupation of the city, and a portion of his troops took part in the assault. For these services he received a grant of additional territory, yielding £11,681 per annum, on condition of fidelity and political and military service in time of difficulty and danger. The present Rájá, Raghbír Sinh, G.C.S.I., is a Sikh of the Sidhu Ját tribe, and is entitled to a salute of II guns.\n\nThe Jind territory comprises an area of about 1236 square miles, and has a population estimated in 1875 at about 311,000. The revenue has rapidly increased of late years, and is now between 6 and 7 lakhs of rupees, or between £60,000 and £70,000. The military force consists of 4 field and 6 other guns, 79 artillerymen, 200 cavalry, 1600 infantry. The Rájá supplies 25 horsemen for general service in British territory.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1633 ], "pdf_page": 109, "pdf_page_end": 110, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-109.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jind", "formatted_address": "Jind, Haryana, India", "latitude": 29.3612936, "longitude": 76.3637285, "place_id": "ChIJxw80W_0EEjkRRyboVO776OM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jind&query_place_id=ChIJxw80W_0EEjkRRyboVO776OM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:08:06.118Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00150", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jirang", "normalized_name": "jirang", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty democratic State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Khasi Hills", "raw_context": "Petty democratic State in the Khasi Hills, Assam" }, "location_description": "Petty democratic State in the Khasi Hills, Assam.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 581, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "presided over by a sardár named Moti Sinh", "Natural products-rice, chillies, and caoutchouc", "Cotton cloth is woven" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jirang. Petty democratic State in the Khasi Hills, Assam; presided over by a sardár named Moti Sinh. Pop. (1872), 581. Natural pro- ducts-rice, chillies, and caoutchouc. Cotton cloth is woven.", "pdf_page": 110, "pdf_page_end": 110, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-110.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Nongrim Jirang", "formatted_address": "Nongrim Jirang, Meghalaya 793123, India", "latitude": 25.936609, "longitude": 91.55620599999999, "place_id": "ChIJP6IYvIFsWjcRSNj1JjscBOI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Nongrim+Jirang&query_place_id=ChIJP6IYvIFsWjcRSNj1JjscBOI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:50.700Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00151", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Jiri", "normalized_name": "jiri", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "River of Assam" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Jiri. River of Assam.-See JHIRI. -", "pdf_page": 110, "pdf_page_end": 110, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-110.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jiri River", "formatted_address": "Jiri River", "latitude": 24.8402759, "longitude": 93.1920433, "place_id": "ChIJhaGhrNH-TjcR4BBEV5phYfU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jiri+River&query_place_id=ChIJhaGhrNH-TjcR4BBEV5phYfU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:53.889Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00152", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jobat", "normalized_name": "jobat", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Bhil Agency, Central India Agency", "region": null, "raw_context": "One of the petty States in the Bhil Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Petty State in the Bhil Agency, Central India Agency, between 22° 24′ and 22° 36′ N. lat., and between 74° 37' and 74° 51′ E. long.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 27' N", "longitude": "74° 38′ E", "raw_text": "Jobat town is situated in lat. 22° 27' N., long. 74° 38′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 8000, "population_year": 1875, "area": "200 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue in 1875, £1700", "populated almost entirely by Bhils", "Ráná of Jobat, Swarúp Sinh, is a Rahtor Rájput" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jobat. One of the petty States in the Bhil Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India, lying between 22° 24′ and 22° 36′ N. lat., and between 74° 37' and 74° 51′ E. long. It is one of the offshoots of the Jodhpur State, and consists of a small tract of hilly country, populated almost entirely by Bhils, which was left undisturbed during the turmoil which the Marhattá invasions caused in Málwá. The Ráná of Jobat, Swarúp Sinh, is a Rahtor Rájput. The area of the State is about 200 square miles; estimated population\n\n(1875), 8000; and the revenue in the same year, £1700. Jobat town is situated in lat. 22° 27' N., long. 74° 38′ E.", "pdf_page": 110, "pdf_page_end": 111, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-110.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jobat", "formatted_address": "Jobat, Madhya Pradesh 457990, India", "latitude": 22.4194581, "longitude": 74.56683269999999, "place_id": "ChIJO6EXoRW9YTkRVPCDKBHcYG4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jobat&query_place_id=ChIJO6EXoRW9YTkRVPCDKBHcYG4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:36:57.813Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00161", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Joshimath", "normalized_name": "joshimath", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "religious site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Garhwál", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Garhwál District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Village in Garhwál District, North-Western Provinces, at the confluence of the Alaknanda and the Dhauli.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.556944, "longitude": 79.609722, "raw_text": "lat. 30° 33′ 25″ N., and long. 79° 36′ 35″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "at the confluence of the Alaknanda and the Dhauli", "winter residence of the Ráwal, or priest of the temple of BADRINATH", "contains several ancient temples", "elevation above sea level, 6200 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Joshimath.—Village in Garhwál District, North-Western Provinces ; situated in lat. 30° 33′ 25″ N., and long. 79° 36′ 35″ E., at the con- fluence of the Alaknanda and the Dhauli. Chiefly remarkable as the winter residence of the Ráwal, or priest of the temple of BADRINATH, who retires hither after the snows have rendered the higher shrine inaccessible. The village contains several ancient temples. Elevation above sea level, 6200 feet.", "pdf_page": 123, "pdf_page_end": 123, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-123.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Joshimath", "formatted_address": "Joshimath, Uttarakhand 246443, India", "latitude": 30.5561089, "longitude": 79.5616759, "place_id": "ChIJD3bnSa2cpzkRdHG_0SSnl5g", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Joshimath&query_place_id=ChIJD3bnSa2cpzkRdHG_0SSnl5g", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:37:13.452Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00163", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Joura", "normalized_name": "joura", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "state" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central India", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "State in Central India" }, "location_description": "State in Central India.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Joura.-State in Central India.—See Jaora.", "pdf_page": 123, "pdf_page_end": 123, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-123.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Joura", "formatted_address": "Joura, Madhya Pradesh 476221, India", "latitude": 26.3440501, "longitude": 77.80723730000001, "place_id": "ChIJTU7OERVJcTkR2wK4ajHUbxo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Joura&query_place_id=ChIJTU7OERVJcTkR2wK4ajHUbxo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:37:20.682Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00164", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jowai", "normalized_name": "jowai", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "administrative headquarters", "station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Khasi Hills", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Jaintia Hills Subdivision, Assam", "raw_context": "Jaintia Hills Subdivision, Khasi Hills District, Assam" }, "location_description": "Administrative headquarters of the Jaintia Hills Subdivision, Khasi Hills District, Assam.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 4502, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "4422 feet above sea level", "residence of the Assistant Deputy Commissioner", "chief exports are raw cotton and caoutchouc", "imports-rice, dried fish, cotton goods, and salt", "average annual rainfall is about 150 inches; in 1876 as much as 309 inches of rain were registered, of which 134 inches fell in June", "centre of the Jaintiá rebellion of 1862" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jowai.-Administrative headquarters of the Jaintia Hills Subdivision, Khasi Hills District, Assam; 4422 feet above sea level. Population of the station and surrounding villages (1872), 4502. Jowái is the resi- dence of the Assistant Deputy Commissioner; and, as the centre of a system of hill roads, it possesses a considerable trade. The chief exports are raw cotton and caoutchouc; the imports-rice, dried fish, cotton goods, and salt. The average annual rainfall is about 150 inches; but in 1876 as much as 309 inches of rain were registered, of which 134 inches fell in the single month of June. Jowái was the centre of the Jaintiá rebellion of 1862.\n\nJúbá. Deserted fortress in Sargújá State, Chutiá Nágpur, Bengal ; about 2 miles south-east of Mánpura village. It stands on the rocky shoulder of a hill, and commands a deep gorge overgrown with jungle. Among the trees are the remains of carved temples, almost covered with accumulations of vegetable mould. Here Colonel Ousely found a com- plete linga, with a well-carved face and head projecting from its surface.\n\nJubbal (Jubal).-One of the Hill States under the Government of the Punjab, situated between 30° 46′ and 31° 4′ N. lat., and between 77° 27' and 77° 50' E. long. Jubbal was originally tributary to Sírmúr, but after the Gurkha war it was made independent. The Ráná misgoverned the State, and in 1832 abdicated in favour of the British Government. He very soon, however, repented the act, and refused the allowance of £440 a year, which was made for his support. After a lengthy cor- respondence, it was resolved in 1840 to restore the State. In that year the Ráná died, and Government approved the succession of his son, Tika Karm Chánd, the present Ráná of Jubbal. He is a Rahtor Rájput. The area of the State is 288 square miles; the population in 1875 was estimated at 40,000 persons, and the revenue at £3000.\n\nThe chief products are opium and grain. Sentences of death passed by the Ráná require the confirmation of the Superintendent of Hill States and of the Commissioner of the Division. Other punishments are awarded by the Ráná on his own authority.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 655, 1072 ], "pdf_page": 123, "pdf_page_end": 124, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-123.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jowai", "formatted_address": "Jowai, Meghalaya 793150, India", "latitude": 25.436304, "longitude": 92.1926289, "place_id": "ChIJDXAoNW0SUDcRzbLXXmj8L-4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jowai&query_place_id=ChIJDXAoNW0SUDcRzbLXXmj8L-4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:08:14.379Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00165", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Jubbulpore", "normalized_name": "jubbulpore", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "division", "district", "tahsil", "city" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Division, District, tahsil, and city in the Central Provinces.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Jubbulpore.-Division, District, tahsil, and city in the Central Provinces. See JABALPUR.", "pdf_page": 124, "pdf_page_end": 124, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-124.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jabalpur", "formatted_address": "Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India", "latitude": 23.1685786, "longitude": 79.9338798, "place_id": "ChIJfam2DxqugTkRueNDvBYGAkQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jabalpur&query_place_id=ChIJfam2DxqugTkRueNDvBYGAkQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:08:21.607Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00166", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Juggaur", "normalized_name": "juggaur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "railway station", "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Lucknow", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Lucknow District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Town and railway station in Lucknow District, Oudh; about 3 miles south of the Lucknow and Faizábád road.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "about 3 miles south of the Lucknow and Faizábád (Fyzábád road)" }, "stats": { "population": 2398, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Hindus, 1852; Muhammadans, 546", "conquered from the Bhars by a family of Shaikhs, who colonized 52 villages", "descendants are still proprietors" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Juggaur.-Town and railway station in Lucknow District, Oudh; situated about 3 miles south of the Lucknow and Faizábád (Fyzábád road). A Musalmán village conquered from the Bhars by a family of Shaikhs, who colonized 52 villages in this part of the country, for which they received a farmán confirming them in the proprietary right. Their descendants are still proprietors of Juggaur. Pop. (1869), Hindus, 1852; Muhammadans, 546; total, 2398.\n\nJuhar (Jawahir).-Valley in Kumáun District, North-Western Pro- vinces. Lat. 30° 10' to 30° 35′ N., long. 79° 49' to 80° 19′ E. One of the Bhutia maháls, or tracts on the northern Himalayan slopes, inhabited by people of Thibetan origin. The population have, how- ever, adopted the language, customs, and religion of their Hindu neighbours. They are chiefly engaged in commerce, being the only Bhutiás who enjoy unrestricted intercourse with Gartoh, where a great annual fair is held in September. During the official year 1876-77, the value of the imports by Lilam from Jawahir amounted to £12,600, and that of the exports to £4100.", "pdf_page": 124, "pdf_page_end": 124, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-124.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Juggaur", "formatted_address": "Juggaur, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 26.8738338, "longitude": 81.0809848, "place_id": "ChIJCW0cg_HhmzkRL0frmMW3LMM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Juggaur&query_place_id=ChIJCW0cg_HhmzkRL0frmMW3LMM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:37:25.820Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00171", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Junagarh", "normalized_name": "junagarh", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Junagarh", "agency": "Káthiáwár", "region": "Guzerat (Gujarát)", "raw_context": "Native State within the Political Agency of Káthiáwár, in the Province of Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay" }, "location_description": "Native State within the Political Agency of Káthiáwár, in the Province of Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Lat. 20° 48′ to 21° 40′ N., long. 69° 55' to 71° 35′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 380921, "population_year": 1872, "area": 3800, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "number of villages, 890", "estimated gross revenue, £200,000", "The only elevation rising above the general level of the plain is the Girnár group of hills, the highest peak of which is about 3500 feet above sea level.", "There is also a densely wooded tract called the Gir, hilly in some parts, but in others so low as to be liable to floods during the rainy season.", "The soil is generally black, but in certain spots the lighter varieties are found.", "Irrigation is commonly practised by means of water brought in canals, or drawn from wells by the Persian wheel and the leathern bag.", "The climate is upon the whole healthy, though, except on the Girnár Hill, the heat is excessive from the beginning of April to the middle of July.", "Fever and dysentery are the prevailing discases.", "Stone exists suited for building purposes.", "The agricultural products comprise-cotton, shipped in considerable quantities from the port of Veráwal to Bombay; wheat;" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Junagarh.-Native State within the Political Agency of Káthiá- wár, in the Province of Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay. Lat. 20° 48′ to 21° 40′ N., long. 69° 55' to 71° 35′ E. Estimated area, 3800 square miles; pop. (1872), 380,921 ; number of villages, 890; estimated gross revenue, £200,000. The only elevation rising above the general level of the plain is the Girnár group of hills, the highest peak of which is about 3500 feet above sea level. There is also a densely wooded tract called the Gir, hilly in some parts, but in others so low as to be liable to floods during the rainy season. The soil is generally black, but in certain spots the lighter varieties are found. Irrigation is commonly practised by means of water brought in canals, or drawn from wells by the Persian wheel and the leathern bag. The climate is upon the whole healthy, though, except on the Girnár Hill, the heat is excessive from the beginning of April to the middle of July. Fever and dysentery are the prevailing discases. Stone exists suited for building purposes. The agricultural products comprise-cotton, shipped in considerable quantities from the port of Veráwal to Bombay; wheat;\n\nthe ordinary varieties of pulse and millet; oil-seeds; and sugar-cane, both the indigenous and Mauritius varieties. The manufactured articles are oil and coarse cotton cloth. The coast line is well supplied with fair-weather harbours, suited for native craft; of these the chief are Veráwal, Nawa-bandar, and Sutraporá. The only metalled road runs from Veráwal to Junagarh town, a distance of about 50 miles. The ordinary country tracks serve in the fair season for the passage of carts, pack-bullocks, and horses. There are 34 schools, with 1960 pupils. Places of interest include-the sacred mountain of GIRNAR, crowned with religious buildings of the Jains; the port of VERAWAL; and the ruined temple of SOMNATH. Junágarh ranks as a first-class State among the many petty States of Káthiáwár. Its ruler first entered into engagements with the British Government in 1807. The present (1875) chief, who is entitled to a salute of 11 guns, is thirty-eight years of age. His name is Mohobat Khánjí, and his title, Nawab of Junagarh. He is eighth in succession from Sher Khán Bábi, the founder of the family. He pays to the British Government and the Gáekwár of Baroda a yearly tribute of £7060, and maintains a military force of 2682 men. He holds a sanad authorizing adoption, and the succession follows the rule of primogeniture. He has power of life and death over all except British subjects. Until 1476 A.D., when it was conquered by Sultán Muhammad Begará of Ahmedabad, Junágarh was a Rájput State, ruled by chiefs of the Churásumá tribe. During the reign of the Emperor Akbar, it became a dependency of the Court of Delhi, under the immediate authority of the Mughal Viceroy of Guzerat. About 1735 A.D., when the repre- sentative of the Mughals had lost his authority in Guzerat, Sher Khán Bábi, a soldier of fortune under the viceroy, expelled the Mughal governor and established his own rule. Sher Khán's son, Salábat Khán, appointed his heir chief of Junagarh, assigning to his younger sons the lands of Bántwá. Though himself tributary to the Gáekwár of Baroda and the British Government, the Nawáb of Junagarh receives yearly contributions, called zortilabi, trom a large number of the petty chiefs in Káthiáwár. This levy, which is collected and paid to the Nawab by British officers of the Káthiáwár Agency, is a relic of the days of Muhammadan supremacy.", "pdf_page": 130, "pdf_page_end": 131, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-130.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Junagadh", "formatted_address": "Junagadh, Gujarat, India", "latitude": 21.5222203, "longitude": 70.4579436, "place_id": "ChIJU38naowBWDkRSG6oIIUvtRM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Junagadh&query_place_id=ChIJU38naowBWDkRSG6oIIUvtRM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:41:48.064Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00174", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Jungle Maháls", "normalized_name": "jungle-mah-ls", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "former district" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Lower Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Formerly a Western District of Lower Bengal." }, "location_description": "A tract between Bírbhúm, Bardwán, Bankurá, and the hill country of Chutiá Nágpur; later redistributed among adjoining districts.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 51′ 30″ to 22° 48′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "86° 36′ to 87° 16′ E.", "raw_text": "The tract lies between lat. 21° 51′ 30″ and 22° 48′ 30″ N., and long. 86° 36′ and 87° 16′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Originally a vague term applied in the last century to the British possessions and semi-independent chiefdoms lying between the regular Districts of Bírbhúm, Bardwán, and Bankurá, and the hill country of Chutiá Nágpur.", "Regulation XVIII. of 1805 erected the Jungle Maháls into a distinctly defined District, consisting of 15 parganás or maháls from Bírbhúm District (including Pachete), 3 from Bardwán (including most of Bishnupur), and 5 from Midnapur (including Mánbhúm and Barábhúm).", "The separate District of the Jungle Maháls was abolished by Regulation XIII. of 1833, and the territory redistributed among the adjoining Districts.", "It is now comprised within the western parts of Bírbhúm and the Santál Parganás, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, and within the eastern Districts of the Chutiá Nágpur Division, especially Mánbhúm." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jungle Maháls.-Formerly a Western District of Lower Bengal. The Jungle Maháls was originally a vague term applied in the last century to the British possessions and semi-independent chiefdoms lying between the regular Districts of Bírbhúm, Bardwán, and Bankurá, and the hill country of Chutiá Nágpur. As the administration became more precise, inconvenience arose from the vagueness of the jurisdiction, the stoppage of writs, etc. Accordingly Regulation XVIII. of 1805 erected the Jungle Maháls into a distinctly defined District, consisting of 15 parganás or maháls from Bírbhúm District (including Pachete), 3 from Bardwán (including most of Bishnupur), and 5 from Midnapur (including Mánbhúm and Barábhúm). The separate District of the Jungle Maháls was abolished by Regulation XIII. of 1833, and the territory redistributed among the adjoining Districts. It is now com- prised within the western parts of Bírbhúm and the Santál Parganás, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, and within the eastern Districts of the Chutiá Nágpur Division, especially Mánbhúm. The tract lies between lat. 21° 51′ 30″ and 22° 48′ 30″ N., and long. 86° 36′ and 87° 16′ E. Regulation XVIII. of 1805 affords an interesting illustration of the elaborate rules and details involved in the erection of a separate jurisdiction under the Company.", "pdf_page": 132, "pdf_page_end": 132, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-132.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jangal mahal", "formatted_address": "24MR+CGV, SH 2, Manikmara, West Bengal 722152, India", "latitude": 23.0336203, "longitude": 87.1412969, "place_id": "ChIJE46DW7y59zkRefz2dZOLV0Q", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jangal+mahal&query_place_id=ChIJE46DW7y59zkRefz2dZOLV0Q", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:37:49.628Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00175", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Junnar", "normalized_name": "junnar", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town", "market", "fortified" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay Presidency", "district": "Poona District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Chief town of the Subdivision of the same name in Poona District, Bombay." }, "location_description": "Chief market of the northern part of the District, and a depôt for the grain and merchandise passing to the Konkan by the Nánághát.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "19° 12′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "73° 58′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 19° 12′ 30″ N., long. 73° 58′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 10298, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "municipal revenue (1874-75), £450", "rate of taxation, 10d. per head", "contains a sub-judge's court, post office and dispensary", "formerly celebrated for the manufacture of paper" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Junnar. Chief town of the Subdivision of the same name in Poona District, Bombay. Lat. 19° 12′ 30″ N., long. 73° 58′ 30″ E.; pop. (1872), 10,298; municipal revenue (1874-75), £450; rate of taxation, 10d. per head. Junnar contains a sub-judge's court, post office and dispensary. Though fallen in size and importance since the time of Muhammadan rule, and by the subsequent transfer of the seat of government to Poona under the Marhattás, Junnar is still a place of considerable note, being the chief market of the northern part of the District, and a depôt for the grain and merchandise passing to the Konkan by the Nánághát. It was formerly celebrated for the manufacture of paper, but the low rates at which the European article is now sold have almost driven native paper out of the market. The fort of Junnar, which is often noticed in Marhattá annals, was built by Malik-ul-Tujjár in 1436. In May 1557, Sivají surprised and plundered the town, carrying off about £100,000 in specie, besides other valuable spoil. About a mile and a half south-west of the town of Junnar is the hill fort of Sivner, granted in 1599 to the grandfather of Sivají, who is said to have been born here in 1627. During the turbulent times of Marhattá warfare this fort was often taken and retaken, and once, in 1670, the forces of Sivají himself were beaten back by its Mughal garrison. Besides fine gates and solid fortifications, it is celebrated for its deep springs. They rise in pillared pools of great depth, supposed to be coeval with the series of Buddhist caves which pierce the lower portion of the scarp.", "pdf_page": 132, "pdf_page_end": 132, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-132.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Junnar", "formatted_address": "Junnar, Maharashtra 410502, India", "latitude": 19.2107952, "longitude": 73.87866009999999, "place_id": "ChIJXzNfjMQ_3TsRMjzomn84rIU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Junnar&query_place_id=ChIJXzNfjMQ_3TsRMjzomn84rIU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:37:54.413Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00177", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Jutogh", "normalized_name": "jutogh", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "military station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Simla District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Small military station in Simla District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "On the top of a lofty and steep hill, a few miles from Simla.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated on the top of a lofty and steep hill, a few miles from the town of Simla", "The quarters of the mule batteries of mountain artillery." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Jutogh.-Small military station in Simla District, Punjab; situated on the top of a lofty and steep hill, a few miles from the town of Simla. The quarters of the mule batteries of mountain artillery.\n\nKabadak (or Kapotáksha, 'Dove's Eye').-River of Bengal. A deltaic distributary of the Mátábhángá, branching off from that river near Chándpur, in Nadiyá District, whence it flows a winding easterly course for a few miles, after which it turns southwards, marking the boundary between Nadiyá and the Twenty-four Parganás on the one hand and Jessor. Five miles east of Asásuní in the Twenty-four Parganás, it is joined by the Marichháp Gáng, which communicates with the series of boat passages and canals from Calcutta; and 2 miles below this junction, it sends off the Chándkhálí khál castwards into Jessor District, continuing the boat passage towards Khulná, Dacca, etc. Farther to the south, in lat. 22° 13′ 30″ N., and long. 89° 20' E., the Kabadak unites with the Kholpetuá, and the combined stream then takes the successive names of the Pangásí, Bára Pángá, Namgad Samudra, and near the sea, Malanchá, under which name it falls into the Bay of Bengal.", "pdf_page": 133, "pdf_page_end": 133, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-133.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Jutogh", "formatted_address": "Jutogh, Himachal Pradesh 171005, India", "latitude": 31.10102079999999, "longitude": 77.1300734, "place_id": "ChIJ_yI2HG95BTkROwYcjsNa3Kc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Jutogh&query_place_id=ChIJ_yI2HG95BTkROwYcjsNa3Kc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:38:00.257Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00180", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kabbani", "normalized_name": "kabbani", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Mysore and Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kabbani.—River of Mysore and Madras.-See KAPINI.", "pdf_page": 134, "pdf_page_end": 134, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-134.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kabani River", "formatted_address": "R4R5+6JV, Chekadi, Kerala 670646, India", "latitude": 11.8406086, "longitude": 76.1090601, "place_id": "ChIJy_nuUxXnpTsRXchbKI6srDM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kabani+River&query_place_id=ChIJy_nuUxXnpTsRXchbKI6srDM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:38:06.716Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00185", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kábul", "normalized_name": "k-bul", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Afghánistán", "raw_context": "river of Afghánistán" }, "location_description": "River in Afghánistán, rising at Sar-i-Chasmah, joined by several tributaries, flows through Jalálábád and Peshawar valley, and falls into the Indus at Attock.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "34° 21' N.", "longitude": "68° 20' E.", "raw_text": "lat. 34° 21' N., long. 68° 20' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "elevation at source 8400 ft", "course of 300 miles", "fordable for 60 miles as far as Kábul", "navigable for boats of 40 or 50 tons from Dúobandí to Attock" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kábul. A river of Afghánistán, is believed to rise from a copious spring at Sar-i-Chasmah, lat. 34° 21' N., long. 68° 20' E., and elev. 8400 ft. But another source is said to be about 12 miles farther west, on the east declivity of the Unai ridge. In its course it is joined by many small tributaries from the south slopes of the Laghmán range. It is at first an inconsiderable stream, everywhere fordable for 60 miles as far as Kábul, at a short distance beyond which place it receives the river of Logar from the south, and thenceforward is a rapid river with a great volume of water. About 40 miles below Kábul, it receives from the north the Panjsher river; 15 miles farther, the Tagao; 20 miles below, the united streams of Alíngar and Alishang; and 20 miles farther, at Bálábágh, the Súrkh-áb from the south. About 2 miles below Jalálábád, it is joined by a large river, the Kúnar. After all these accessions, the Kábul river becomes a large stream and unfordable. Flowing with great force, it hugs the north side of the Jalálábád valley until it enters the Mohamand Hills, when it presses towards the north base of the Kháibar range, and is confined between hills till it emerges into the Peshawar valley at Michní. Here it divides into two branches, called the Adúzái and the Nagúmán. The Adúzái, or north branch, re- ceives in three branches the waters of the Swát river. The Nagúmán, or south branch, separates again into several smaller branches at Múki to rejoin again at Zakhi, where also it receives the Bárá river from the south, and then the two branches reunite at Dúobandi. Thence it flows 40 miles east-south-east, and falls into the Indus at Attock, after a course of 300 miles, in lat. 33° 55′ N., and long. 72° 16' E. From Sar-i-Chasmah to Jalálábád, this river is of no value except for irrigation; but from Jalálábád to Dúobandi, it assumes an additional value by affording means of safe and generally rapid descent. For this purpose it is navigated by rafts of inflated skins. This mode of travelling is a good deal resorted to, especially when the Kháibar Pass is disturbed. It saves a distance of 10 marches, and may be traversed in 12 hours during the floods. From Dúobandí to Attock, the river is navigable for boats of 40 or 50 tons. As above stated, from Sar-i-Chasmah to Kábul it is everywhere fordable. Thence to Jalálábád it is fordable at a short distance above Jalálábád on the road to Lúghmán in dry\n\nweather, and there are ferries at the village of Kutz, on the right bank. Opposite Jalálábád there is a difficult ford in April, and thence to Dúobandí the ferries at Goshta, Lalpúra, Abkhána, Daka, Prang (Adúzái branch), Khalil Bandah (Nagúmán branch). Below Dúobandí are the following ferries:-(1) Nisata to Khalil Bandah, from 2 to 6 boats. This is the principal ferry between Peshawar and Yúsafzái through Hashtnagar. (2) Dehri Zardád to Shah Alam, 2 boats. This ferry is little frequented. (3) Khaishkí to Pírpái and Zakhel, 2 boats. This ferry is little frequented. (4) New Naoshahra to old Naoshahra. This is the largest ferry in connection with Yúsafzái. In the hot weather it employs from 6 to 8 boats. In the cold weather, and sometimes throughout the year, there is a bridge of boats below this ferry. (5) Pirsabak to Badrakái. This ferry has been closed of late years. (6) Misríbandah to Akora, 2 boats. This is the favourite ferry between the east portion of the Yúsafzái plain and the Khataks. (7) Jahángíra to Shaídoh, 2 boats. In case of need, 8 or 12 boats can be procured from Attock.-See also AFGHANISTAN.", "pdf_page": 141, "pdf_page_end": 142, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-141.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kabul River", "formatted_address": "Kabul River, Afghanistan", "latitude": 34.4031918, "longitude": 69.0812212, "place_id": "ChIJx4VUcjpo0TgRy7VonfybkQk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kabul+River&query_place_id=ChIJx4VUcjpo0TgRy7VonfybkQk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:38:13.754Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00186", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kachchh", "normalized_name": "kachchh", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kachchh. Native State, Bombay.-Sec CUTCH.", "pdf_page": 142, "pdf_page_end": 142, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-142.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kachchh", "formatted_address": "Kachchh, Gujarat, India", "latitude": 23.7337326, "longitude": 69.8597406, "place_id": "ChIJiUTbUAceUTkRiOpdwo6_SSA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kachchh&query_place_id=ChIJiUTbUAceUTkRiOpdwo6_SSA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:38:24.599Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00189", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kachuá", "normalized_name": "kachu", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "police outpost station", "market-place" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jessor", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Village and police outpost station in Jessor District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "On the Bhairab river between Khulná and Bágherhát, Sundarbans region.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated on the Bhairab river between Khulná and Bágherhát" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Contains a considerable bázár", "one of three market-places established in the Sundarbans by Mr. Henckell in 1782", "a khál or creek, crossed by a masonry bridge, divides the villages into two parts", "the place probably derives its name from kachu, a species of yam, which is grown here in great quantities" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kachuá. Village and police outpost station in Jessor District, Bengal; situated on the Bhairab river between Khulná and Bágherhát. Contains a considerable bázár, and is one of three market - places established in the Sundarbans by Mr. Henckell in 1782. A khál or creek, crossed by a masonry bridge, divides the villages into two parts. The place probably derives its name from kachu, a species of yam, which is grown here in great quantities.", "pdf_page": 143, "pdf_page_end": 143, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-143.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kachua", "formatted_address": "Kachua, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 22.681852, "longitude": 88.7241359, "place_id": "ChIJB8MSfMOr-DkRqbl3LC1wXRM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kachua&query_place_id=ChIJB8MSfMOr-DkRqbl3LC1wXRM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:34:24.021Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00190", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kadaba", "normalized_name": "kadaba", "feature_type": "taluk", "feature_labels": [ "taluk" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Túmkúr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Kadaba", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Mysore", "raw_context": "Táluk in Túmkúr District, Mysore" }, "location_description": "Táluk in Túmkúr District, Mysore.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 97963, "population_year": 1871, "area": 508, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "including 3610 Muhammadans, 176 Jains, and 52 Christians", "land revenue (1874-75), exclusive of water rates, £5950, or 2s. 5d. per cultivated acre", "Soil a red mould, shallow and gravelly", "of which 78 are cultivated" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kadaba.—Táluk in Túmkúr District, Mysore. Mysore. Area, 508 square miles, of which 78 are cultivated; pop. (1871), 97,963, including 3610 Muhammadans, 176 Jains, and 52 Christians; land revenue (1874-75), exclusive of water rates, £5950, or 2s. 5d. per cultivated acre. Soil a red mould, shallow and gravelly.", "pdf_page": 143, "pdf_page_end": 143, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-143.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kadaba", "formatted_address": "Kadaba, Karnataka 572219, India", "latitude": 13.2418723, "longitude": 76.8618207, "place_id": "ChIJiXHcNGohsDsRNfHFkjFAnh4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kadaba&query_place_id=ChIJiXHcNGohsDsRNfHFkjFAnh4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:38:39.275Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00194", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kadapa", "normalized_name": "kadapa", "feature_type": "other", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "District, táluk, and town in Madras" }, "location_description": "District, táluk, and town in Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kadapa.-District, táluk, and town in Madras.-See Cuddapah.", "pdf_page": 143, "pdf_page_end": 143, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-143.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kadapa", "formatted_address": "Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India", "latitude": 14.4698779, "longitude": 78.8241068, "place_id": "ChIJh2_y1BByszsRoAKKoVmIFa8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kadapa&query_place_id=ChIJh2_y1BByszsRoAKKoVmIFa8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:34:40.454Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00198", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kádipur", "normalized_name": "k-dipur", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil", "subdivision" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Sultánpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Tahsil or Subdivision in Sultánpur District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Tahsil or Subdivision in Sultánpur District, Oudh, bounded on the north by Akbarpur tahsil of Faizábád, on the east by Azamgarh District, on the south by Patti tahsil of Partábgarh, and on the west by Sultánpur tahsil.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "lying between 25° 58′ 30″ and 26° 23′ N. lat., and between 82° 9′ and 82° 44′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 234707, "population_year": 1869, "area": 440, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "of whom 221,521 are Hindus, and 13,186 Musalmáns", "number of males, 123,064, and of females, 111,643", "Number of villages or towns, 763", "average density of population, 584 per square mile", "the tahsil comprises the 3 parganás of Chándá, Aldemau, and Surharpur" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kádipur.—Tahsil or Subdivision in Sultánpur District, Oudh, lying between 25° 58′ 30″ and 26° 23′ N. lat., and between 82° 9′ and 82° 44′ E. long. Bounded on the north by Akbarpur tahsil of Faizábád (Fyzabad);\n\non the east by the District of Azamgarh in the North-Western Provinces, on the south by the Patti tahsil of Partábgarh, and on the west by Sultán- pur tahsil. Area, 440 square miles, of which 229 are cultivated. Pop. (according to the Census of 1869, but allowing for recent changes of area), 234,707, of whom 221,521 are Hindus, and 13,186 Musalmáns; number of males, 123,064, and of females, 111,643. Number of villages or towns, 763; average density of population, 584 per square mile. The tahsil comprises the 3 parganás of Chándá, Aldemau, and Surharpur.", "pdf_page": 143, "pdf_page_end": 144, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-143.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kadipur", "formatted_address": "Kadipur, Uttar Pradesh 228145, India", "latitude": 26.1669759, "longitude": 82.36959879999999, "place_id": "ChIJe8PYJtR8kDkRiaLsAQGjizc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kadipur&query_place_id=ChIJe8PYJtR8kDkRiaLsAQGjizc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:39:02.663Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00203", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kafára", "normalized_name": "kaf-ra", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Kheri", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Kheri District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Town in Kheri District, Oudh; situated east of the Dahraura river, on the high bank of an ancient channel of the stream.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 2467, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "2343 are Hindus and 124 Muhammadans" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kafára. Town in Kheri District, Oudh; situated east of the - Dahraura river, on the high bank of an ancient channel of the stream. Soil very fertile and drainage good. Pop. (1869), 2467, of whom 2343 are Hindus and 124 Muhammadans.", "pdf_page": 150, "pdf_page_end": 150, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-150.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kafara", "formatted_address": "Kafara, Uttar Pradesh 262723, India", "latitude": 28.0677738, "longitude": 81.10719519999999, "place_id": "ChIJd5MseZO7mDkRB_WUxKW5S18", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kafara&query_place_id=ChIJd5MseZO7mDkRB_WUxKW5S18", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:39:17.713Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00204", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Káfirkot", "normalized_name": "k-firkot", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "range of hills" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Derá Ismail Khán", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Derá Ismail Khán District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Range of hills in Derá Ismail Khán District, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Káfirkot.—Range of hills in Derá Ismail Khán District, Punjab.― See KHISOR HILLS.", "pdf_page": 150, "pdf_page_end": 150, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-150.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kafir Kot Temple", "formatted_address": "G83M+3WQ, Chashma Road, near Kundol Morh, Kundal, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.5027115, "longitude": 71.3348595, "place_id": "ChIJKxsQe_gEJzkRLb_7_1srtUk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kafir+Kot+Temple&query_place_id=ChIJKxsQe_gEJzkRLb_7_1srtUk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:08:32.575Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00211", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kahlgáon", "normalized_name": "kahlg-on", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bhagalpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bhagalpur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Town in Bhagalpur District, Bengal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kahlgáon.-Town in Bhagalpur District, Bengal.-See COLGONG.", "pdf_page": 151, "pdf_page_end": 151, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-151.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kahalgaon", "formatted_address": "Kahalgaon, Bihar, India", "latitude": 25.2627223, "longitude": 87.2366237, "place_id": "ChIJ17Httk0V8DkREHLHuhsr-YY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kahalgaon&query_place_id=ChIJ17Httk0V8DkREHLHuhsr-YY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:34:54.924Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00212", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kahlúr (Biláspur)", "normalized_name": "kahl-r-bil-spur", "alternate_names": [ "Biláspur" ], "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Hill State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kahlúr", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill States under the political superintendence of the Punjab Government" }, "location_description": "One of the Hill States under the political superintendence of the Punjab Government.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 12′ 30″ to 31° 35′ 45″ N.", "longitude": "76° 26' to 76° 58′ E.", "raw_text": "lying between 31° 12′ 30″ and 31° 35′ 45″ N. lat., and between 76° 26' and 76° 58′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 60000, "population_year": 1876, "area": "448 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The Gurkhás, who had overrun the country at the beginning of the present century, were driven out by the British in 1815, and the Rájá was reinstated in his possessions of Biláspur.", "In 1847-48, when the Punjab was conquered, the Rájá was confirmed in possession of the territory of Kahlúr, on the right bank of the Sutlej (Satlaj), which he had previously held on terms of allegiance and payment of tribute to the Síkhs.", "The British Government waived its right to tribute, but required the Rájá to abolish transit duties in his dominions.", "In acknowledgment of his services during the Mutiny, the Rájá received a dress of honour of the value of £500, and a salute of 7 guns.", "The present Rájá, Hira Chánd, a Rájput by caste, was born about 1835.", "Revenue about £10,000.", "Principal products -opium and grain; manufacture of woollen goods." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kahlúr (Biláspur). - One of the Hill States under the political superintendence of the Punjab Government, lying between 31° 12′ 30″ and 31° 35′ 45″ N. lat., and between 76° 26' and 76° 58′ E. long. Area, 448 square miles; estimated pop. (1876), 60,000. The Gurkhás, who had overrun the country at the beginning of the present century, were driven out by the British in 1815, and the Rájá was reinstated in his possessions of Biláspur. In 1847-48, when the Punjab was conquered, the Rájá was confirmed in possession of the territory of Kahlúr, on the right bank of the Sutlej (Satlaj), which he had previously held on terms of allegiance and payment of tribute to the Síkhs. The British Govern- ment waived its right to tribute, but required the Rájá to abolish transit duties in his dominions. In acknowledgment of his services during the Mutiny, the Rájá received a dress of honour of the value of £500, and a salute of 7 guns. The present Rájá, Hira Chánd, a Rájput by caste, was born about 1835. Revenue about £10,000. Principal products -opium and grain; manufacture of woollen goods.\n\n•\n\nKahnuwán. Swampy lake (jhil) in Gurdaspur District, Punjab, lying south-west of Gurdaspur town, below the high bank of the Beas (Biás), and evidently marking an ancient course of that river. It is 9 miles in length, by 2000 feet in width; depth from 12 to 20 feet in the deepest parts. In the centre stands a pavilion, erected by Mahárájá Sher Sinh. Rice and singhára are cultivated in the shallows. A dam, 13\n\nmiles in length, erected to prevent flooding, has saved large portions of the surrounding country from inundation. Steps have been taken with success for draining the swampy area, by which 1100 acres of marsh land have already been reclaimed, and the process still continues at the rate of about 150 acres yearly. The lake formerly swelled to much larger dimensions, but the dam now confines the water of the Beas to a narrower bed.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1090, 1093 ], "pdf_page": 151, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-151.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Bilaspur", "formatted_address": "Bilaspur, Punjab 142039, India", "latitude": 30.5746413, "longitude": 75.3674516, "place_id": "ChIJGzLDCbeXEDkR_4HiG6LMF2g", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Bilaspur&query_place_id=ChIJGzLDCbeXEDkR_4HiG6LMF2g", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:39:27.393Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00213", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kahror", "normalized_name": "kahror", "alternate_names": [ "Mooltan" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "ancient town", "trade centre" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Múltán", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Múltán (Mooltan). District, Punjab." }, "location_description": "Situated on an old bed of the Beas (Biás), known as the Bhatiári nála, about 4 miles from the present right bank of the Sutlej (Satlaj).", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 37′ N.", "longitude": "71° 57′ 41″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 37′ N., long. 71° 57′ 41″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5069, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "2874 Hindus, 2181 Muhammadans, 2 Síkhs, 4 Christians, and 8 'others'", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £285, or 1s. 2 d. per head of population (4661) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kahror.—Municipal town in Múltán (Mooltan). District, Punjab. Lat. 29° 37′ N., long. 71° 57′ 41″ E.; pop. (1868), 5069, consisting of 2874 Hindus, 2181 Muhammadans, 2 Síkhs, 4 Christians, and 8. 'others.' Situated on an old bed of the Beas (Biás), known as the Bhatiári nála, about 4 miles from the present right bank of the Sutlej (Satlaj). Ancient town, the legendary scene of Vikramaditya's victory over the Saka invaders in the 1st century B.C. Captured by Chach after the fall of Múltán in the 7th century. Important centre for local trade, chiefly with Múltán and Bahawalpur. Police station, branch dispensary. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £285, or 1s. 2 d. per head of population (4661) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 152, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-152.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kahror Pakka", "formatted_address": "Kahror Pakka, Pakistan", "latitude": 29.6437628, "longitude": 71.9164217, "place_id": "ChIJ9RtJJC6AOzkRcKPODPhL0u8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kahror+Pakka&query_place_id=ChIJ9RtJJC6AOzkRcKPODPhL0u8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:36:18.938Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00214", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Káhúta", "normalized_name": "k-h-ta", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Rawal Pindi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Murree (Marri) Hills", "raw_context": "Eastern tahsil of Rawal Pindi District, Punjab, lying between 33° 19' and 33° 47' N. lat., and between 73° 18' and 73° 41' ° E. long., in the tract commonly known as the Murree (Marri) Hills." }, "location_description": "In the tract commonly known as the Murree (Marri) Hills.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "33° 19' to 33° 47' N.", "longitude": "73° 18' to 73° 41' E.", "raw_text": "lying between 33° 19' and 33° 47' N. lat., and between 73° 18' and 73° 41' ° E. long." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Káhúta. Eastern tahsil of Rawal Pindi District, Punjab, lying between 33° 19' and 33° 47' N. lat., and between 73° 18' and 73° 41' ° E. long., in the tract commonly known as the Murree (Marri) Hills.", "pdf_page": 152, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-152.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kahuta", "formatted_address": "Kahuta, Pakistan", "latitude": 33.5893365, "longitude": 73.3905174, "place_id": "ChIJrzsghXTj3zgRRq2rU2ldmYg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kahuta&query_place_id=ChIJrzsghXTj3zgRRq2rU2ldmYg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T17:29:32.803Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00215", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kaidala", "normalized_name": "kaidala", "alternate_names": [ "Krida-pura" ], "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "ruin_or_archaeological_site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Mysore", "district": "Túmkúr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in Túmkúr District, Mysore; 3 miles south of Túmkúr." }, "location_description": "3 miles south of Túmkúr. Said to have been formerly called Krida-pura, and the capital of a powerful State; also regarded as the birthplace of Jaya-náchári, the great architect and sculptor. The two temples at Kaidala, now in ruins, belong to the period of the Ballála dynasty (10th to 14th centuries).", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "13° 18′ N.", "longitude": "77° 8′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 13° 18′ N., long. 77° 8′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 534, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kaidala.—Village in Túmkúr District, Mysore; 3 miles south of Túmkúr. Lat. 13° 18′ N., long. 77° 8′ E. ; pop. (1871), 534. Said to have been formerly called Krida-pura, and the capital of a powerful State; also regarded as the birthplace of Jaya-náchári, the great architect and sculptor, to whom all the temple carving in Mysore is attributed. The two temples at Kaidala, now in ruins, belong to the period of the Ballála dynasty (10th to 14th centuries).", "pdf_page": 152, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-152.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kaidala", "formatted_address": "Kaidala, Karnataka 572118, India", "latitude": 13.2999437, "longitude": 77.0801899, "place_id": "ChIJx3rmXUopsDsRq4f5DGF_090", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kaidala&query_place_id=ChIJx3rmXUopsDsRq4f5DGF_090", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:39:40.421Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00216", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kailashahr", "normalized_name": "kailashahr", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "subdivision" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Hill Tipperah State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Subdivision of Hill Tipperah State, Bengal." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 5694, "population_year": 1874, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kailashahr. Subdivision of Hill Tipperah State, Bengal. Pop. -\n(1874), 5694.", "pdf_page": 152, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-152.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Kailashahr", "latitude": 24.3189426, "longitude": 91.9978853, "evidence_url": "google.com/maps/place/Kailashahar,+Tripura,+India/@24.3005699,91.9164373,28301m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m10!1m2!2m1!1skailashahar+district!3m6!1s0x37518fecba187f41:0xec1a5b55b6b5dc46!8m2!3d24.3189426!4d91.9978853!15sChRrYWlsYXNoYWhhciBkaXN0cmljdJIBFGFkbWluaXN0cmF0aXZlX2FyZWE04AEA!16s%2Fg%2F11rq2cvh9x?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:36:06.833Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00217", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kailashahr", "normalized_name": "kailashahr", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Hill Tipperah State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in Hill Tipperah State, Bengal." }, "location_description": "Prettily situated at the foot of a low range of hills. Headquarters of the Subdivision of same name, but, as elsewhere in the State, the want of roads and means of land communication are severely felt. Bázár, dispensary, school.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24\" 19' 10\" N.", "longitude": "92° 2′ 15″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 24\" 19' 10\" N., long. 92° 2′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kailashahr. Village in Hill Tipperah State, Bengal. Prettily - situated at the foot of a low range of hills. Lat. 24\" 19' 10\" N., long. 92° 2′ 15″ E. Headquarters of the Subdivision of same name, but, as elsewhere in the State, the want of roads and means of land communi- cation are severely felt. Bázár, dispensary, school.", "pdf_page": 152, "pdf_page_end": 152, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-152.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kailashahar", "formatted_address": "Kailashahar, Tripura, India", "latitude": 24.3268117, "longitude": 92.0126276, "place_id": "ChIJ25_C4uGPUTcRKyFQIZAlSjo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kailashahar&query_place_id=ChIJ25_C4uGPUTcRKyFQIZAlSjo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:35:21.810Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00232", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kakarbái", "normalized_name": "kakarb-i", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Jhansi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on a peak to the left of the Chaich nadi, 54 miles from Jhánsi town, and 9 miles from Garotha.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated on a peak to the left of the Chaich nadi, 54 miles from Jhánsi town, and 9 miles from Garotha" }, "stats": { "population": 1709, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Post office and police station" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kakarbái. Village in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces; situated on a peak to the left of the Chaich nadi, 54 miles from Jhánsi town, and 9 miles from Garotha. Pop. (1872), 1709. Post office and police station.", "pdf_page": 160, "pdf_page_end": 160, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-160.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kakarbai", "formatted_address": "Kakarbai, Dhanaura, Uttar Pradesh 284202, India", "latitude": 25.7, "longitude": 79.333333, "place_id": "ChIJ0QN-Rf7edzkRbQIj_edxV5U", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kakarbai&query_place_id=ChIJ0QN-Rf7edzkRbQIj_edxV5U", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T02:36:56.948Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00246", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kalan Kot (Kalia Kot, Kála Kot)", "normalized_name": "kalan-kot-kalia-kot-k-la-kot", "alternate_names": [ "Kalia Kot", "Kála Kot" ], "feature_type": "fort", "feature_labels": [ "fort", "ruin" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Karáchi (Kurrachee)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Jerruck (Jhírak) Deputy Collectorate, Sind", "raw_context": "Jerruck (Jhírak) Deputy Collectorate, Karáchi (Kurrachee) District, Sind" }, "location_description": "3 miles south of Tatta, Jerruck (Jhírak) Deputy Collectorate, Karáchi District, Sind.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "3 miles south of Tatta" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Said to have been built in the 15th century, on the site of a still more ancient stronghold.", "Remains seem to show that it was destroyed by fire." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kalan Kot (Kalia Kot, Kála Kot).-Fort in Jerruck (Jhírak) Deputy Collectorate, Karáchi (Kurrachee) District, Sind; said to have been built in the 15th century, on the site of a still more ancient stronghold. It must have been of great strength, and the remains seem to show that it was destroyed by fire. The fort is 3 miles south of Tatta.", "pdf_page": 167, "pdf_page_end": 167, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-167.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kalan Kot Fort", "formatted_address": "PV4H+G7V, Thatta, Pakistan", "latitude": 24.7063597, "longitude": 67.8781703, "place_id": "ChIJnc2iBvMdTTkRbYoupdCHVqU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kalan+Kot+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJnc2iBvMdTTkRbYoupdCHVqU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-03T02:31:31.596Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00247", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kalaroá", "normalized_name": "kalaro", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "police circle headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Twenty-four Parganás", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Twenty-four Parganás District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Betná river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 22.709722, "longitude": 89.131944, "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 42′ 35″ N., long. 89° 7′ 55″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5937, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": 917, "other_facts": [ "Hindus, 2335; Muhammadans, 3602.", "Number of males, 3102; females, 2835.", "Municipal income (1871), £121; average rate of taxation, 4d. per head.", "Town police force of 1 petty officer and 10 men.", "Trade in rice and sugar." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kalaroá. — Municipal town and headquarters of a police circle (tháná), Twenty-four Parganás District, Bengal; situated on the Betná river. Lat. 22° 42′ 35″ N., long. 89° 7′ 55″ E. Pop. (1872), 5937, viz., Hindus, 2335; Muhammadans, 3602. Number of males, 3102-females, 2835; number of houses, 917. Municipal income (1871), £121; average rate of taxation, 4d. per head. Town police force of 1 petty officer and 10 men. Trade in rice and sugar.", "pdf_page": 167, "pdf_page_end": 167, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-167.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kalaroa", "formatted_address": "Kalaroa, Bangladesh", "latitude": 22.8583135, "longitude": 89.03943629999999, "place_id": "ChIJ-ThXOo1D_zkR8-hOa-Wc-Wg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kalaroa&query_place_id=ChIJ-ThXOo1D_zkR8-hOa-Wc-Wg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-03T02:31:37.630Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00251", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kalhatti", "normalized_name": "kalhatti", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Nilgiri", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Nilgiri District, Madras" }, "location_description": "8 miles from Utákamand (Ootacamund), on the principal road to Mysore.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 11.4625, "longitude": 76.716667, "raw_text": "Lat. 11° 27′ 45″ N., long. 76° 43′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "8 miles from Utákamand (Ootacamund), on the principal road to Mysore.", "Elevation above sea level, 6700 feet." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kalhatti.—Village in Nilgiri District, Madras. Lat. 11° 27′ 45″ N., long. 76° 43′ E.; 8 miles from Utákamand (Ootacamund), on the principal road to Mysore. Elevation above sea level, 6700 feet.", "pdf_page": 167, "pdf_page_end": 167, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-167.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kalhatty", "formatted_address": "Kalhatty, Tamil Nadu 643005, India", "latitude": 11.4629055, "longitude": 76.6817303, "place_id": "ChIJuYJndfS8qDsR-WoYLHgIKqE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kalhatty&query_place_id=ChIJuYJndfS8qDsR-WoYLHgIKqE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-03T02:31:53.542Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00268", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kálí Sind", "normalized_name": "k-l-sind", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central India", "raw_context": "Central India" }, "location_description": "River of Central India; rises on the south side of the Vindhya Mountains and falls into the Chambal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 36′ N.", "longitude": "76° 19' E.", "raw_text": "rises in lat. 22° 36′ N., and long. 76° 19' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "About 90 miles from its source it receives on the left the Ludkunda, which also rises in the Vindhyás; and on the same side, about 60 miles farther down, it is joined by the Ahu and Amjar at Gagrom.", "Near this place the Kálí Sind makes its way through the Mokundara range.", "After a course of about 225 miles, it falls into the Chambal.", "About 50 miles from this point, at Kandgaon, the route from Kotal to Ságar (Saugor) crosses the river." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kálí Sind.—River of Central India; rises in lat. 22° 36′ N., and long. 76° 19' E., on the south side of the Vindhya Mountains. About 90 miles from its source it receives on the left the Ludkunda, which also rises in the Vindhyás; and on the same side, about 60 miles farther\n\ndown, it is joined by the Ahu and Amjar at Gagrom. Near this place the Kálí Sind makes its way through the Mokundara range. Event- ually, after a course of about 225 miles, it falls into the Chambal. About 50 miles from this point, at Kandgaon, the route from Kotal to Ságar (Saugor) crosses the river.", "pdf_page": 174, "pdf_page_end": 175, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-174.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kali Sindh River", "formatted_address": "Kali Sindh River", "latitude": 24.2978913, "longitude": 76.2054151, "place_id": "ChIJgzS8NG5HZTkR2omVNMuI0gg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kali+Sindh+River&query_place_id=ChIJgzS8NG5HZTkR2omVNMuI0gg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-03T02:32:14.253Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00283", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kálsia", "normalized_name": "k-lsia", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Cis-Sutlej State", "princely state" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kálsia", "agency": null, "region": "Cis-Sutlej", "raw_context": "under the Government of the Punjab, lying between 30° 17' and 30° 25′ N. lat., and between 77° 21' and 77° 35' E. long." }, "location_description": "One of the Cis-Sutlej States, under the Government of the Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "between 30° 17' and 30° 25′ N. lat., and between 77° 21' and 77° 35' E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 68910, "population_year": 1876, "area": "155 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue in the same year at £15,600", "Principal products-wheat, cotton, Indian corn, sugar and saffron", "The chief receives £285 per annum in perpetuity from the British Government, as compensation for the abolition of custom duties", "The military force consists of 50 cavalry, 260 infantry, 3 guns, and 8 artillerymen" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kálsia.-One of the Cis-Sutlej States, under the Government of the Punjab, lying between 30° 17' and 30° 25′ N. lat., and between 77° 21' and 77° 35' E. long. The founder of the family was Sardár Gur Baksh Sinh, who came from the village of Kálsia in the Punjab proper. His son, Jodh Sinh, a man of ability and prowess, effected consider- able conquests in the neighbourhood of Umballa towards the close of the last century. When the Cis-Sutlej States came under British protection, Sardár Jodh Sinh, after some hesitation, followed the general example. The present Sardár of Kálsia is Bishen Sinh, a Síkh by religion, of a Punjab Ját family. The area of the State is 155 square miles; the population was estimated in 1876 at 68,910 persons, and the revenue in the same year at £15,600. Principal products-wheat, cotton, Indian corn, sugar and saffron. The chief receives £285 per annum in perpetuity from the British Government, as compensation for the abolition of custom duties. The military force consists of 50 cavalry, 260 infantry, 3 guns, and 8 artillerymen.", "pdf_page": 179, "pdf_page_end": 179, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-179.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kalsian", "formatted_address": "Kalsian, Punjab 141109, India", "latitude": 30.6320772, "longitude": 75.676082, "place_id": "ChIJhy4qrWWIEDkRt3nCqn_S9xA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kalsian&query_place_id=ChIJhy4qrWWIEDkRt3nCqn_S9xA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T23:00:39.122Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00291", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Ka-ma", "normalized_name": "ka-ma", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "revenue circle" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "British Burma", "district": "Thayet", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Tenasserim Division", "raw_context": "Revenue circle in Ka-ma township, Thayet District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma" }, "location_description": "Revenue circle in Ka-ma township, Thayet District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma; situated on hills reaching down to the right bank of the Irawadi.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 3319, "population_year": 1876, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "gross revenue, £1087", "The area under cultivation is small" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ka-ma.-Revenue circle in Ka-ma township, Thayet District, Tenas- serim Division, British Burma; situated on hills reaching down to the right bank of the Irawadi. Pop. (1876), 3319; gross revenue, £1087. The area under cultivation is small.", "pdf_page": 181, "pdf_page_end": 181, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-181.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kamma", "formatted_address": "Kamma, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 19.0242792, "longitude": 95.0976161, "place_id": "ChIJzcb9nICJxzAR4qIIGeCL5ys", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kamma&query_place_id=ChIJzcb9nICJxzAR4qIIGeCL5ys", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-03T02:32:32.505Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00292", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Ka-ma", "normalized_name": "ka-ma", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "township" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "British Burma", "district": "Thayet", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Tenasserim Division", "raw_context": "Township in Thayet District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma" }, "location_description": "Township in Thayet District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma. Bounded on the north by Thayet and Meng-dún townships; on the east by the Irawadi; on the south by Padoung township in Prome District; and on the west by the Arakan Yomas.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "18° 49' to 19° 5' N.", "longitude": "94° 45′ to 95° 14′ 20″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 18° 49' to 19° 5' N., long. 94° 45′ to 95° 14′ 20″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 30363, "population_year": 1876, "area": "575 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "gross revenue, £6984", "At the time when the Register was prepared (1783 A.D.), the Myo-thúgyíship of Ka-ma is said to have contained 142 villages, which were divided into 5 circles and 59 village Thúgyíships", "Mya-wadi, under Burmese rule, does not appear to have been divided into circles", "The annual tribute exacted from Ka-ma was £857, and from Mya-wadi, £428" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Ka-ma. - Township in Thayet District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma. Lat. 18° 49' to 19° 5' N., long. 94° 45′ to 95° 14′ 20″ E.; area, 575 square miles; pop. (1876), 30,363; gross revenue, £6984. Bounded on the north by Thayet and Meng-dún townships; on the east by the Irawadi; on the south by Padoung township in Prome District; and on the west by the Arakan Yomas. Ka-ma includes Mya-wadi, the emerald country, so called from the expiatory offerings of a royal parricide. This division was formerly the charge of a Myo- thúgyí. At the time when the Register was prepared (1783 A.D.), the Myo-thúgyíship of Ka-ma is said to have contained 142 villages, which were divided into 5 circles and 59 village Thúgyíships. Mya- wadi, under Burmese rule, does not appear to have been divided into circles. The annual tribute exacted from Ka-ma was £857, and from Mya-wadi, £428.", "pdf_page": 181, "pdf_page_end": 181, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-181.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kamma", "formatted_address": "Kamma, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 19.0242792, "longitude": 95.0976161, "place_id": "ChIJzcb9nICJxzAR4qIIGeCL5ys", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kamma&query_place_id=ChIJzcb9nICJxzAR4qIIGeCL5ys", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:41:24.406Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00294", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kamadhia", "normalized_name": "kamadhia", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kamadhia", "agency": null, "region": "South Kathiáwár", "raw_context": "One of the petty States of South K thiáwár, Bombay" }, "location_description": "One of the petty States of South Kathiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": 1, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer", "The revenue in 1876 was estimated at £650; no tribute is paid" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kamadhia. One of the petty States of South K thiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer. The revenue in 1876 was estimated at £650; no tribute is paid.\n\nKa-ma-ke. - Revenue circle in Bhilú Island, Amherst District, Tenasserim Division, British Burma. Pop. (1876), 2112; land revenue, £713, and capitation tax, £211. To the south and cast rise detached\n\nhills; the rest of the country consists of vast alluvial plains, portions of which border the sea.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 185 ], "pdf_page": 181, "pdf_page_end": 182, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-181.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kamadhiya", "formatted_address": "Kamadhiya, Gujarat 360465, India", "latitude": 21.8475034, "longitude": 70.926444, "place_id": "ChIJmTo8sOhpWDkRMF8EVxy9oho", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kamadhiya&query_place_id=ChIJmTo8sOhpWDkRMF8EVxy9oho", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-07T23:00:48.917Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00295", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kámákhyá", "normalized_name": "k-m-khy", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill", "religious_site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Assam", "district": "Kámrúp", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Kámrúp District, Assam" }, "location_description": "Isolated hill in Kámrúp District, Assam, about 2 miles west of Gauháti, with a celebrated temple of Kámákhyá on the summit.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "26° 10′ N.", "longitude": "91° 45' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 26° 10′ N., long. 91° 45' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "about 2 miles west of Gauháti", "On the summit is a celebrated temple of Kámákhyá, the local goddess of love", "The principal annual gatherings at this shrine are the Purush-ávana in January, the Manasá-pujá in August, and the Sáradiyá-pujá in September" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kámákhyá.-Isolated hill in Kámrúp District, Assam; about 2 miles west of Gauháti. Lat. 26° 10′ N., long. 91° 45' E. On the summit is a celebrated temple of Kámákhyá, the local goddess of love, which has given its name to the hill. The principal annual gatherings at this shrine are the Purush-ávana in January, to commemorate the marriage of the goddess with the god Kámeswar; the Manasá-pujá in August, and the Sáradiyá-pujá in September. All these festivals are attended by large crowds of people.", "pdf_page": 182, "pdf_page_end": 182, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-182.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kamakhya", "formatted_address": "Kamakhya, Guwahati, Assam, India", "latitude": 26.1658668, "longitude": 91.7073716, "place_id": "ChIJKwnJOxtbWjcR817J9RYGNsw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kamakhya&query_place_id=ChIJKwnJOxtbWjcR817J9RYGNsw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:41:36.836Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00370", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kánsat", "normalized_name": "k-nsat", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Maldah", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Village in Maldah District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "situated on the Ganges", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Noted for its fair held in February or March, which lasts for two days, and is attended by from 8000 to 10,000 Hindus, who come for the purpose of bathing in the Ganges.", "In 1868, cholera broke out severely at this gathering, and was thence widely disseminated throughout the District." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kánsat. Village in Maldah District, Bengal; situated on the - Ganges. Noted for its fair held in February or March, which lasts for two days, and is attended by from 8000 to 10,000 Hindus, who come for the purpose of bathing in the Ganges. In 1868, cholera broke out severely at this gathering, and was thence widely disseminated through- out the District.\n\nKánsbáns (or Káinsbáns).-River in Balasor District, Orissa; so called from a jungle of káins grass and bamboos, amid which it rises in kilá Ambohatá. The stream runs in a south-easterly direction, at first almost parallel with the Nílgirí Hills, and receives from them a number of nameless drainage streams on its northern or left bank. At Bírpárá it bifurcates, the northern branch retaining its original name, and enter- ing the sea in lat. 21° 12′ 25″ N., and long. 86° 52′ 10″ E. LAICHANPUR port is situated near the mouth of the river. The southern branch, the Gammái, on which is the port of CHURAMAN, falls into the Bay of .Bengal, 6 miles south of the Kánsbáns.", "pdf_page": 233, "pdf_page_end": 233, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-233.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kansat", "formatted_address": "Kansat, Bangladesh", "latitude": 24.7299057, "longitude": 88.17060470000001, "place_id": "ChIJGZyCsDWt-zkRaxZmEbnofZE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kansat&query_place_id=ChIJGZyCsDWt-zkRaxZmEbnofZE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-09T07:44:39.382Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00376", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kánthi", "normalized_name": "k-nthi", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "subdivision", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Midnapur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Subdivision and town, Midnapur District, Bengal" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kánthi.—Subdivision and town, Midnapur District, Bengal.-See\nCONTAI.", "pdf_page": 234, "pdf_page_end": 234, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-234.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Contai", "formatted_address": "Contai, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 21.778109, "longitude": 87.7517427, "place_id": "ChIJN4JNOeUmAzoRcX-FJdW0tns", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Contai&query_place_id=ChIJN4JNOeUmAzoRcX-FJdW0tns", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:45:15.269Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00383", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kapadwanj", "normalized_name": "kapadwanj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "headquarters", "fortified town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Káira", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Headquarters of the Kapadwanj Subdivision of - Káira District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "situated in lat. 23° 1′ N., and long. 73° 7′ 30″ E.; fortified town", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "23° 1′ N.", "longitude": "73° 7′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "lat. 23° 1′ N., and long. 73° 7′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 13982, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Precious stones, such as agate and onyx, are found in large quantities in the bed of the Mohar, a rocky stream half a mile north of the town", "manufactures are soap, glass, and leather butter-jars", "most important articles of trade are grain and opium from Central India, and tobacco from Guzerat", "Kapadwanj goods are exported to the Pánch Maháls, Bálásinor territory, and Central India", "principal objects of interest in the town are a fine reservoir and a pillar in the Chalukya (1000-1300) style of architecture", "Sub-judge's court and dispensary" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kapadwanj. — Headquarters of the Kapadwanj Subdivision of - Káira District, Bombay. A fortified town, situated in lat. 23° 1′ N., and long. 73° 7′ 30″ E.; pop. (1872), 13,982. Precious stones, such as agate and onyx, are found in large quantities in the bed of the Mohar, a rocky stream half a mile north of the town. Its manufactures are soap, glass, and leather butter-jars. The most important articles of trade are grain and opium from Central India, and tobacco from Guzerat. Besides supplying a considerable local demand, Kapadwanj goods are exported to the Pánch Maháls, Bálásinor territory, and Central India. The principal objects of interest in the town are a fine reservoir and a pillar in the Chalukya (1000-1300) style of architec- tecture. Sub-judge's court and dispensary.", "pdf_page": 235, "pdf_page_end": 235, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-235.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kapadvanj", "formatted_address": "Kapadvanj, Gujarat 387620, India", "latitude": 23.0200163, "longitude": 73.0700421, "place_id": "ChIJdeFtk1htXjkRcXwdGfgEI7c", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kapadvanj&query_place_id=ChIJdeFtk1htXjkRcXwdGfgEI7c", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:45:28.885Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00389", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kapurthala", "normalized_name": "kapurthala", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kapurthála State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Chief town of Kapurthála State, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Chief town of Kapurthála State, Punjab, 8 miles from the left bank of the river Beas.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 31.383333333333333, "longitude": 75.41666666666667, "raw_text": "situated in lat. 31° 23′ N., and long. 75° 25′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "8 miles from the left bank of the river Beas (Biás)" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kapurthala.-Chief town of Kapurthála State, Punjab; situated in lat. 31° 23′ N., and long. 75° 25′ E., 8 miles from the left bank of the river Beas (Biás).\n\nKaráchi (Kurrachee).-A British District in the Province of Sind; lying between 23° 34′ and 26° 57' N. lat., and between 66° 41′ 30″ and 68° 49' E. long.; area (1878), 14,091 square miles; population (1878), 423,495 persons. Karáchi District is bounded on the north by Shikár- pur; on the east by the Indus and Haidarábád (Hyderabad); on the south by the sea and the Kori river; and on the west by the sea and Baluchistán or the territories of the Khán of Khelát, the river Habb forming for a considerable distance the line of demarcation. The administrative headquarters are at the city of KARACHI (Kurrachee).\n\nPhysical Aspects. Karáchi District, an immense tract of land - stretching from the mouth of the Indus to the Baluchi boundary, differs considerably in appearance from the general level of the Pro- vince of Sind by its possession of a hilly western region, lying in the Subdivisions of Kohistán and Karachi. Numerous lateral ranges of considerable height here push forward into the plain from the Kirthar Mountains, and diversify the usually monotonous aspect of the arid surface by their spurs and offshoots. From this lofty and barren tract, intersected by deep and wide valleys, the general aspect of the country, as it runs south-eastward in a vast sloping plain, becomes more and more level, until in the extreme south the Indus delta presents a broad expanse of low, flat, and unpicturesque alluvium, stretching away to the horizon in one unbroken sheet, only varied by the nume- rous creeks communicating with the ocean. Large forests of bábul and other trees fringe the river banks, and impart a somewhat fresher appearance to the otherwise dreary landscape. Elsewhere, however, the features of the Sind delta stand unrelieved in their naked monotony. The only other stream of any importance is the Habb, forming the western boundary between Sind and Baluchistán. A few minor torrents take their rise among the western hills, but consist of dry water-courses during the greater portion of the year, only inundated on a few rare occasions, when heavy rains fall on the higher ranges, in which they have their sources. The Manchhar Lake, in Sehwan Subdivision, forms the only considerable sheet of water in any part of Sind. The hot springs of Pír Mangho, situated about 6 or 7 miles north of Karáchi town, among some very barren and rocky hills, attract many visitors from their picturesque surroundings. They gush up from a clump of date-trees, which covers the extremity of a craggy limestone knoll, in a pretty valley enclosed by considerable heights. A swamp close by is famous for its immense number of crocodiles, which rank among the chief sights of Karachi. Hundreds of these monsters bask lazily in the sun, by the side of a green, slimy,\n\nstagnant pool, or move sluggishly about in search of food. A mosque crowns the summit of a neighbouring crag, with a neat white cupola and slender minarets. The fauna of the District include the leopard, hyæna, wolf, jackal, fox, bear, antelope, and wild sheep. Vultures, grey pigeon, partridge, and quail occur among the birds; and reptiles of various kinds abound, especially in Kohistán.\n\nHistory. The ancient town of SEHWAN contains the ruins of a fort of great antiquity. Local tradition ascribes its origin to Alexander the Great, who sailed down the Indus from the country of the Malli (Múltán), and despatched Nearchus, doubtless from some point in the present District, to explore the Persian Gulf. It is, how- ever, more generally identified with the Sindomani existing in the time of Alexander. In later times it was known as Síwastán. The town already possessed considerable importance when Muham- mad Kásim Sakifi, the first Musalmán invader of Sind, obtained its submission about 713 A.D., after his conquest of Nerankot, the modern Haidarábád. Close under the Makli Hills, again, stood Samui, the capital of the Samma dynasty of princes, originally a Hindu or Buddhist race, who maintained their independence of the Muhammadan power from 1351 to 1521. Converted to the faith of Islám about the close of the 14th century, they still continued to retain their practical autonomy, in spite of a nominal allegiance tendered to Firoz Tughlak of Delhi; and the town of Tatta, where they generally resided, became in after years the chief centre of popu- lation and commerce for the whole of Sind. In 1521, Sháh Beg, founder of the Arghún dynasty, completely defeated the last Samma prince, and established his own claim to the sovereignty of the lower Indus valley. After a continuance of only thirty-four years, however, the Arghún line became extinct in the person of Sháh Husain, son of the founder, who died childless in 1554. Mírzá Jáni Beg, the last local ruler of Tatta, was defeated by an army of the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1591; and the District, together with the rest of Sind, became incorporated with the Múltán (Mooltan) suah in the imperial organiza- tion of the country. \"The country of Tatta,' however, was made over to Jáni Beg, who entered the Mughal service after his defeat, and compromised for his independence by accepting his former territories in jágír. Continued struggles for the governorship of Tatta led Jahangir to abolish the hereditary viceroyalty, and o appoint instead special lieutenants holding office during the imperial pleasure. 'The towr. of Karachi itself appears to have attained little importance either under the native dynasties or the Mughal administration. Its rise into notice began with the period of the Tálpur Mírs, who suc- ceeded the Kalhora princes in 1793 (see HAIDARABAD), and recognised the value of the harbour for commerce. The capture of the Manora\n\nfort in 1839 put the British in possession of the town. Karáchi grew rapidly under the new administration, and became the principal port of North-western India. Karáchi District, as at first constituted, did not embrace so wide an area as at present; but in 1861, a portion of the Indus Delta, composing the present Sháhbandar Subdivision, was taken from Haidarábád, and incorporated with this Collectorate.\n\nPopulation. The total number of inhabitants in the District in 1872 amounted to 426;722 persons, scattered over an area of 16,109 square miles, and inhabiting an aggregate of 717 villages. From these data the following averages may be deduced:-Persons per square mile, 26.42; villages per square mile, 0'04; persons per village, 595. Classified according to sex, there were males, 242,516; females, - 184,206; proportion of males, 56.8 per cent. Classified according to age, there were, under 12 years -87,498 boys; 69,692 girls; total children, 157,190, or 36.8 per cent. As regards religious distinctions, Karachi is an essentially Muhammadan District, the Census showing a total of 348,773 Musalmáns, as against 73,304 Hindus. The Christian population includes the unusually large number of 3829 persons; while 816 are returned as 'others.' The ethnical division yields the following results:-Europeans, 2035; Eurasians, 323; Indo- Portuguese, 1039; other non-Asiatics, 208; Hindus, 73,304; native Muhammadans, 348,586; native Christians, 104; Parsis, 717; and others,' 406. The District contained, in 1872, 8 towns with a popu- lation exceeding 2000-namely, KARACHI, 56,753; KOTRI, 7949; SEHWAN, 4296; BUBAK, 5703; DADU, 3357; TATTA, 7951; KETI- BANDAR, 2199; and MIRPUR BATORO, 2846.\n\nAgriculture. In the Karáchi Subdivision, cultivation exists only on a few isolated spots, and depends upon wells, springs, or natural rainfall. Here the chief crops are joár, bájra, barley, and sugar- cane, grown chiefly on the Malir Plain, distant from Karáchi some 12 miles, and easily accessible by rail. In Jerruck and Sháh- bandar, where numerous canals carry the waters of the Indus through the alluvial flats, rice forms the staple crop; but wheat, sugar-cane, millets, cotton, and tobacco are also grown. In the barren hills of Kohistán, agriculture is practically unknown; and the nomad popula- tion devotes itself almost entirely to grazing cattle in the southern plains, where abundance of forage springs up spontaneously after every fall of rain. The harvest seasons recognised in the District are three in number-kharif, sown in May or June, and reaped in October, November, or December; rabi, sown in November or December, and reaped in March or April; and adhawa, sown in January, and reaped in March.\n\nCommerce and Trade, ctc.--The traffic of the District centres mainly on the town of KARACHI. The staple exports consist of cotton,\n\nwool, and grain. Extensive salt deposits of the purest description occur in Shahbandar Subdivision, on the Sirganda creek, a branch of the Indus, accessible for small craft of from 50 to 60 tons burden. According to Captain Burke, of the Bombay Engineers, who surveyed the beds in 1847, they are capable of supplying the whole world with all the salt it needed for a hundred years. Owing to the double excise duty, however, Sirganda salt was long unable to compete with inferior descriptions sent from other quarters; and the removal of the export duties in 1868 has not improved the trade to the extent anticipated. The Sind line of the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Railway lies wholly within the District. It runs from Karachi to Kotri, a distance of 106 miles, with stations at Malir, Dábeji, Júngsháhi (for Tatta), Jhimpir, Meting (for Jerruck), and Bulhári. The sea-fishery of the District is chiefly carried on by the Muhána tribe of Musalmáns, who reside for the most part at Karachi. The principal fish caught are sharks, rays, and skates. The pearl oyster is found at several places on the coast, and the Mirs conducted pearl operations on their own account. Under British rule, the right has been let for a small sum; but the pearls are very inferior in size and quality, so that the industry has greatly declined of late years. Considerable fisheries also exist in the river Indus, chiefly for the fish known as pala; and Government derives a small revenue from this source. The local manufactures are confined to Karáchi town; Tatta is noted for lungis, and Bubak, near Sehwan, for carpets.\n\nAdministration. The administration of this extensive District is - conducted by a Collector-Magistrate, assisted by the several Deputy Collectors, as well as by the Húzur Deputy Collector, permanently sta- tioned at headquarters. The District and Sessions Judge, with his prin- cipal court at Karáchi, holds periodical sessions at Kotri, Tatta, Batoro, Sehwan, and one other town. The canals of the District form a separate charge, under the superintendence of officials appointed by the Public Works Department. The total police force in the District in 1873 numbered 1349 officers and men, being 1 policeman to every 13 square 'miles and to every 316 of the population. The total imperial revenue in 1873-74 amounted to £139,079, of which sum £47,201 was con- tributed by the land tax. The small amount yielded by the land revenue is due to the large proportion of barren or desert area within the District. In the same year, the revenue from canals was returned at £52,222, and the cost of clearance at £11,703. Education has made some advance, but the progress is more striking in Karachi town than in the villages of the interior. The total number of schools in 1873-74 amounted to 49, with a roll of 3167 pupils. For fiscal and administra- tive purposes, the District is subdivided into the 3 divisions of SEHWAN, JERRUCK, and SHAHBANDAR, each of which see separately.\n\nMedical Aspects.-The climate of Karáchi city and the neighbouring country, which is in every direction open to the sea-breeze, possesses a great superiority to that which prevails throughout the remainder of Sind. The hill country of Kohistán is also cooler in summer and warmer in winter than is the case in the plains. In the north, on the other hand, near the barren Laki range of hills, the heat often becomes insupportable. The hot season commences about the middle or end of March, reaches its maximum in the month of July, and lasts till the end of August, when the temperature once more becomes tolerably cool. The rainfall at Karáchi is slight and fluctuating, the average hardly exceeding 5 inches per annum. Sometimes one or two years elapse with scarcely a shower. The fall in inches for four years ending 1874, was 0.12, 7·60, 2.50, and 8.29 respectively. In 1874, the maximum reached by the thermometer was 101° F., and the minimum 42°. Karáchi town is said to enjoy the healthiest climate in all Sind. Fevers prevail at the setting in of the cold season; and in the hot weather, external inflammations, ulcers, and skin diseases cause much trouble. Cholera appeared in an epidemic form in 1865, 1867, and 1869, in the last of which years terrible mortality occurred in the town of Kotri.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 157, 769, 3316, 6252, 7542, 8560, 10291, 11667 ], "pdf_page": 238, "pdf_page_end": 242, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-238.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kapurthala", "formatted_address": "Kapurthala, Punjab, India", "latitude": 31.3722571, "longitude": 75.4017654, "place_id": "ChIJK-qq3FRIGjkRyePIMQndO2E", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kapurthala&query_place_id=ChIJK-qq3FRIGjkRyePIMQndO2E", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:48.177Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00391", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karáchi (Kurrachee)", "normalized_name": "kar-chi-kurrachee", "alternate_names": [ "Kurrachee" ], "feature_type": "city", "feature_labels": [ "seaport", "chief town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Sind", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "chief town of the Province of Sind" }, "location_description": "Seaport and chief town of Sind, at the extreme northern end of the Indus Delta, near the southern base of the Pabb Mountains in Baluchistán.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.8525, "longitude": 67.0708, "raw_text": "situated in lat. 24° 51′ 9″ N., and long. 67° 4′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 56753, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Karáchi (Kurrachee).-Seaport and chief town of the Province of Sind, situated in lat. 24° 51′ 9″ N., and long. 67° 4′ 15″ E., at the extreme northern end of the Indus Delta, near the southern base of the Pabb Mountains in Baluchistán. Pop. (1872), 56,753.\n\nPosition, etc.—The bay of Karachi is formed by the projecting head- land of Manora Point, the extremity of a reef 10 miles in length, which supplies a natural barrier against the waters of the Arabian Sea. The opening of the bay between Manora and the opposite sanitarium of\n\nClifton has a width of about 3½ miles; but the mouth is blocked by a group of rocky islets, known as the Oyster Rocks,' as well as by the larger island of Kiamári, a little in the rear. The harbour stretches for 5 miles northward from Manora Head to the narrows of the Layári river, and about the same distance from the old town of Karachi on the eastern shore to the extreme western point. Only a small portion of this extensive area, however, is capable of accommodating large vessels. Manora Head, the first object visible to a voyager approach- ing Karáchi from the sea, is crowned by a lighthouse, having a fixed light 120 feet above sea level, and visible for 17 miles around in clear weather. The point also affords room for a fort, said to have been erected in 1797, the port and pilot establishment, the buildings in connection with the harbour improvements, and a portion of the Indo-European telegraph department. Besides a library, billiard-room, and European school, Manora possesses an English church, intended for the crews of vessels frequenting the harbour. On the opposite side of the mouth, the island of Kiamári forms the landing-place for passengers and goods bound for Karáchi, and has three piers. A road running along the Napier Mole, 3 miles long, connects the island with the town and mainland. The Sind Railway also extends to Kiamári, but instead of following the mole it takes a more circuitous route to the south by the edge of a large lagoon, the waters of which are passed through the mole by a fine screw-pile bridge, 1200 feet in length, erected in 1865 at a cost of £47,500, so as to allow them to flow uninterruptedly into the harbour as a means of scouring the channel. At the northern extremity of this bridge, and running in a westerly direction, stands the native jetty, built of stone at an expense of £43,300. At the end of the Mole, on the mainland side, the custom-house runs right across the road, which pierces it by five arches, thus intercepting all traffic. Two principal thoroughfares lead from the custom-house to the Karáchi cantonments, known respectively as the Bandar and the M'Leod roads. The oldest portion of the town lies along the former route, close to the harbour, containing the most thickly populated quarter in Karachi. The municipality, however, has lately widened the streets and effected other improvements, which must conduce to the health of the inhabitants, chiefly Hindu and Muhammadan merchants. The Layári, a river only in name, as it contains water only some three or four times a year, separates this quarter from the Layári suburb. On the M'Leod Road are situated the court-house, the new Bank of Bombay, the Agra Bank, the Chamber of Commerce, Messrs. Mackenzie & Cosser's ironworks, and three important cotton-press houses: the M'Leod Road presses, owned by the Sind Press Company, capable of turning out daily 350 pressed bales of cotton; the Tyabji presses, erected in 1865 at a cost of £22,000, and turning out 250 bales; and\n\nthe Albert presses, leased to the Sind Press Company, and turning out 390 bales. This quarter also contains the charitable dispensary, Sind Railway station, several schools, a new Hindu temple, and most of the offices belonging to European merchants. The Afghán sarái, intended for the use of Káfilas, or caravans from Kandahár, rebuilt by the muni- cipality in 1873 at a cost of £1954, covers an area of about 3 acres. Nearer to the cantonments, a number of bungalows stand on the inter- vening space; while the civil lines skirt the cantonment itself to the eastward. The military quarter consists of three portions-the depôt lines, the artillery lines, and the European infantry lines. The Government garden, distant about half a mile from cantonments, covers an area of 40 acres, neatly laid out with trees and shrubs.\n\nChief Buildings.-The architecture of Karachi is essentially modern and Anglo-Indian. The principal church is the Anglican one of the Holy Trinity, situated in the cantonments. It stands in a large open space, 15 acres in extent, and consists of a heavy, ungainly Italian nave, with a disproportionately tall and ugly tower. The Roman Catholic Church of St. Patrick, also situated in the canton- ments, cannot be said to represent any particular style of architecture. St. Patrick's school is a fine stone building, capable of accommodating 40 boarders and 200 day-scholars. The European and Indo-European school, founded in 1854, under the auspices of Sir Bartle Frere, then Commissioner of Sind, occupies a handsome stone structure in the depôt lines. The other chief modern institutions include the Presbyterian Church of St. Andrew, Christ's Church and mission schools, the Napier Barracks, Gisri Sanitarium, and post office. The Frere Hall, a municipal building named in honour of the late Com- missioner, stands on a slight elevation near Trinity Church. It was opened in a somewhat unfinished state in October 1865, up to which date as much as £17,391 had been expended upon its erection. This hall, which is a comparatively good specimen of slightly adapted Venetian Gothic, contains the Karáchi General Library and Museum, with a revenue in 1873-74 of £590. Government House, the resi- dence of the Commissioner of Sind, is situated in the civil quarter, and consists of a central building with two wings, approached by five separate carriage drives. Though commodious and comfortable in its interior arrangements, the exterior can lay no claim to architectural beauty.\n\nHistory. Karáchi town may be regarded as almost a creation - of British rule, its extensive commerce, splendid harbour works, and numerous flourishing institutions having all sprung up since the intro- duction of our settled administration. Before 1725, no town whatever appears to have existed on the site. Under Jám Daria Khán Jokia, some little trade began to centre upon the convenient harbour.\n\nCannon brought from Muscat fortified the little fort, and the name of Karachi was bestowed upon the rising village. The hopeless blocking up of Sháhbandar harbour shortly afterwards drove much of its former trade and population to Karáchi. Under the Kalhora princes, the Khán of Khelát obtained a grant of the town, which he garrisoned from his own territory. The Tálpur chiefs gained possession by force of arms in 1795, and built a fort at Manora, at the mouth of the harbour. They also made considerable efforts to increase the trade of Karachi, so that in 1838 the town and suburbs had a population of 14,000, half of whom were Hindus. The houses were all flat-roofed, and built of mud, very few of them having more than one storey. The Government under the Mirs was vested in a civil and military official, the Nawáb, who ruled despotically over the town and neighbourhood.\n\nPopulation.-The Census of 1872 returned the total number of inhabitants, including the cantonment, at 56,753. The military force, with camp followers, amounted to 3227 men, comprising a battery of Royal Artillery, 1 European and 1 Native infantry regiment, and the men and families of the ordnance and barrack departments. The Muhammadans numbered 29,156, and the Hindus, 23,404; Christians, 3397; and 'others,' 796. The proportion of European inhabitants in Karachi is unusually large.\n\nCommerce and Trade, etc.-Even before the period of British rule, the commerce of Karáchi had attained to some importance, owing to the value of the river Indus as a channel of communication. Nevertheless, the sparse population of the country, combined with the short-sighted and selfish policy of its rulers, prevented it from reaching its proper development. Under the Tálpur Mirs, all imports were subjected to a 4 per cent. duty, and all exports to one of 2½ per cent. In 1809, the customs revenue amounted to £9900; by 1838, it had risen to £15,000. In the latter year, the whole trade of the town was valued at £374,700. The following list gives the value of the principal articles of trade in 1837, under the Mírs, six years before British annexation:-Imports-English silk, broadcloth, chintz, etc., £60,000; Bengal and China raw silk, £24,800; slaves, £12,000; dates, £10,000; sugar, £8500%; ivory, £6400%; copper, £5400; spices, £5850; and cotton, £3750: Exports-opium (from Khairpur), £160,000; ghí, £17,000; indigo, £12,000; wheat £6750; madder, £4500; wool, £3500; raisins, £3200; and salt tish, £3000. Slaves came chiefly from Muscat, and consisted of negroes or Abyssinians. Opium to the extent of 500 camel-loads came from Márwár, and was exported to the Portuguese town of Damán. Almost all the goods imported into Sind were then consumed within the Province, only £15,000 worth being sent across the frontier. The total gross\n\nrevenue drawn from the town and port of Karachi by the Mírs in 1837 amounted to £17,389. In 1843-44, the first year of British rule, the trade of Karachi, including Keti - bandar and Sirganda, had a total value of £122,160, comprising exports, £1010, and imports, £121,150. The second year of British rule saw a rise to £227,000, the third to £353,400, and the fifth to £442,602. By 1852-53, the total value had risen to £812,027, comprising imports, £535,690, and exports, £276,310. Apart from the increase in the trade as a whole, the rapid development of the exports deserves attention. In 1855-56, the figures stood as follows: Imports, -- £629,813; exports, £604,440; total, £1,234,253. In 1857-58, the exports nearly overtook the imports, the two standing respectively at £1,081,101 and £1,078,128; total, £2,159,229. The American civil war gave an enormous impetus to the trade of Karáchi, by the high demand for Indian cotton which it created in the European markets; and in 1862-63, the total value of the commerce amounted to no less than £5,316,424, viz. imports, £2,188,943, and exports, £3,127,481, being the first year in which the balance of trade stood in favour of Karachi. In the next year, the returns rose to the highest figure ever yet attained, the total value amounting to £6,567,685, or imports, £2,520,897, and exports, £4,046,787. The restoration of peace in America, however, gradually brought about a lower rate in the home markets, and the trade of Karáchi returned to what may be now considered its normal level. The total value sank from £5,058,802 in 1864-65, to £4,053,610 in 1867-68, and £3,507,684 in 1873-74. The last-named figures fairly represent the average com- merce of the town and port under ordinary circumstances. The following were the principal articles of import in 1873-74, with their value in pounds sterling-Apparel, £26,831; cocoa-nuts, £23,215; cotton piece-goods, £713,775; cotton twist and thread, £49,069; fruits and vegetables, £43,653; coal and coke, £13,170; grain and pulses, £16,407; ivory, £13,087; jute (manufactured), £49,866 ; malt liquors, £20,818; wines and liqueurs, £21,584; spirits, £47,396; metals (chiefly manufactured), £66,836; provisions, £18,656; railway materials, £17,956; silk, £16,001; spices, £33,388; sugar, molasses, etc., £111,964; timber, £28,492; and specie, £12,722; total imports, including miscellaneous articles, £1,481,765. The fol- lowing list shows the countries from which these imports were received: -United Kingdom, £382,833; Bombay, £1,112,668; Persian Gulf, £45,564; France, £3449; Makrán, £7989; Calcutta, £48,478; British Burma, £17,080; Cutch and Káthiáwár, £6587; Malabar, £8828; and Guzerat, £5137. From the United Kingdom, Karáchi imports cotton manufactures, railway materials, liquors, coal and coke, machinery, metals, provisions, apparel, drugs, and medicines; from\n\nBombay, cotton piece-goods and twist, treasure, metals, silk, sugar, tea, jute, spices, dyes, woollen manufactures, cocoa-nuts, manufactured silk, liquors, fruit, and vegetables; from the Persian Gulf, dried fruits, treasure, wool, grain, and horses; from the coast of Makrán, wool, provisions, grain, and pulses; and from Calcutta, jute, sugar, grain, and pulses. The following list shows the value of the various exports in 1873-74:Animals (living), £37,263; raw cotton, £381,720; cotton goods, £14,283; drugs, £16,286; dyes, £98,531; fruits and vegetables, £24,093; grain and pulses, £451,538; hides and skins, £51,612; oil, £11,617; provisions, £39,301; oil-seeds, £203,778; wood, £11,501; wool, £609,518; and specie, £22,727. Total value of exports, including articles not separately enumerated, £2,025,919. The following list shows the distribution among the several countries :- - United Kingdom, £859,805; Bombay, £697,888; France, £36,688; Mauritius, £26,939; Persian Gulf, £49,896; Cutch, £37,894; Makrán, £13.767; Malabar, £24,145; Guzerat, £17,211; Calcutta, £318; and China, £149,762. To the United Kingdom, Karáchi exports cotton, wool, indigo, seeds, hides, skins, tea, and oils; to France, cotton, gingelli, and rape-seed; to Bombay, Cutch, and Guzerat, cotton, grain, ghi, indigo, oils, seeds, rice, raw silk, shawls, wool, and horses; to Mauritius, grain, pulses, and oils; to Makrán, grain, indigo, oils, and piece-goods; to the Persian Gulf, indigo, oils, hides, skins, and piece-goods; to Madras Presidency (Malabar), horses; and to China, raw cotton. The inland trade of Karáchi includes, besides the goods from the Upper Provinces by rail from Kotri, a large quantity of wool, dried fruits, and horses from Kandahár and Khelát; while camels, bullocks, and donkeys bring in firewood, grass, ghi, date-leaves, hides, and seeds from Las Belá and Kohistán. The total sea-customs revenue of Karáchi in 1873-74 amounted to £33,786, ―viz. import duty, £23,389; export duty, £10,022; miscellaneous, £375.\n\nShipping, etc.-The harbour of Karáchi, during the period of the Tálpur Mírs, and for the first few years after British annexation, was only capable of accommodating small native craft. Steamers and large ships anchored outside Manora Point, whence men and stores were conveyed in boats up the river, as far as the tide permitted, and then transferred into canoes, which carried them through a sea of liquid mud to a spot near the site of the existing custom-house. In process of time, however, it became apparent that the bar did not interpose so great an obstacle as was originally supposed, and that square-rigged vessels of a certain draught could cross it with safety. Up to 1851, only one English sailing ship had entered the harbour. In 1852, however, the Duke of Argyle, a vessel of 800 tons, arrived at Karáchi from England direct with troops, coal, and iron. In 1853, under the Chief Commissioner-\n\nship of Sir Bartle Frere, the Napier Mole road or causeway, connecting Karachi with the island of Kiamári, was completed, and thus offered additional inducements to ships for visiting the harbour. In 1856, a scheme for improving the harbour by deepening the water on the bar was submitted for the opinion of Mr. James Walker, an eminent London engineer, who estimated the cost of works to provide an ample width of passage with a depth of 25 feet at neap tides, at £287,000. After much debate and intermissions, the principal part of the works the Manora breakwater, 1503 feet in length—was com- - menced in March 1869, and completed in February 1873. It affords complete shelter to the western channel over the bar during the south- west monsoon, and combined with other works, has alrearly led to the deepening at the entrance to 20 feet at low-water spring tides. The rise and fall is about 8 feet. The other portions of these extensive works include the Kiamári groyne or stone bank, the east pier, the screw-pile bridge on the Napier Mole, the native jetty, and the Chini creek stoppage. The total expenditure on the harbour improvements, up to December 1873, amounted to £449,798. In 1847-48, the number of vessels which entered the harbour was 891, all native craft, with a total burden of 30,509 tons. In 1873-74, the list includes 30 square-rigged sailing vessels, 152 steamers, and 731 native craft, making a total of 913 ships, with a tonnage of 161,284 tons, or more than five times that of 1847.\n\nMunicipality, etc. The Karáchi Municipal Commission - was established in September 1852. Its revenue in 1874 amounted to £22,596, and its expenditure to £20,142. The town police force numbered 298 men, being at the rate of I policeman to every 182 of the population. The jail, completed in 1868, is capable of accom- modating nearly 800 prisoners. Education is carried on by the Government high school, with 77 pupils in 1875; the Anglo-ver- nacular school, with 130 pupils; 4 Government vernacular schools; and several female and other minor establishments. Five newspapers are published at Karachi, two English (the Government Sind Official Gazette, with a vernacular translation, and the Sindian) and three native (in Sindí, Gujrathi, and Persian respectively). The charitable dispensary afforded relief in 1874 to 10,657 persons, of whom 73 were in-door patients. The civil hospital admitted in the same year 9397 out-door and 897 in-door patients. A sick hospital was established in 1869, in connection with the proper regulation of the cantonments.\n\nMedical Aspects, Water Supply, etc. The climate of Karachi, - owing to the prevalence of sea-breezes during eight months of the year, has a better reputation for healthiness than any other in Sind. The low situation of the town, and the near neighbourhood of marsh land, render the atmosphere both moist and warm; but the heat during\n\nthe hottest months cannot compare with that experienced in the interior. The mean annual temperature, calculated from data extending over nineteen years, may be stated at 77° F. The hottest weather occurs in April, May, and June, though September and October are also often close and sultry. The difficulty of water supply long formed one of the chief drawbacks to Karachi, most of the wells being too brackish for drinking purposes. At present, the supply is mainly derived from wells tapping a subterranean bed of the Layárí. The inhabitants of Kiamári, and the shipping in the harbour, obtain water from carts, which bring it up from camp. For the purposes of ice manufacture, water is imported by rail from Kotri. A scheme is now (1875) under consideration for constructing an underground aqueduct, 18 miles in length, from the Malir river. The estimated cost of this undertaking, including pipes for distributing the water to the town, Kiamári, and the cantonments, amounts to 14 lakhs of rupees (say £140,000). The prevalent diseases of Karachi include intermittent fevers, chronic rheumatism, and bowel complaints, arising apparently from imperfect drainage, variable climate, and unwholesome drinking water. Cholera occurred in an epidemic form in 1865, 1867, and 1869, and small-pox in 1866, 1868, and 1870.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 257, 4366, 6045, 7325, 7813, 14153, 16571, 17627 ], "pdf_page": 242, "pdf_page_end": 249, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-242.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karachi", "formatted_address": "Karachi, Pakistan", "latitude": 24.8607343, "longitude": 67.0011364, "place_id": "ChIJv0sdZQY-sz4RIwxaVUQv-Zw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karachi&query_place_id=ChIJv0sdZQY-sz4RIwxaVUQv-Zw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:59.755Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00399", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karakoram Pass", "normalized_name": "karakoram-pass", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "pass", "mountain_pass" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "The name applied to the point where the principal route between India and Eastern Turkistán traverses the water-parting between the river basins of those two regions." }, "location_description": "Point where the principal route between India and Eastern Turkistán traverses the water-parting between the river basins of those two regions.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "35° 33' N.", "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Lat. 35° 33' N." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "height above mean sea level is 18,550 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karakoram Pass.-The name applied to the point where the principal route between India and Eastern Turkistán traverses the water-parting between the river basins of those two regions. Strictly, in the sense in which pass is used as equivalent to col, or as denoting a marked depression in an otherwise inaccessible ridge, the Karakoram Pass is a misnomer. Dr. T. Thomson, of the Bengal Army, the first European who is known to have set foot on it, and who reached it on the 19th August 1848, describes it as a rounded ridge connecting two hills, which rise somewhat abruptly to the height of perhaps 1000 feet above the summit of the pass.' Dr. Scully speaks of it in very similar language: 'Northwards (of the Depsang plain) we saw a few irregular, flat-topped hillocks. . We ascended a few hundred yards to a small commissure of loose detritus connecting two low hills, and found ourselves on the Karakoram Pass. The descent on the north side was even less than the ascent had been, and altogether the Karakoram Pass reminded one of a short embankment 300 feet or so above the\n\nlevel of the surrounding country.' Dr. Thomson remarks, that on the crest of the pass the rock was limestone, showing obscure traces of fossils; the shingle composed of a brittle black slate lay scattered .over the ridge. Vegetation is entirely wanting. The name Kara- koram has been extended by some geographers to a fancied range occupying the exact line of water-parting between those streams which discharge into the Tarim basin and those which join the Indus, while others have applied the name to the closely contiguous range usually called Muztagh. The late Mr. R. B. Shaw, the well-known geographer, has, however, conclusively shown the fallacy of the former view; while as regards the second contention, the appropriateness of the name Muz- tagh (ice-mountain), and the fact that the Karakoram Pass lies some distance northward of this undoubted range, have since induced most geographers to restrict the name Karakoram to the above pass. The enormous physical difficulties of the Karakoram route, combined with the scarcity of supplies along it (apart from political considerations), must always prove an almost insuperable bar to any extensive exchange of intercourse between India and Eastern Turkistán in this direction. Its height above mean sea level is 18,550 feet. Lat. 35° 33' N.\n\nKaramnása. The ancient accursed stream of Hindu mythology; rising on the eastern ridge of the Káimur Hills, Sháhábád District, Bengal. Lat. 24° 34′ 30″ N., long. 83° 41′ 30″ E. It flows in a north- westerly direction, and near Daríhára it forms the boundary line between Bengal and the North-Western Provinces, separating Sháhábád from Mirzapur District; it then flows through Mírzápur for about 15 miles northwards; after which it runs north-eastwards, again marking the boundary between Sháhábád and the North-Western Provinces, until it falls into the right bank of the Ganges near Chausá, in lat. 25° 31′ N., long. 83° 55′ E., after a total course of about 146 miles. Its tributaries are the Durgauti and Dharmauti rivers, small streams which fall into its right bank. In the hills, the bed of the Karamnása is rocky, and its banks abrupt; but as it debouches upon the plains, it sinks deeply into a rich clay, very retentive of moisture. The stream is here about 150 yards wide. By the end of February the river generally runs dry, but during the rains boats of about 2 tons burden can proceed as far up as its confluence with the Durgauti. Near Chausá, the East Indian Railway crosses it on a stone bridge. The river is held in the utmost abhorrence by Hindus, and no person of any caste will drink or even touch its waters. The reason of its impurity is said to be that a Bráhman having been murdered by Rájá Trisanku, of the Solar line, a saint purified him of his sin by collecting water from all the streams in the world, and washing him in their waters, which were collected in the spring from which the Karam- nása now issues. This spot is near the village of Sárodag, and the\n\nriver soon becomes a rapid streamlet of beautifully clear water with deep holes, and abounding in fish. At Chhanpathar, in its course through Mírzápur District, the river forms a waterfall 100 feet high, which, after heavy rains, affords a magnificent sight.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 2378 ], "pdf_page": 251, "pdf_page_end": 253, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-251.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karakoram Pass", "formatted_address": "Karakoram Pass, China", "latitude": 35.5124839, "longitude": 77.8233637, "place_id": "ChIJ4-rF_GPj-zgReI0CXXh4CoU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karakoram+Pass&query_place_id=ChIJ4-rF_GPj-zgReI0CXXh4CoU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-09T07:45:18.707Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00420", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Karkal", "normalized_name": "karkal", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "South Kanara", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Town in South Kanara District, Madras." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Karkal.—Town in South Kanara District, Madras. See KARAKAL. ――", "pdf_page": 262, "pdf_page_end": 262, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-262.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karkala", "formatted_address": "Karkala, Karnataka, India", "latitude": 13.2141826, "longitude": 74.9975736, "place_id": "ChIJ0SLpYkVWuzsRdPlDs2LKiCQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karkala&query_place_id=ChIJ0SLpYkVWuzsRdPlDs2LKiCQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:44.518Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00421", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karkam", "normalized_name": "karkam", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Sholapur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "Town in Sholapur District, Bombay; situated 13 miles north of Pandharpur." }, "location_description": "Situated 13 miles north of Pandharpur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 17.866667, "longitude": 75.333333, "raw_text": "Lat. 17° 52′ N., long. 75° 20′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 7671, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Post office" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karkam. Town in Sholapur District, Bombay; situated 13 miles north of Pandharpur. Lat. 17° 52′ N., long. 75° 20′ E.; pop. (1872), 7671. Post office.", "pdf_page": 262, "pdf_page_end": 262, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-262.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karkamb", "formatted_address": "Karkamb, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 17.857597, "longitude": 75.3004009, "place_id": "ChIJkZEKIisVxDsRZrWtbza1e6A", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karkamb&query_place_id=ChIJkZEKIisVxDsRZrWtbza1e6A", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:24.570Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00423", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karmála", "normalized_name": "karm-la", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "chief town", "municipality" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Sholápur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Karmála Sub-division, Sholápur District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Chief town and municipality of the Karmála Sub-division, Sholápur District, Bombay.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 18.4, "longitude": 75.24166666666666, "raw_text": "Lat. 18° 24′ N., long. 75° 14′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6759, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated 69 miles north-west of Sholápur, and 11 miles north of the Jeur station on the south-cast line of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway.", "Municipal income, £229.", "Post office and dispensary." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karmála. Chief town and mun cipality of the Karmála Sub- - division, Sholápur District, Bombay. Lat. 18° 24′ N., long. 75° 14′ 30″ E.; pop. (1872), 6759. Situated 69 miles north-west of Sholápur, and 11 miles north of the Jeur station on the south-cast line of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. Municipal income, £229. Post office and dispensary.", "pdf_page": 265, "pdf_page_end": 265, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-265.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karmala", "formatted_address": "Karmala, Maharashtra 413203, India", "latitude": 18.4044833, "longitude": 75.1953934, "place_id": "ChIJHXz2CNmPxDsRcJhXgnfLsKY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karmala&query_place_id=ChIJHXz2CNmPxDsRcJhXgnfLsKY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:33.678Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00425", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karnagarh", "normalized_name": "karnagarh", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill", "plateau" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bhagalpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bhagalpur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Hill, or more properly plateau, in Bhagalpur District, Bengal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 25.245833333333334, "longitude": 86.975, "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 14′ 45″ N., long. 86° 58′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Karnagarh.-Hill, or more properly plateau, in Bhagalpur District, Bengal. Lat. 25° 14′ 45″ N., long. 86° 58′ 30″ E. It formerly contained\n\nthe lines of the Hill Rangers, a body of troops raised from among the hill people by Mr. Augustus Cleveland, Collector of the District, in 1780, for the pacification of the lawless jungle tribes. The corps was disbanded in 1863 on the re-organization of the native army. A wing of a native regiment is now cantoned here. The only objects of interest are two Sivaite temples of some celebrity, and two monuments erected to the memory of Mr. Cleveland,-one by Government, and the other by the landholders of the District.", "pdf_page": 265, "pdf_page_end": 266, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-265.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karngarh", "formatted_address": "Vill-karngadh ,po-manjhagayn,p.s.-haveli, 3GJM+MMJ, Kharagpur, Patori, Bihar 811213, India", "latitude": 25.0817192, "longitude": 86.53415249999999, "place_id": "ChIJ06r-QrOX8TkRUrmPJXsYicU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karngarh&query_place_id=ChIJ06r-QrOX8TkRUrmPJXsYicU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:39.807Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00427", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karnál", "normalized_name": "karn-l", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "administrative headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Karnál", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town and administrative headquarters of Karnál District, Punjab." }, "location_description": "Stands upon comparatively high ground, just above the old bank of the Jumna, overlooking the khádar, or lowland tract. The river now flows 7 miles away to the east; but the Western Jumna Canal passes just beneath the city.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 29.704722, "longitude": 77.029167, "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 42′ 17″ N., long. 77° 1′ 45″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 27022, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "13,582 Hindus", "9,152 Muhammadans", "13 Sikhs", "223 Christians", "4,052 others", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1532, or IS. 3 d. per head of population (23,984) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karnál. - Municipal town and administrative headquarters of Karnál District, Punjab. Lat. 29° 42′ 17″ N., long. 77° 1′ 45″ E. Pop. (1868), 27,022, consisting of 13,582 Hindus, 9152 Muham- ●madans, 13 Síkhs, 223 Christians, and 4052 others.' Founded, according to tradition, by Rájá Karna, champion of the Kauravas in the great war of the Mahábhárata, and certainly a city of immemorial antiquity. Seized by the Rájás of Jínd about the middle of the last century, and wrested from them in 1795 by George Thomas, the adventurer of Hariána. Conferred by Lord Lake in 1803 upon Nawáb Muhammad Khán, a Mandil Pathán. Occupied for many years as a British cantonment, but finally abandoned in 1841. Stands upon comparatively high ground, just above the old bank of the Jumna, overlooking the khádar, or lowland tract. The river now flows 7 miles away to the east; but the Western Jumna Canal passes just beneath the city, and, intercepting the drainage, causes malarious fever. A wall 12 feet in height encloses the town, and forms the back of many houses. Narrow tortuous streets; water supply, from wells, contains much impurity. The civil station stretches to the west of the town, where the cantonment formerly lay, and comprises the court-house and treasury, tahsili, police station, staging bungalow, and several saráis, besides a small church. In the town are the District and many other schools, charitable dispensary, and town hall. The Government maintains a large stud farm. Brisk trade in the produce of the canal- villages with Delhi and Umballa (Ambála). Manufacture of country cloth for local consumption, and blankets for export. The latter trade employs about 100 looms. The opening of the railway on the opposite side of the Jumna has somewhat prejudiced the commercial position of Karnál. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1532, or IS. 3 d. per head of population (23,984) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 272, "pdf_page_end": 272, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-272.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karnal", "formatted_address": "Karnal, Haryana, India", "latitude": 29.6856929, "longitude": 76.9904825, "place_id": "ChIJlz7gURhwDjkRB3bM4bmoSvg", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karnal&query_place_id=ChIJlz7gURhwDjkRB3bM4bmoSvg", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:45.514Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00428", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karnaphulí", "normalized_name": "karnaphul", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "River of Bengal; rises in a lofty range of hills beyond the north-east border of the Chittagong Hill Tracts" }, "location_description": "River of Bengal; rises in a lofty range of hills beyond the north-east border of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, flows southwards and westwards, and falls into the Bay of Bengal, 12 miles below Chittagong.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "rises in a lofty range of hills beyond the north-east border of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in lat 22° 55′ N., and long. 92° 44' E.; and, after flowing a circuitous course southwards and westwards, finally falls into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 22° 12' N., and long. 91° 49′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "navigable by steamers and sea-going vessels as far up as Chittagong town", "navigable for large native cargo boats as high as KASALANG, about 96 miles by river", "beyond Kásálang, navigable by smaller craft for 20 miles", "above this point navigation is practically stopped by a succession of low falls and long rocky slopes, about a mile in length, known as the BARKAL rapids" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karnaphulí.—-River of Bengal; rises in a lofty range of hills beyond the north-east border of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in lat 22° 55′ N., and long. 92° 44' E.; and, after flowing a circuitous course southwards and westwards, finally falls into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 22° 12' N., and long. 91° 49′ 30″ E., 12 miles below the town and port of CHITTA- GONG, which is situated on its right bank. As far up as Chittagong town, the river is navigable by steamers and sea-going vessels; and for large native cargo boats as high as KASALANG in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, a distance by river of about 96 miles. Beyond Kásálang, for a distance of 20 miles, the river is navigable by smaller craft; but above this point navigation is practically stopped by a succession of low falls and long rocky slopes, about a mile in length, known as the BARKAL rapids. Following still up stream, the river narrows considerably as it enters the higher ranges of hills. Its course continues north for some distance, and then sweeps to the east till the DEMAGIRI falls are\n\nreached, some three days' journey from Barkal. Above this, it becomes an insignificant stream in a rocky bed, only navigable by the smallest canoes. The chief tributaries of the Karnaphulí are the Kásálang, Chingri, Kaptái, and Rankheong rivers in the Hill Tracts, and the Haldá in Chittagong District, the latter a navigable stream which empties itself into the main river from the north, being navigable by native boats for 24 miles throughout the year. Principal river-side towns and villages-KASALANG, RANGAMATI, CHANDRAGUNA, RANGUNIA, and CHITTAGONG.\n\nKarnatic (Kannada; Kanara; Karnata; Karnataka-desa, 'the Kanarese country').-The name applied by modern writers to Dravida or the Tamil country—that is, the country from Cape Comorin to the Northern Circars, lying east of the Ghats, and reaching to the sea on the Coromandel coast. Including Nellore, which is a Telugu - speaking District, it stretches from 8° 10' to 16° N. lat., and from 77° 19' to 80° 19′ E. long. The modern application of the name Karnatic includes the historic governments of Arcot, Madura, and Tanjore, or, going back to a yet earlier period, the kingdoms of Chola, Pandya, and part of Chera, ―countries, as Wilkes says, never anciently included in the Karnatic. The boundaries of the true Karnatic, or Karnataka-desa, are given by the same authority as 'commencing near the town of Bídar in the latitude of 18° 45′ north, about 60 miles north-west from Haidarábád (Hyderabad); following the course of this language to the south-east, it is found to be limited by a waving line which nearly touches Adoni, winds to the west of Gooty, skirts the town of Anantapúr, and, passing through Nandidrúg, touches the range of the Eastern Gháts; thence pursuing their southern course to the mountainous pass of Gazzalhati, it con- tinues to follow the abrupt turn caused by the great chasm of the western hills between the towns of Coimbatore, Palatchi, and Palghát; and, sweeping to the north-west, skirts the edges of the precipitous Western Ghats, nearly as far north as the sources of the Kistna; whence following first an castern and afterwards a north-eastern course, it terminates in rather an acute angle near Bidar, already described as its northern limit.'\n\nThis country was ruled by the Ballá dynasty, holding court at Dwára Samudra, from 1133 to 1326, when, upon being defeated by the Muhammadans, Ballál Deo retired to TONNUR, in Mysore, where his descendants remained as feudatories of Vijáy'n agar. The latter dynasty, which came into power in 1336 and survived till 1564, built Vellore and Chandragore in 1490 A.D., and in 1515 had reputedly conquered the whole of Dravida. Its victorious armies had, at any rate, penetrated beyond GINGI. It was these conquests that pro- bably led to the extension of the term Karnatic, the name of the original Vijayanagar kingdom, to the forts and their surrounding tracts\n\nin the plains; and this latter region came to be called Karnata Payan- ghát, or lowlands, to distinguish it from Karnata Bálághát, or the hill country, the original Karnatic. When the Musalmán kings of Gol- conda and Bijápur ousted the Vijayanagar dynasty, they divided the country between them into Karnatic Haidarábád (or Golconda) and Karnatic Bijápur, both being subdivided into Payanghát and Bálághát. At this time, according to Wilkes, the northern boundary of Karnata (Karnatic) was the Tungabhadra. Speaking of this period and the modern misapplication of the name, Bishop Caldwell says: 'When the Muhammadans arrived in Southern India, they found that part of it with which they first became acquainted--the country above the Gháts, including Mysore and part of Telingána-called the Karnataka country. In course of time, by a misapplication of terms, they applied the same name Karnatak, or Carnatic, to designate the country below the Gháts, as well as that which was above. The English have carried the misapplication a step further, and restricted the name to the country below the Gháts, which never had any right to it whatever. Hence the Mysore country, which is properly the true Karnatic, is no longer called by that name; and what is now geographically termed 'the Karnatic' is exclusively the country below the Gháts, on the Coro- mandel coast, including the whole of the Tamil country and the Telugu-speaking District of Nellore.'", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1614, 3296 ], "pdf_page": 272, "pdf_page_end": 274, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-272.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karnaphuli River", "formatted_address": "Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh", "latitude": 22.5836813, "longitude": 92.1816582, "place_id": "ChIJj3devbdOrTARaMeSC4NkEDE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karnaphuli+River&query_place_id=ChIJj3devbdOrTARaMeSC4NkEDE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:49.582Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00429", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karnprayág", "normalized_name": "karnpray-g", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "sacred halting-place" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Garhwal", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Village in Garhwal District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated at the junction of the Pindar and the Alaknanda rivers.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 30.25, "longitude": 79.244444, "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 15′ N., long. 79° 14′ 40″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Forms one of the five sacred halting-places on the pilgrimage to Himachal", "A jhúla or rope bridge crosses the Pindar", "Elevation above sea level, 2560 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karnprayág.-Village in Garhwal District, North-Western Provinces; situated at the junction of the Pindar and the Alaknanda. Lat. 30° 15′ N., long. 79° 14′ 40″ E. Forms one of the five sacred halting-places on the pilgrimage to Himachal. A jhúla or rope bridge crosses the Pindar. Elevation above sea level, 2560 feet.\n\nKarnúl (Kurnoul, Karnulu, Canoul Orme; Kandanúl-Hamilton). -A British District in the Madras Presidency; bounded on the north by the rivers Tungabhadra and Krishna (which separate it from the Nizám's Dominions) and by Kistna District, on the south by Cuddapah and Bellary, on the east by Nellore and Kistna, and on the west by Bellary; lies between 14° 54' and 16° 14' N. lat., and between 77° 46' and 79° 15′ E. long. Area, 7151 square miles; population (according to the Parliamentary Abstract for 1879), 914,432. The administrative headquarters are at KARNUL town.\n\nPhysical Aspects.-Two long mountain ranges, the Nallamaláis and the Yellamaláis, extend in parallel lines, north and south, through the centre of the District. The Nallamalái range is about 70 miles long in Karnúl, and nearly 25 miles broad in the widest parts. The principal heights are Biranikonda (3149 feet), Gundlabrahmeswaram (3055 feet), and Durugapukonda (3086 feet). There are five plateaux on this range, of which the principal is that of Gundlabrahmeswaram, 2700 feet high, reached by two paths of easy gradient. On this a bungalow has\n\nbeen built, but the site is hardly suited for a sanitarium. The Yella- malái is a low range, generally flat-topped with scarped sides. The highest point is about 2000 feet. These two ranges divide the District into three well-defined sections. The eastern section, called the Cum, bum (Kambham) valley, is about 600 feet above sea level, and is very hilly. The Velikonda (2000 feet) range, the main edge of the Eastern Gháts, bounds this valley on the east. Several low ridges run parallel to the Nallamaláis, broken here and there by gorges, through which mountain streams take their course. Several of these gaps were dammed across under native rule, and tanks formed, for purposes of cultivation. One of the tanks so formed is the magnificent Cumbum Tank, closed in by a dam across the Gundlakamma river. It covers an area of nearly 15 square miles, and irrigates about 6000 acres of land, yielding a revenue of nearly £6000 a year. The northern part of the valley is drained by the Gundlakamma, the southern part by the Sagilair, a tributary of the Pennár. Both these rivers rise on the Nallamaláis. From this valley, the Nandikanama ghát (highest point 2000 feet) and the Mantral Pass lead across the Nallamaláis to the central division. This is a very extensive, flat, open valley, between 700 and 800 feet above sea level, and covered with black cotton-soil. North- ward, it is crossed by the watershed between the Pennár and the Kistna, and it is drained by the Bhavanási to the north and the Kundair to the south. In the hot months, the cotton plains present an arid appearance: On the hillsides, however, green woodlands and private gardens are seen, watered by the streams and springs which rise in the neighbouring hills. The canal of the Madras Irrigation Company is carried right down this valley. On the flank of the hills, bounded by the two valleys, stone implements were recently discovered by the geological officers. It has been suggested that the people who used them lived on these hills when the valleys were still under water. The western division differs in its features from the other two. It forms the northern end of the eastern edge of the Mysore Plateau; and lies 900 feet above the sea at Karnúl town, on its northern extremity, and 1700 feet at Peapalli, 4 miles north of its southern limits. It is dotted with bare rocky hills and long ridges, and is drained from south to north by the Hindri, which falls into the Tungabhadra at Karnúl.\n\nRivers. The principal rivers are the Tungabba ira and the Kistna, which bound the District on the north. When in flood, the Tunga- bhadra averages 900 yards broad and 15 feet deep. It is usually crossed by means of basket boats, some of which are of large size. In 1860, an anicut or weir was built across the river at Sunkesala, 18 miles above Karnúl town, and a canal dug for the double purpose of irrigation and navigation. After the floods subside, a fine descrip-\n\ntion of melon is grown in the river-bed. Small communities of fishermen, who monopolize the ferrying trade, live in villages on the banks of the river, but they complain that since the construction of the anicut, the fishing industry has fallen off considerably. The Kistna in Karnúl District flows chiefly through uninhabited jungles, sometimes in long smooth reaches, with intervening shingly rapids. The average fall of the river is about 1½ foot per mile above the junction and 4 feet below it; the depth in high flood varies from 25 to 40 feet. The Bhavanási, which rises on the Nallamaláis, drains the northern part of the watershed, and falls into the Kistna at Sungameswaram, a place of pilgrimage. Below their junction is a whirlpool (chakratirtam) which is regarded as holy by the native pilgrims. The Kundair, a rapid stream, rises on the western Yellamaláis. Winding round the hills, it drains the central valley and falls into the Pennár. The Gundlakamma rises in the Nallamaláis, and, after receiving two other mountain torrents, passes through the Cumbum gorge, where it is formed into a tank. Emerging again from the tank, and obstructed in its easterly course by the base of the Velikonda range, it makes a remarkable curve towards the north, and flows through Kistna and Nellore Districts to the sea. It is rapid, deep, and erosive, often injuring the wells on its banks, and has a minimum flow of 800 cubic feet of water per second. The Gundlakamma and the Sagilair are utilized for cultivation by means of rough low dams thrown across them. In the Bhavanási, temporary dams are constructed every year.\n\nGeology. The rocks of the District belong to three different for- mations, corresponding to its three great physical divisions. In the Kundair valley or Karnúl formation, shales, limestones, and quartzites are the prevailing rocks. The limestone makes very good building material, and resembles the Nigri stone, with which many of the railway stations are built. The limestone found near Karnúl is used for litho- graphic purposes. Nearly the whole of the Kundair valley, including the Nandikotkúr táluk at its head, the lands on the banks of the Hindri, and about one-fifth of the Cumbum valley on the banks of the Gundlakamma and Sagilair, are covered with cotton-soil. The minerals found in Karnúl District are diamonds, steatite, iron, lead, copper. Running from the Nallamaláis and Yellamaláis are several thermal springs, of which the Mahánandi and the Kalwa Buggas are sufficiently copious to irrigate a good deal of land.\n\nForests. There are three recognised forest divisions in the District- the Nallamalái, the Vellikonda, and the Yellamalái. The first two are conserved by the Forest Department, and yield a revenue which in 1875-76 amounted to £2700. The Nallamaláis are said to contain the finest forests on the eastern side of the Presidency, covering an area of about 2000 square miles. The chief timber trees found here\n\nare teak and yepi (Hardwickia binata). The jungles on the western slope are tolerably thick, but those on the eastern flank are thin and poor. In the northern parts, where the jungle is poor, there are exten- sive grassy level lands, which afford pasture to numerous herds of cattle from Nellore and Kistna Districts. The grazing lands are annually let for about £70 or £80. The Yellamalái Hills are generally bare of trees on their flat tops, but their slopes and the plains below are clothed with shrubs of all kinds and some stunted trees, but no valuable timber. These jungles are in charge of the Collector, and yielded a revenue in 1875-76 of £518. This revenue is constituted into a local fund, and spent on works of public utility, such as planting groves, sinking wells, etc. The jungle products-found chiefly in the Nallamalái forest-are gall-nuts, honey, wax, tamarinds, stick-lac, and bamboo rice.\n\nWild Animals. Tigers are numerous in the Nallamaláis, and commit great havoc among the herds of cattle pastured in the jungles. Occa- sionally a tiger is known to stray into the plains. In 1867, a man- cater infested the Nandikanama Pass, and a reward of £100 was offered for its death. The animal was at last killed; but it was soon found that it was not the only one that did the mischief. The usual reward, £3, 10s., for killing tigers was raised to £30. Since then their numbers have been considerably lessened, and the reward has now been reduced to £10. For the protection of travellers, the jungles on either side of the Nandikanama Pass are annually cleared at a cost of about 100 from local funds. The other animals of the District include cheetas, wolves, hyænas, foxes, bears, etc. The number of deaths caused by wild beasts between 1867 and 1875 was 163, of which 64 occurred in 1867. The average amount spent in rewards for the destruction of wild beasts is £250 a year. Spotted deer, wild goats, several varieties of antelopes, are also found on the mountains. Bison are seen in the northern Nallamaláis. Porcupines and pigs abound in the jungles, and commit depredations on the crops. The small game are ducks, partridges, snipe, florican, doves, and storks. In the Tunga- bhadra and the deeper reaches of the Kistna, the mahsír, sable, etc. attain considerable size. A mahsir brought before Dr. Day, when he visited Karnúl, weighed 38 lbs., and another was stated to weigh 50 or 60 lbs. No revenue is derived from fisheries. Snakes, chiefly cobras, kill on an average 70 people annually. Formerly, small rewards were given for the destruction of snakes, but this practice has been discon- tinued. Tiger, cheeta, and deer skins, and antelope horns, are sold in small quantities.\n\nPopulation. The regular Census of 1871 (according to the Parliamen- tary Abstract for 1879) returned a total of 914,432 inhabitants, includ- ing the wild tribes; average number of persons per house, 4.5. The\n\nHindus numbered 819,458, of whom 27,483 were Bráhmans, 2981 Kshat- triyas, 35,230 Chettis (merchants and traders), and 237,507 Vallálars or Kapus and other good castes. The most numerous of the lower castes is the Telugus or Chambadavins (101,385), who are fishermen, hunters, and palanquin - bearers. Their women sell jungle fruits. Of the Muhammadans, 7195 are Sayyids, 49,326 Shiás, and 4058 Patháns. There are about 400 Wahábís, and as many Mithilis, who are considered as fanatics, but live a quiet life. There are only 11 'reported' Buddhists or Jains in the District. The number of Christians is about 3844, chiefly Roman Catholics, who e principal station is at Polúr, founded in the time of the Nawabs, about 1789 A.D. The Catholics of this station originally belonged to the Kapu caste, and their conversion to Christianity has not made any material change in their manners and customs. They eat and drink with Hindus, and in several cases intermarry with them. They have founded a village named Kothala, and are generally well off. The Protestant stations are Kandiál, Muthialpád, and Karnúl. The former two were founded in 1855, and the last (Baptist Mission) in 1876. The Protestant converts are almost entirely low-caste natives in rural tracts. The language of the District is Telugu. In Pattikonda táluk, a large number speak Kanarese.\n\nThe wild tribes or Chenchus live on the Nallamaláis in small communities called gudems. Each gudem includes several tribes, and has a portion of the hills allotted to it by common consent. The Chenchus do not transfer their rights to the hill produce to each other, but occasionally give a portion as dowry to their daughters. They are unwilling to cultivate, but are sometimes employed by the villagers in the plains to watch their fields during the harvest. In former times, they were allowed by villagers a kind of black-mail; but since the intro- duction of the police force, this has been discontinued, and some of them are employed as ghát taliaris or road watchmen. During the hill festival they collect fees from pilgrims. Some of them also enjoy ináms (free lands) for guarding the jungles. Their language is chiefly Telugu, and in this District they do not appear to have preserved any dialect of their own.\n\nThe principal towns are -- KARNUL (pop. (1871), 25,579), NAN- DIAL (9378), CUMBUM (7137), GUDUR (5825), MEDDIKERA (8586), KODUMUR (6064), and PAIKALI (5076).\n\nAgriculture. The chief crops grown in Karnúl are-rice, wheat, and other cereals; gram, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sugar-cane, betel, chillies, etc. Most of these are sown in June or July, and reaped in September or October. The staple of the District is cholam (Sorghum vulgare), of which the principal varieties are the yellow and white jonna. The yellow jonna is the early crop, and is sown in red as well as in black soil. The white jonna, the later crop, is sown in September or October, and\n\nreaped in February and March. Rice is generally irrigated. No im- provement has taken place in the mode of cultivation or in the quality of produce, but within the last twenty years there has been a very great extension of the area under the principal crops. Cotton is largely cultivated, but there has been no consequent decrease in the cultivation of food grains; other fibres are cultivated only to a small extent for home consumption. The total area under cultivation in 1877 was 2,089,689 acres; the area uncultivated but capable of cultivation was 1,017,389 acres, including forest lands; and the extent of uncultiv- able waste, 1,396,602 acres. Cholam occupied 843,211 acres, or forty per cent. of the total cultivated area. The lowest average assessment of rice lands in Karnúl is 9s. an acre, and the highest average, 13s. The produce of paddy from an acre of land assessed at 9s. averages 400 Madras measures, equal to 1170 lbs. ; and that from an acre assessed at 13s., 800 to 1000 measures. The value of the paddy in ordinary years is 24 measures (of 23 lbs.) for a rupee. A second crop, obtained only in exceptional cases, may be taken as three-fourths of the first crop in quantity, and considerably less than three-fourths in value. The rayats, as a rule, cultivate their own lands. Owners of Owners of very large holdings sublet some of their fields and employ labourers on others. The wages of agricultural day-labourers and artisans are usually paid in kind. When paid in cash, coolies receive from 3 d. to 4 d. a day; blacksmiths, bricklayers, and carpenters, 7 d. to 1s. 6d. The average price of best rice in. 1870-71 was 7s. 7 d., and of cholam, 4s. 1d. per maund of 82 lbs.\n\nTenures. The land tenures of the District are:--(1) Rayatwári, i.e. - land held direct from Government. (2) Jágir and Shrotriam, or villages granted to individuals by former governments. (3) Minor inám lands held rent-free or at favourable rates for personal benefit. If the inám is unenfranchised, it is liable to reversion to Government on failure of lineal heirs. (4) Service inám, granted for the support of pagodas and mosques, or for the benefit of the village community, either rent-free or subject to the payment of a small quit-rent. (5) Joint tenure. Shrotriam villages Shrotriam villages are generally held in coparcenary. In such cases the rayats have rights of occupancy, and cannot be ejected unless they fail to pay the rent, which may be either a share of the produce, a fixed quantity of grain, or a money payment. (6) Dasan- andam―land held on condition of repairing irrigation works, for which the owner is allowed a specified quantity of land or a reduction averaging one-fourth of his assessment.\n\nThere is not much waste land in the plains, but there is a good deal in the Nallamaláis, which was cultivated in ancient times, but is now overgrown with jungle. In 1854, Captain Nelson of the Madras Invalid Corps settled here to restore a large ruined tank and reclaim the jungle;\n\nbut after several years' residence, he gave up the attempt. Manure is chiefly used for garden and 'wet' crops; but to the west of the Nalla- malais, 'dry' lands are also largely manured. Lands on which rice, sugar-cane, betel-nut, saffron, rági, tobacco, and chillies are grown, are irrigated from tanks and wells. Poorer lands are left fallow for purposes of pasture, and are charged the usual assessment, except in villages where they have been abandoned by common consent. Rotation of crops is well known in the District. The main canal of the Madras Irrigation Company, intended for the double purpose of irrigation and navigation, runs from Sunkesala to Cuddapah, total length 189 miles; length within the limits of Karnúl District, 142 miles. The nominal width of the canal is 60 yards, and the depth of water 8 feet. The extent of area actually irrigated in 1875-76 was 10.479 acres. In the famine year 1876-77, the extent of land, dry and wet, was 75,620 acres, and the water rate, £19,421. The water rate charged for paddy is 12s. per acre, and less for other crops according to the length of time for which water is taken. The area accessible to the waters of this canal in Karnúl District is estimated at 284,206 acres. The canal is not yet (1878) utilised for navigation.\n\nNatural Calamities.-The villages on the banks of the rivers Tunga- bhadra and Kistna are occasionally flooded, the most disastrous recent instance being in 1851, when the crops of some villages and the build- ings in the lower part of Karnúl town were injured. This inundation was due to a heavy rainfall at the headwaters and within the District. Both Karnúl and the neighbouring District of Bellary suffer from droughts at periodic intervals; and the mass of the population being small landowners, with no reserve capital, the failure of a single monsoon involves general distress. There is no record of the earlier famines but 1804, 1810, 1824, 1833, 1854, 1866, and 1876 were all years of drought and consequent scarcity. In 1854, the price of cholam rose to £19 per 3200 Madras measures, against £9, 10s. in the previous year. In Karnúl, the season of 1866 was not so bad as in Bellary; but owing to exportation, prices rose very high, cholam selling at 8 measures (about 24 lbs.) per rupee, or three times the normal rate. In 1876, both the monsoons failed. The floods of 1874 had seriously injured the tanks and the crops, while the harvest in 1875 was but partial. Prices rose from 18 measures (about 50 lbs.) a rupee in July, the sowing season, to 12 measures or 33 lbs. a rupee in September or October, the period at which the principal crop is generally har- vested; and to 6 measures (famine rates) in February and March (1877), when the later crop is usually cut. In July the price was 3 measures, or about 10 lbs., for the rupee (2s.). The roads were fortunately all in good order; much grain was imported both by the Government, as a reserve, and by private merchants, from Gúti (Gooty) and Adoni, the nearest\n\nrailway stations. There was no difficulty in procuring carts sufficient to carry into the interior-all the grain that the railway could bring from the coast; but this quantity was not equal to the demand, even at famine rates. Relief works were commenced in all parts of the District. The number of persons gratuitously fed in April 1877 was 44,887. Up to the end of July, nearly £600,000 was spent on famine relief in this Dis- trict alone. Notwithstanding these efforts, the effects of the famine were appalling. The number of deaths recorded from 1st October 1876 to 30th June 1877, was 48,000, as compared with 19,974 in the correspond- ing period of the previous year; and it is certain that with a system of collecting vital statistics, which even in ordinary years is admittedly defective, these figures fail to represent the excessive mortality of that direful period. All fodder and pasturage having failed, large numbers of cattle were driven to the Nallamaláis for grazing, but the mountain grass was soon exhausted. The poorer rayats lost all their cattle, while the rich were scarcely able to save one-quarter of their herds. When at last the south-west monsoon of 1877 broke in November, the few cart-cattle that survived were sent to field-work, and famine labourers drew the grain carts. This, however, did not last long. The rains again failed, and prices rose once more.\n\nIndustries. The chief manufacture in Karnúl is weaving, which gives employment to 13,508 persons, exclusive of women. The weavers conduct the manufacture in their own houses partly on their own account, and partly for traders who advance money. Iron is worked at the foot of the Nallamaláis. Of late years, this industry has greatly diminished, native iron being superseded for agricultural implements by imported iron. Diamond mines have been worked from early times in the quartzite beds of the Yellamalái Hills, which are now rented out by Government for about £20 a year. Quarrying stones is an important industry. Indigo and jaggery or country sugar are also manufactured. Weekly markets are held in most of the towns and important villages. One of the market rules relating to cotton twist, the chief article of sale in these fairs, is worth mention. When a twist is found to contain a less number of threads than the prescribed number, it is broken up by the people and thrown over trees. This summary vindication of commercial morality is sanctioned by custom, and is never appealed against.\n\nCommerce. There is little or no export of gra n. Salt is imported from the eastern coast, but earth salt is largely manufactured. Cotton, indigo, tobacco, and hides, as well as cotton carpets and cotton cloth, are the chief exports. European piece-goods, areca-nut, cocoa-nut, and various dry condiments required for native households, are the chief imports.\n\nRoads.—The number of metalled roads in this District is 34, and their total length is 501 miles.\n\nHistory. From local records, it would appear that Karnúl formed part of the old Telingána kingdom of Warangul. On the downfall of that dynasty, Karnúl seems to have become an independent principality. According to Wilson, a prince of Karnúl (Narasinha Ráo, son of Iswara Ráo) was adopted into the family of Vijayanagar, and after- wards raised to the throne of that mighty kingdom. There can, however, be no doubt that Karnúl formed part of the kingdom of Vijayanagar. In the reign of Atchala Devá Rájá, the fort of Karnúl was built, and the country was conferred in jágír on a relative named Rámrájá. After the battle of Tálikot in 1564, in which the Rájá of Vijayanagar was defeated by the allied Muhammadan kings of Bijápur, Golconda, and Telingána, Karnúl became a province of Bijápur. The first Subáhdár was an Abyssinian named Abdul Wahib, who converted the Hindu temples into mosques, and built a fine dome-shaped tomb in imitation of the one at Bijápur. In 1651, after the conquest of Bijápur by Aurangzeb, Karnúl was conferred by him upon a Pathán named Kizir Khán in reward for military services. Kizír Khán was assassinated by his son Dáúd Khán; and on his death his two brothers, Ibrahim Khán and Alif Khán, ruled the country jointly for six years, after which they were succeeded by Ibrahim Khán, the son of Alíf Khán, who built and strengthened the fort. The country then peace- ably descended to his son and grandson. The grandson, Himmat Khán Bahadur, accompanied Nazir Jang, the Nizám of Haidarábád (Hyderabad), in his expedition to the Karnatic along with the Nawabs of Cuddapah and Savanúr. Nazir Jang was there treacherously murdered by the Nawab of Cuddapah, and his nephew was made Subáhdár of the Deccan. But the new Subáhdár failed to satisfy the expectations of the Pathán Nawabs, who had hoped for an extension of their territory. He was murdered at Rachoti in Cuddapah by Hímmat Khán Bahadur, who was himself cut to pieces by the infuriated soldiers. Salábat Jang, a nephew of Nazír Jang, was then made Subáhdár; and on his way back to Haidarábád with Bussy, assaulted Karnúl, and took it in 1752. But he afterwards restored the jagir for a sum of money to Munwar Khán, son of Hímmat Khán Bahádur. A short time afterwards, Haidar Ali overran Karnúl, and exacted a contribution of 1 lákh of Gadval rupees. His rule lasted for I forty years. In 1800, this District, together with Cuddapah and Bellary, was ceded to the British Government. From that time the yearly tribute of 1 lákh of Gadval rupees was punctually paid by Alíf Khán to the British Government. In 1815, Alíf Khán died, and his younger son, Muzaffar Jang, usurped the throne and seized the fort. Munwár Khán, the eldest son, applied to the English for assistance; troops were sent from Bellary under Colonel Mariott, Muzaffar Jang was expelled, and Munwár Khán placed on the masnad. On his death\n\nwithout heirs in 1823, his brother Muzaffar should have succeeded; but as he was on his way to Karnúl, within the limits of Bellary District, he murdered his wife, and was imprisoned in the Bellary fort, where he still lives. In 1838, information reached Government that the Nawáb was engaged in treasonable military preparations on an extensive scale. An inquiry showed that enormous quantities of arms and ammunition were stored in the fort and palace, for which no satis- factory explanation could be given. The town and fort were captured after a sharp fight, and the Nawáb escaped to Zorápur, a small village on the east bank of the Hindri. His foreign soldiers would not allow him to depart until their arrears of pay were satisfied. The Nawáb then yielded himself prisoner, and was sent to Trichinopoli, where he was basely murdered by one of his own servants, whom he had charged with a petty theft. His territories, as well as the minor jágírs enjoyed by his relatives, were confiscated, and all the members of the family pensioned. After the resumption, the country was for a time adminis- tered by a Commissioner, and then by an Agent till 1858. In that year Karnúl was constituted a separate Collectorate, with the addition of certain tracts from Cuddapah and Bellary.\n\nRevenue History.-Under native government the lands were rented by Poligárs, who paid a peshkash, and sometimes rendered military service. On the transfer of Cuddapah and Bellary, which then included the present Karnúl District, to the Company in 1800, the Poligárs were summoned by .Major (afterwards Sir) Thomas Munro to make their settlements, but many of them refused to attend, and proved troublesome. The lands were therefore resumed, and the Poligárs pensioned. The country was then settled on a quasi-rayatwárí system, but the rates were fixed with reference to the high assessment levied under Musalmán government. This system was tried till 1807, when it was superseded by a triennial, and afterwards by a decennial settle- ment. The assessment was collected through farmers or middlemen, who fell largely into arrears, and several of them were sent to jail. The renting system was thereupon discontinued; and in 1821 the rayatwári system was reverted to, but with a reduction in the rates of 25 per cent. on 'dry' and 'wet,' and 32 per cent. on garden lands. Since then no important changes have occurred, except that lands under wells and tanks constructed at private expense have been exempted from extra assessment, and that old well-land (or garden) rates have been assimilated to 'dry' rates. In Karnúl Proper, the revenue administration under the Nawabs was conducted without system. The old palayams and zamindáris were arbitrarily resumed, and villages were rented to the head-men, who distributed lands among the rayats accord- ing to their means, and raised or lowered rents at pleasure. In the first four years of British rule in this part of the District, the revenue\n\ndecreased by about 1½ lákh. The Agent proposed to revert to village rents, but the Government negatived the proposal. In the next four years, the revenue rose again to its former level. Where the rates were too high, they were reduced, or unassessed lands were given at lower rates to compensate for over-assessment on old lands, and in some cases remissions were also made, and the tax on special products was abolished, but the high rates on garden and ordinary lands were retained. Prices, however, began to rise, and afforded to the rayats a more certain relief than any reduction in the assessment could give, and saved the necessity for temporary remissions. The latter were accordingly abolished, and the revenue gradually increased. The remaining inequalities of the old rough settlement were finally removed by the new Survey and Settlement in 1866.\n\nAdministration.-The total net revenue of Karnúl District in 1870-71 amounted to £196,468, and the total expenditure on civil administration, £46,998. These figures are inclusive of the táluks since transferred. The land revenue in the same year was £135,929; the expenditure under that head being £20,685. The number of estates in 1875-76 was 91,382, paying a total Government revenue of £130,642. The total police force of the District in 1875 was 920 men, maintained at a cost of £13,109; number of arrests in that year, 3612. There are, besides the District jail, 13 subsidiary prisons, with an average daily population of 700 prisoners, costing £898, or about £1, 6s. per head.\n\nEducation. The state of education in Karnúl is backward; only - 4 per cent. of the population in 1871 being returned as able to read and write. In 1875, there were altogether 263 schools, with 5781 pupils, of which 151 were Government schools. The total cost of education to Government was £3147.\n\nMedical Aspect.-The climate of Karnúl is on the whole healthy. The prevailing winds are west and north-east, and the mean tempera- ture is about 85° F. The rains begin in June, and continue up to September. The total annual fall is about 35 inches. In the villages along the foot of the Nallamaláis, a severe type of fever prevails, accom- panied by enlargement of the spleen. Murrain and 'foot-and-mouth disease' are very prevalent among cattle. There is very little or no pasture land in the plains, and the cattle are generally grazed on the hills; but during the hot months the hill grass is burnt up, and the difficulty of feeding cattle becomes very great.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 319, 888, 3908, 6001, 6932, 8249, 10044, 11606, 12525, 12684, 14876, 15895, 17463, 20579, 21680, 22040, 22138, 26307, 28858, 29541, 29839 ], "pdf_page": 274, "pdf_page_end": 284, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-274.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karnaprayag", "formatted_address": "Karnaprayag, Uttarakhand 246444, India", "latitude": 30.2587203, "longitude": 79.2183275, "place_id": "ChIJbdyqtqPaCTkRi6qJeQycoAI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karnaprayag&query_place_id=ChIJbdyqtqPaCTkRi6qJeQycoAI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:32.950Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00436", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karra", "normalized_name": "karra", "feature_type": "ruin_or_archaeological_site", "feature_labels": [ "ruined town", "former capital" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Allahábád", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Ruined town in Allahábád District, North-Western Pro- vinces; on the right bank of the Ganges, 40 miles north-west of Allahábád." }, "location_description": "Ruined town on the right bank of the Ganges, 40 miles north-west of Allahábád. Formerly the capital of a native fief and headquarters of Musalmán governors in the Lower Doáb.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 41' N.", "longitude": "81° 28′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 41' N., long. 81° 28′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Formerly the capital of a native fief", "In 1286 A.D., Muiz-ud-din and his father, Nasír-ud-dín, held a meeting in the middle of the river, opposite Karra, and determined to unite their forces for an attack upon Delhi", "During the 13th and 14th centuries, the town formed the headquarters of the Musalmán governors in the Lower Doáb", "Firoz Sháh was murdered here in 1296 by Alá-ud-dín", "In 1338, Nizám Má-in attempted to revolt at Karra, but was at once arrested by Aín-ul-Mulk and flayed alive", "During the rains of 1346, Karra was occupied by the rebel cobbler of Gujrát, Takhi; but Muhammad Sháh followed him up from Ahmedábád and totally defeated him", "In 1376, the fiefs of Karra, Mahoba, and Dalamau were united under one governor, called the Málík-ul-Shark", "Akbar removed the seat of government to Allahábád, which thenceforth superseded Karra in importance" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karra. Ruined town in Allahábád District, North-Western Pro- vinces; on the right bank of the Ganges, 40 miles north-west of Allahábád. Lat. 25° 41' N., long. 81° 28′ E. Formerly the capital of a native fief. In 1286 A.D., Muiz-ud-din and his father, Nasír-ud-dín, held a meeting in the middle of the river, opposite Karra, and determined to unite their forces for an attack upon Delhi. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the town formed the headquarters of the Musalmán governors in the Lower Doáb. Firoz Sháh was murdered here in 1296 by Alá-ud-dín. In 1338, Nizám Má-in attempted to revolt at Karra, but was at once arrested by Aín-ul-Mulk and flayed alive. During the rains of 1346, Karra was occupied by the rebel cobbler of Gujrát, Takhi; but Muhammad Sháh followed him up from Ahmedábád and totally defeated him. In 1376, the fiefs of Karra, Mahoba, and Dalamau were united under one governor, called the Málík-ul-Shark. Akbar removed the seat of government to Allahábád, which thenceforth superseded Karra in importance. '(See ALLAHABAD DISTRICT.) An\n\nold fort, now in ruins, together with a number of tombs, still attests its former magnificence; but Asaf-ud-daulá, Nawáb of Oudh, destroyed the finest edifices, for the sake of the materials, which he employed in building his own works at Lucknow.", "pdf_page": 286, "pdf_page_end": 287, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-286.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kara", "formatted_address": "Kara, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 25.6958063, "longitude": 81.3640022, "place_id": "ChIJy0TrbFAjmzkRybSfCtLR8f4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kara&query_place_id=ChIJy0TrbFAjmzkRybSfCtLR8f4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:49:59.137Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00441", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kartárpur", "normalized_name": "kart-rpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jalandhar (Jullundur)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Grand Trunk Road, 9 miles north of Jalandhar.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 26′ 39″ N", "longitude": "75° 32′ 28″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 26′ 39″ N., long. 75° 32′ 28″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 10953, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "6361 Hindus, 3294 Muhammadans, and 1298 Sikhs", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £349, or 73d. per head of population (10,953) within municipal limits", "Hereditary residence of the Sikh Guru", "Annual income from jágirs or land-grants amounts to about £1300" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kartárpur.—Municipal town in Jalandhar (Jullundur) District, Punjab. Lat. 31° 26′ 39″ N., long. 75° 32′ 28″ E.; pop. (1868), 10,953, consisting of 6361 Hindus, 3294 Muhammadans, and 1298 Sikhs. Situated on the Grand Trunk Road, 9 miles north of Jalandhar. Hereditary residence of the Sikh Guru, and therefore a place of great interest and sanctity. Founded in 1588 by Guru Arjun, whose father, Guru Rám Dás, obtained the site from the Emperor Jahángír. When Arjun came to the place and desired to build his hut, a demon who inhabited the trunk of a tree would not permit any wood to be cut until the Guru promised that he should not be disturbed, but receive worship for ever at the shrine. Handsome residence and gardens of the Guru, whose annual income from jágirs or land-grants amounts to about £1300. Insignificant trade. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £349, or 73d. per head of population (10,953) within municipal limits.\n\nKartinad. Estate in Malabar District, Madras; situated between - 11° 36′ and 11° 48′ N. lat., and between 75° 36′ and 75° 52' E. • long.; stretching from the sea-coast up the western declivity of the Western Ghats. The level tracts near the sea are very fertile, but suffered to such an extent from the devastations of Tipú Sultán, that the people were unable to raise grain sufficient for their support. The eastern hilly parts are well wooded, and contain indigenous carda- inom creepers. The petty State was founded in 1564 by a Nair chief, who wrested it from the Rájá of Cherikal, and he and his successors ruled the country until the invasion of Tipú Sultán. On the expulsion\n\nof Tipú in 1792, the Nair Rájá was restored, and his family have held the State ever since. Population, principally Nairs. Chief town, Kuthipuram; lat. 11° 42' N., long. 75° 44′ F.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 929 ], "pdf_page": 287, "pdf_page_end": 288, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-287.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kartarpur", "formatted_address": "Kartarpur, Punjab 144801, India", "latitude": 31.4390767, "longitude": 75.49990869999999, "place_id": "ChIJufVccdxNGjkRpyKor1mn-bk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kartarpur&query_place_id=ChIJufVccdxNGjkRpyKor1mn-bk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:50:14.575Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00442", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Karumattampatti", "normalized_name": "karumattampatti", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Coimbatore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Coimbatore District, Madras" }, "location_description": "16 miles east of Coimbatore town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "11° 7' N", "longitude": "77° 4′ 0″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 11° 7' N., long. 77° 4′ 0″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 3374, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 906, "other_facts": [ "An early mission station, with a church built in 1660." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Karumattampatti.-Town in Coimbatore District, Madras; 16 miles east of Coimbatore town. Lat. 11° 7' N., long. 77° 4′ 0″ E.; \" pop. (1871), 3374; number of houses, 906. An early mission station, with a church built in 1660.\n\nKarumattur. Agricultural town in Madura District, Madras. Lat. 9° 57' N., long. 79° 59′ E.; pop. (1871), 5775; number of houses, 615.", "pdf_page": 288, "pdf_page_end": 288, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-288.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karumathampatti", "formatted_address": "Karumathampatti, Tamil Nadu, India", "latitude": 11.1051541, "longitude": 77.17504610000002, "place_id": "ChIJq8waccv_qDsR3vhM6SC-TEM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karumathampatti&query_place_id=ChIJq8waccv_qDsR3vhM6SC-TEM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:50:19.188Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00443", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kárun", "normalized_name": "k-run", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central Provinces", "raw_context": "Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Rises in Kánker chiefship, flows past Ráipur, and falls into the Sco near Simgá.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 10' N", "longitude": "81° 25′ E", "raw_text": "rising in Kánker chiefship, in lat. 21° 10' N., and long. 81° 25′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "It flows past the town of Ráipur, and falls into the Sco near Simgá, in lat. 21° 34' N., and long. 81° 44′ E.", "Though shallow and with a rocky bottom, it is navigable during the rains, and in times of extraordinary floods, stores from Calcutta have been landed by it 3 miles west of Ráipur." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kárun. River of the Central Provinces; rising in Kánker chiefship, in lat. 21° 10' N., and long. 81° 25′ E. It flows past the town of Ráipur, and falls into the Sco near Simgá, in lat. 21° 34' N., and long. 81° 44′ E. Though shallow and with a rocky bottom, it is navigable during the rains, and in times of extraordinary floods, stores from Calcutta have been landed by it 3 miles west of Ráipur.", "pdf_page": 288, "pdf_page_end": 288, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-288.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_maps", "name": "Kharun River", "formatted_address": "Kharun River, Chhattisgarh, India", "latitude": 21.56756, "longitude": 81.66705, "place_id": "0x3a28e15ca609b2a7:0x251e52c8ef871b89", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kharun+River,+Chhattisgarh/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a28e15ca609b2a7:0x251e52c8ef871b89?sa=X&ved=1t:242&ictx=111", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-16T21:05:00.000Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00458", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kásganj", "normalized_name": "k-sganj", "feature_type": "tehsil", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Etah", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Northern tahsil of Etah District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Lying between the Ganges and the Káli Nadi, and traversed by two main branches of the Lower Ganges Canal.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": null }, "stats": { "population": "241,335", "population_year": "1872", "area": "490 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "363 are cultivated", "land revenue, £27,427", "total Government revenue, £30,050", "rental paid by cultivators, £57,325", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 1s. 9d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kásganj. Northern tahsil of Etah District, North-Western Pro- vinces, lying between the Ganges and the Káli Nadi, and traversed by two main branches of the Lower Ganges Canal. Area, 490 square miles, of which 363 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 241,335 persons; land revenue, £27,427; total Government revenue, £30,050; rental paid by cultivators, £57,325; incidence of Government revenue per acre, 1s. 9d.", "pdf_page": 292, "pdf_page_end": 292, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-292.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kasganj Tehsil", "formatted_address": "RJ6V+5VC, Tehsil Rd, Tarora, Kasganj, Uttar Pradesh 207123, India", "latitude": 27.8104357, "longitude": 78.64463839999999, "place_id": "ChIJL-ltQhfgdDkRHn6ZFsBWfIc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kasganj+Tehsil&query_place_id=ChIJL-ltQhfgdDkRHn6ZFsBWfIc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:50:54.859Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00459", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kásganj", "normalized_name": "k-sganj", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town", "chief commercial centre" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Etah", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town and chief commercial centre of Etah District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on a raised site, 1½ mile north-west of the Káli Nadi; distant from Etah town; 19 miles north.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "27° 48′ 5″ N.", "longitude": "78° 41' 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 27° 48′ 5″ N., long. 78° 41' 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": "15,764", "population_year": "1872", "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "11,409 Hindus and 4355 Muhammadans", "Situated on a raised site, 1½ mile north-west of the Káli Nadi; distant from Etah town; 19 miles north", "Well-built, prosperous town, with handsome shops, and drained and metalled streets", "The eastern quarter, inhabited by the poorer Hindus, is less well kept", "A fine mosque, remarkable for its curious roof and numerous minarets, adorns the Muhammadan quarter", "The town owes its origin to Khán Bahadur Khán, the founder of Aliganj, under the Oudh Wazírs. His successors sold it to Col. James Gardner, from whom it passed finally into the hands of his agent, Dilsukh Rái, now Rájá and honorary magistrate", "The public buildings include a municipal hall, dispensary, police station, tahsili, good school, and munsifi", "Brisk and increasing trade in cotton, sugar, ghí, indigo seed, and country produce", "Rising population; large business in grain and saccharine goods", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1608; from taxes, £1121, or 1s. 5d. per head of population (15,764) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kásganj.—Municipal town and chief commercial centre of Etah District, North-Western Provinces. Lat. 27° 48′ 5″ N., long. 78° 41' 30″ E.; pop. (1872), 15,764, consisting of 11,409 Hindus and 4355 Muhammadans. Situated on a raised site, 1½ mile north-west of the Káli Nadi; distant from Etah town; 19 miles north. Well-built, prosperous town, with handsome shops, and drained and metalled streets. The eastern quarter, inhabited by the poorer Hindus, is less well kept. A fine mosque, remarkable for its curious roof and numerous minarets, adorns the Muhammadan quarter. The town owes its origin to Khán Bahadur Khán, the founder of Aliganj, under the Oudh Wazírs. His successors sold it to Col. James Gardner, from whom it passed finally into the hands of his agent, Dilsukh Rái, now Rájá and honorary magistrate. The public buildings include a municipal hall, dispensary, police station, tahsili, good school, and munsifi. Brisk and increasing trade in cotton, sugar, ghí, indigo seed, and country produce. Rising population; large business in grain and saccharine goods. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £1608; from taxes, £1121, or 1s. 5d. per head of population (15,764) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 292, "pdf_page_end": 292, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-292.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kasganj", "formatted_address": "Kasganj, Uttar Pradesh 207123, India", "latitude": 27.808529, "longitude": 78.64610979999999, "place_id": "ChIJz8BZ6hfgdDkRNANlll2G4dk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kasganj&query_place_id=ChIJz8BZ6hfgdDkRNANlll2G4dk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:51:00.144Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00463", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Káshpur", "normalized_name": "k-shpur", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "residence of Cáchári Rájás" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Cáchár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Assam", "raw_context": "Village in the north of Cáchár District, Assam" }, "location_description": "Among the southern spurs of the Baráil range. The residence of the Cáchári Rájás during the greater part of the 18th century.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Káshpur.-Village in the north of Cáchár District, Assam, among the southern spurs of the Baráil range. The residence of the Cáchári Rájás during the greater part of the 18th century, when Hindu influence first became powerful at their court.", "pdf_page": 308, "pdf_page_end": 308, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-308.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kashipur", "formatted_address": "Kashipur, Assam, India", "latitude": 24.9402498, "longitude": 92.7244889, "place_id": "ChIJ71OL8rzLTzcRyIhrWSE-VRY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kashipur&query_place_id=ChIJ71OL8rzLTzcRyIhrWSE-VRY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:51:10.159Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00464", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kasia", "normalized_name": "kasia", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "site of Buddha's death", "ruins", "statue of Buddha" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Gorakhpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Town in Gorakhpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Remarkable as being the place where Buddha died, and containing many interesting remains, especially a colossal statue of Buddha. The ruins stand at the north-west corner of the Rámabhar Lake.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kasia. Town in Gorakhpur District, North-Western Provinces; remarkable as being the place where Buddha died, and contain- ing many interesting remains, especially a colossal statue of Buddha. The ruins stand at the north-west corner of the Rámabhar Lake, and include a lofty mound of solid brickwork, known as Devisthán, and an oblong mound with a brick stupa. Government charitable dispensary; station of a joint magistrate.", "pdf_page": 308, "pdf_page_end": 308, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-308.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kasia", "formatted_address": "Kasia, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 26.8511649, "longitude": 84.0074882, "place_id": "ChIJKeVpxQWSkzkRIwFfyzbIEAc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kasia&query_place_id=ChIJKeVpxQWSkzkRIwFfyzbIEAc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:51:14.138Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00473", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kassargod", "normalized_name": "kassargod", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "South Kanara", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in South Kanara District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kassargod.—Town in South Kanara District, Madras.--See CASSER-\nGODE.", "pdf_page": 311, "pdf_page_end": 311, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-311.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kasaragod", "formatted_address": "Kasaragod, Kerala, India", "latitude": 12.5064149, "longitude": 74.9943174, "place_id": "ChIJtw4G3z2CpDsR1Oi0ZFeQBVs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kasaragod&query_place_id=ChIJtw4G3z2CpDsR1Oi0ZFeQBVs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:51:50.400Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00475", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kasta", "normalized_name": "kasta", "feature_type": "pargana", "feature_labels": [ "pargana" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Kheri", "tehsil": "Muhamdi", "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Parganá of Muhamdi tahsil, Kheri District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "The north and west of the parganá comprises a considerable area of dense jungle, let out rent-free under forest grants. The south is highly cultivated by Kurmís. Kastá village is on the road from Lakhimpur to Mitauli.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 31289, "population_year": 1869, "area": "95 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "cultivated area, 39 square miles", "Government land revenue, £3785", "73 villages comprising the parganá", "average density of population, 329 per square mile", "Kastá village: 219 houses, population (1869) of 1165" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kasta.—Parganá of Muhamdi tahsil, Kheri District, Oudh. The north and west of the parganá comprises a considerable area of dense jungle, which is let out rent-free under 5 forest grants. This tract harbours herds of deer and other animals, which do much damage to the crops of the cultivators who have settled in the vicinity for the sake of grazing. The south of the pargand is highly cultivated by Kurmís. Total area, 95 square miles (including 13 miles of forest); cultivated area, 39 square miles. Government land revenue, £3785. Of the 73 villages comprising the parganá, 62 are held by tálukdárs, 4 by independent proprietors, 2 are Government villages, and 5 are held rent-free by forest grantees. Pop. (1869), Hindus, 29,556; Musalmáns, 1733; total, 31,289, viz. 17,241 males and 14,0.48 females; average density of population, 329 per square mile. Kastá village is a small place of 219 houses, and a population (1869) of 1165 persons, on the road from Lakhimpur to Mitauli; of no importance, and much decayed of late years.", "pdf_page": 311, "pdf_page_end": 311, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-311.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kasta", "formatted_address": "Kasta, Uttar Pradesh 261501, India", "latitude": 27.8477265, "longitude": 80.5299541, "place_id": "ChIJ2b28lW48nzkRIPkPVrgGtMw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kasta&query_place_id=ChIJ2b28lW48nzkRIPkPVrgGtMw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:51:57.334Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00478", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Katahra (or Katera)", "normalized_name": "katahra-or-katera", "alternate_names": [ "Katera" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jhansi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Town in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated 30 miles from Jhansi town, and 15 from Mhow (Mau).", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 4437, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Station of the Great Trigonometrical Survey", "Local manufacture of pottery" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Katahra (or Katera). Town in Jhansi District, North-Western - Provinces; situated 30 miles from Jhansi town, and 15 from Mhow (Mau). Pop. (1872), 4437. Station of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. Local manufacture of pottery.", "pdf_page": 312, "pdf_page_end": 312, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-312.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Katera", "formatted_address": "Katera, Uttar Pradesh 284205, India", "latitude": 25.2352979, "longitude": 78.9146798, "place_id": "ChIJrRbdwVEneDkRoHgf4-XHbZA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Katera&query_place_id=ChIJrRbdwVEneDkRoHgf4-XHbZA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:52:15.874Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00479", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Katak", "normalized_name": "katak", "feature_type": "district", "feature_labels": [ "district", "subdivision", "city" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Orissa", "raw_context": "District, Subdivision, and city, Orissa" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Katak. District, Subdivision, and city, Orissa.--See CUTTACK.\n\nKátákhál (* New Cut').-Offshoot of the Dhaleswari river, in the south of Cáchár District, Assam ; said to have been formed by one of the Cáchári Rájás, who constructed an embankment across the main channel of the Dhansiri, about 25 miles above its junction with the Barák. The Kátákhál now carries off the greater part of the stream, and is navigable by boats of 20 tons burthen all the year through.", "pdf_page": 312, "pdf_page_end": 312, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-312.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Cuttack", "formatted_address": "Cuttack, Odisha, India", "latitude": 20.462521, "longitude": 85.8829895, "place_id": "ChIJga8jIoMNGToRLuU7kRz69SI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Cuttack&query_place_id=ChIJga8jIoMNGToRLuU7kRz69SI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:52:21.656Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00487", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Katera", "normalized_name": "katera", "feature_type": "other", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jhansi District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Town in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Katera.-Town in Jhansi District, North-Western Provinces.—See\nKATAHRA.", "pdf_page": 314, "pdf_page_end": 314, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-314.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Katera", "formatted_address": "Katera, Uttar Pradesh 284205, India", "latitude": 25.2352979, "longitude": 78.9146798, "place_id": "ChIJrRbdwVEneDkRoHgf4-XHbZA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Katera&query_place_id=ChIJrRbdwVEneDkRoHgf4-XHbZA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:52:50.959Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00490", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kathirúr (Kutiatur)", "normalized_name": "kathir-r-kutiatur", "alternate_names": [ "Kutiatur" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Malabar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Malabar District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 11.977777777777778, "longitude": 75.53166666666667, "raw_text": "Lat. 11° 58′ 40″ N., long. 75° 31′ 54″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 3954, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 373, "other_facts": [ "The headquarters of our troops during the Kotiote rebellion (1796-1805)." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kathirúr (Kutiatur).-Town in Malabar District, Madras. Lat. 11° 58′ 40″ N., long. 75° 31′ 54″ E.; pop. (1871), 3954; number of houses, 373. The headquarters of our troops during the Kotiote rebellion (1796-1805).", "pdf_page": 319, "pdf_page_end": 319, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-319.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kuttiattoor", "formatted_address": "Kuttiattoor, Kerala, India", "latitude": 11.9753768, "longitude": 75.4927278, "place_id": "ChIJp0c3WJw5pDsRTjNAyir3ye4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kuttiattoor&query_place_id=ChIJp0c3WJw5pDsRTjNAyir3ye4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:52:59.939Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00493", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kathrota", "normalized_name": "kathrota", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "South Káthiáwár", "raw_context": "South Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer", "Estimated revenue in 1876, £100", "a tribute of £5 is paid to the Nawab of Junagarh" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kathrota. One of the petty States of South Káthiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 1 village, with 1 independent tribute-payer. Estimated revenue in 1876, £100; a tribute of £5 is paid to the Nawab of Junagarh.", "pdf_page": 320, "pdf_page_end": 320, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-320.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kathrota", "formatted_address": "Kathrota, Gujarat, India", "latitude": 21.6242817, "longitude": 70.532443, "place_id": "ChIJRYfMoK4EWDkR3EyFvs7NAWA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kathrota&query_place_id=ChIJRYfMoK4EWDkR3EyFvs7NAWA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:53:06.251Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00495", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kátigorá", "normalized_name": "k-tigor", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "tháná" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Cáchár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Assam", "raw_context": "Village and tháná in the west of Cáchár District, Assam" }, "location_description": "on the right or north bank of the Barák river, near its bifurcation into the Surma and Kusiára branches", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 24.883333, "longitude": 92.633333, "raw_text": "Lat. 24° 53' N., long. 92° 38′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "A colony of Manipurís is settled here", "men manufacture brass vessels", "women weave fine cotton cloth and mosquito curtains" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kátigorá. Village and tháná in the west of Cáchár District, Assam; - on the right or north bank of the Barák river, near its bifurcation into the Surma and Kusiára branches. Lat. 24° 53' N., long. 92° 38′ E. A colony of Manipurís is settled here; the men, besides their occupation of agriculture, also manufacture brass vessels, while the women weave fine cotton cloth and mosquito curtains.\n\n.", "pdf_page": 321, "pdf_page_end": 321, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-321.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Katigara", "formatted_address": "Katigara, Assam, India", "latitude": 24.8908135, "longitude": 92.5866855, "place_id": "ChIJJVI7RBDTTzcRvgnhE-9VkGY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Katigara&query_place_id=ChIJJVI7RBDTTzcRvgnhE-9VkGY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:53:14.078Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00499", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kátol", "normalized_name": "k-tol", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Nágpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Nágpur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "built on an irregular site upon the left bank of the Jám, 40 miles from Nágpur", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 21.275, "longitude": 78.633333, "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 16′ 30″ N., long. 78° 38′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4000, "population_year": 1870, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Contains an ancient temple to Bhawání, built, without mortar, of layers of sandstone brought from a distance, and grotesquely carved", "A ruined fort overhangs the river", "chiefly agricultural", "A school building and market-place have lately been constructed" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kátol.-Town in Nágpur District, Central Provinces; built on an irregular site upon the left bank of the Jám, 40 miles from Nágpur.\n\nLat. 21° 16′ 30″ N., long. 78° 38′ E. Contains an ancient temple to Bhawání, built, without mortar, of layers of sandstone brought from a distance, and grotesquely carved. A ruined fort overhangs the river. Pop. (1870), about 4000, chiefly agricultural. A school building and market-place have lately been constructed.", "pdf_page": 321, "pdf_page_end": 322, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-321.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Katol", "formatted_address": "Katol, Maharashtra 441302, India", "latitude": 21.273289, "longitude": 78.5859566, "place_id": "ChIJMaD60d5Z1DsRyBVcU_fwmSE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Katol&query_place_id=ChIJMaD60d5Z1DsRyBVcU_fwmSE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:37:26.798Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00500", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Katoria", "normalized_name": "katoria", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Gohelwár, Káthiáwár", "raw_context": "petty States of Gohelwár, Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 1 village, with 2 independent tribute-payers", "Estimated revenue, £200%", "a tribute of £19 is payable to the Gáekwár of Baroda and £2 to the Nawab of Junagarh" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Katoria. One of the petty States of Gohelwár, Káthiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 1 village, with 2 independent tribute-payers. Estimated revenue, £200%; a tribute of £19 is payable to the Gáekwár of Baroda. and £2 to the Nawab of Junagarh.", "pdf_page": 322, "pdf_page_end": 322, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-322.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Katoria", "latitude": 22.2448214, "longitude": 70.8135856, "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kotharia,+Gujarat+360022,+India/@22.0450701,70.9841799,98734m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3959b55b43828d43:0x1028ce46913645c3!8m2!3d22.2448214!4d70.8135856!16s%2Fm%2F02xb8yj?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:39:22.246Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00504", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Katra Medni Sinh", "normalized_name": "katra-medni-sinh", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Partábgarh (Pratapgarh)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Town in Partábgarh (Pratapgarh) District, Oudh" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated 2 miles from the Sái river, and 4 from Bela town" }, "stats": { "population": 2762, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Hindus, 1917; Muhammadans, 845", "contains an immense masonry tank, the largest in Oudh; but it is useless, having been allowed to fall out of repair", "Seven Hindu and 2 Jain temples, also 5 mosques", "Market; annual fair in the month of Kuár, attended by about 12,000 persons" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Katra Medni Sinh.-Town in Partábgarh (Pratapgarh) District, Oudh; situated 2 miles from the Sái river, and 4 from Bela town. Pop. (1869), Hindus, 1917; Muhammadans, 845; total, 2762. The village contains an immense masonry tank, the largest in Oudh; but it is useless, having been allowed to fall out of repair. Seven Hindu and 2 Jain temples, also 5 mosques. Market; annual fair in the month of Kuár, attended by about 12,000 persons.", "pdf_page": 322, "pdf_page_end": 322, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-322.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Katra Medniganj", "formatted_address": "Katra Medniganj, Uttar Pradesh 230131, India", "latitude": 25.8765108, "longitude": 81.9498179, "place_id": "ChIJc-MBKyiUmjkR7MzbO9GpEUU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Katra+Medniganj&query_place_id=ChIJc-MBKyiUmjkR7MzbO9GpEUU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:39:29.261Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00514", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kavale-durga ('Guarding Hill-fort')", "normalized_name": "kavale-durga-guarding-hill-fort", "alternate_names": [ "Bhuvana-giri" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill", "ruined fortifications", "old town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Mysore", "district": "Shimoga", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Hill in Shimoga District, Mysore" }, "location_description": "Hill in Shimoga District, Mysore, crowned by ruined fortifications, with an old town to the west.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "13° 43′ 53″ N.", "longitude": "75° 9′ 20″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 13° 43′ 53″ N., long. 75° 9′ 20″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "crowned by ruined fortifications, 3058 feet above the sea", "identified with the Kámyakávana of the Mahábhárata by local tradition", "subsequently called Bhuvana-giri", "stronghold of the Ikkeri chiefs", "old town, formerly headquarters of the táluk of the same name, lies to the west of the hill" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kavale-durga ('Guarding Hill-fort').-Hill in Shimoga District, Mysore; crowned by ruined fortifications, 3058 feet above the sea. Lat. 13° 43′ 53″ N., long. 75° 9′ 20″ E. By local tradition it is identified with the Kámyakávana of the Mahábhárata. Subsequently it was called Bhuvana-giri, and was a stronghold of the Ikkeri chiefs. The old town, formerly headquarters of the táluk of the same name, lies to the west of the hill.", "pdf_page": 325, "pdf_page_end": 325, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-325.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kavaledurga Fort", "formatted_address": "Kavaledurga, Karnataka 577414, India", "latitude": 13.7188554, "longitude": 75.1218173, "place_id": "ChIJK3aHQTB6uzsRQLO-XBwGqnA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kavaledurga+Fort&query_place_id=ChIJK3aHQTB6uzsRQLO-XBwGqnA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:53:39.038Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00515", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kavandappadi (Koundapaddi)", "normalized_name": "kavandappadi-koundapaddi", "alternate_names": [ "Koundapaddi" ], "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "agricultural town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Coimbatore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Bhaváni", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Agricultural town in Bhaváni táluk, Coimbatore District, Madras" }, "location_description": "Agricultural town in Bhaváni táluk, Coimbatore District, Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "11° 23' N.", "longitude": "77° 42′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 11° 23' N., long. 77° 42′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6898, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 1600, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kavandappadi (Koundapaddi). - Agricultural town in Bhaváni táluk, Coimbatore District, Madras. Lat. 11° 23' N., long. 77° 42′ E.; pop. (1871), 6898; number of houses, 1600.", "pdf_page": 325, "pdf_page_end": 325, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-325.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kavundappadi", "formatted_address": "Kavundappadi, Tamil Nadu 638455, India", "latitude": 11.426744, "longitude": 77.5577316, "place_id": "ChIJSc1XFk0VqTsR57nTN28aJNk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kavundappadi&query_place_id=ChIJSc1XFk0VqTsR57nTN28aJNk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:53:44.430Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00519", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kawarda", "normalized_name": "kawarda", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Biláspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Headquarters of the Kawarda chiefship" }, "location_description": "Headquarters of the Kawarda chiefship, situated at the foot of the Sáletekrí range, 60 miles west of Biláspur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 1′ N", "longitude": "81° 15' E", "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 1′ N., long. 81° 15' E." }, "stats": { "population": 6590, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "considerable trade in cotton and lac", "houses are mostly tiled", "presence of the high priest of the Kabir Panthí sect attracts devotees from all parts of India" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kawarda. Headquarters of the Kawarda chiefship, situated at the foot of the Sáletekrí range, 60 miles west of Biláspur. Lat. 22° 1′ N., long. 81° 15' E. Has lately risen into a town, with a population in 1872 of 6590, where a considerable trade takes place in cotton and lac. The houses are mostly tiled, a rare feature in Chhattisgarh; and the presence of the high priest of the Kabir Panthí sect attracts devotees from all parts of India.", "pdf_page": 326, "pdf_page_end": 326, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-326.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kawardha", "formatted_address": "Kawardha, Chhattisgarh 491995, India", "latitude": 22.0106092, "longitude": 81.23592819999999, "place_id": "ChIJjd7vH6HAKToRBMM5O_07FFw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kawardha&query_place_id=ChIJjd7vH6HAKToRBMM5O_07FFw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:13.077Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00523", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kaw-hmú", "normalized_name": "kaw-hm", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "revenue circle" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "British Burma", "district": "Rangoon", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Pegu Division", "raw_context": "Revenue circle in Rangoon District, Pegu Division, British Burma" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 7012, "population_year": "1876-77", "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "total revenue, £1854", "western portion consists of high undulating forest-covered country; eastern of low swampy ground or vast sheets of water—the Bhúra-gyí, A-hpyouk, and A-twot-eng being the chief lakes", "most villages lie in the centre of the circle" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kaw-hmú. Revenue circle in Rangoon District, Pegu Division, British Burma. The western portion consists of high undulating forest-covered country; the eastern of low swampy ground or vast sheets of water-the Bhúra-gyí, A-hpyouk, and A-twot-eng being the chief lakes. Most of the villages lie in the centre of the circle. Pop. (1876-77), 7012; total revenue, £1854.", "pdf_page": 326, "pdf_page_end": 326, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-326.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kawhmu", "formatted_address": "Kawhmu, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 16.5464132, "longitude": 96.06242119999999, "place_id": "ChIJG6GZfk3nwTARyRsBrLvx1G0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kawhmu&query_place_id=ChIJG6GZfk3nwTARyRsBrLvx1G0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:39:48.633Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00534", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kayalpatam", "normalized_name": "kayalpatam", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": "Tinnevelli", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kayalpatam. Town in Tinnevelli District, Madras. - - See\nKOILPATAM.", "pdf_page": 327, "pdf_page_end": 327, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-327.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kayalpatnam", "formatted_address": "Kayalpatnam, Tamil Nadu 628204, India", "latitude": 8.5585799, "longitude": 78.12947799999999, "place_id": "ChIJNz8adfSRAzsRC5GI0f_FAOA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kayalpatnam&query_place_id=ChIJNz8adfSRAzsRC5GI0f_FAOA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:27.032Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00536", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Káyenkolam (Quilon)", "normalized_name": "k-yenkolam-quilon", "alternate_names": [ "Quilon" ], "feature_type": "port_or_coastal", "feature_labels": [ "seaport", "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Madras", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Travancore State", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Seaport on the backwater of the same name, Travancore State, Madras." }, "location_description": "Seaport on the backwater of the same name, Travancore State, Madras.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "8° 53′ 28″ N", "longitude": "76° 36′ 59″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 8° 53′ 28″ N., long. 76° 36′ 59″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 2379, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": 520, "other_facts": [ "This old town was formerly the capital of an independent State, Quilon", "near the supposed site of the ancient Nel Kynda", "In 829, the Syrian Church was founded here", "Captured by the Dutch in 1661", "in 1789, the kingdom of Quilon lapsed to the Rájá of Káyenkolam", "In 1742, the Rájá submitted to Travancore; and fifteen years later, the State was finally absorbed by its more powerful neighbour" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Káyenkolam (Quilon).-Seaport on the backwater of the same name, Travancore State, Madras. Lat. 8° 53′ 28″ N., long. 76° 36′ 59″ E. ; containing 520 houses and 2379 inhabitants. This old town was formerly the capital of an independent State, Quilon; and is near the supposed site of the ancient Nel Kynda. In 829, the Syrian Church\n\nwas founded here. Captured by the Dutch in 1661; in 1789, the kingdom of Quilon lapsed to the Rájá of Káyenkolam. In 1742, the Rájá submitted to Travancore; and fifteen years later, the State was finally absorbed by its more powerful neighbour.", "pdf_page": 327, "pdf_page_end": 328, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-327.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kollam Port", "formatted_address": "VHHM+272, Thangassery-Beach Costal Rd, Jonaka Puram, Thamarakulam, Kollam, Kerala 691006, India", "latitude": 8.8775031, "longitude": 76.58313989999999, "place_id": "ChIJ2c5UCWj8BTsR4sErEv0NL2k", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kollam+Port&query_place_id=ChIJ2c5UCWj8BTsR4sErEv0NL2k", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:02.652Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00537", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kázípára", "normalized_name": "k-z-p-ra", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Twenty-four Parganás", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, engal." }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 43′ 45″ N", "longitude": "88° 33′ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 43′ 45″ N., long. 88° 33′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "about 300 acres", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "site of a large annual fair held in December or January, in honour of a famous Musalmán saint, Pir Ekdil Sáhíb, attended by Hindus as well as Muhammadans", "about 300 acres of land are held by Muhammadan priests for the maintenance of the mosque, and the due performance of religious services" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kázípára. Village in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, engal. Lat. 22° 43′ 45″ N., long. 88° 33′ E. The site of a large annual r held in December or January, in honour of a famous Musalmán saint, Pir Ekdil Sáhíb, which is attended by Hindus as well as Muhammadans. About 300 acres of land are held by Muhammadan priests for the main- tenance of the mosque, and the due performance of religious services. An account of the legend connected with the saint, and of the miracles performed by him, is given in the Statistical Account of Bengal, vol. i. pp. 110, III.\n\nKedár Ganga. Mountain torrent in Garhwál State, North-Western Provinces. According to Thornton, it rises in a snow-clad rocky gorge, in lat. 30° 54' N., long. 79° 5' E., and, after a rapid north-westerly course of 10 or 12 miles, falls into the Bhagirathi, on the left side, just below Gangotri, in lat. 30° 59' N., long. 78° 59′ E. It is subject to sudden floods, from the melting of the snow, and therefore varies greatly in breadth and volume from time to time.", "pdf_page": 328, "pdf_page_end": 328, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-328.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kazipara", "formatted_address": "Kazipara, Bamangachi, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 22.7138144, "longitude": 88.50485789999999, "place_id": "ChIJ7dEAlkui-DkRRyNQPiye4eo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kazipara&query_place_id=ChIJ7dEAlkui-DkRRyNQPiye4eo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:32.927Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00540", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kedgeree (Khejiri)", "normalized_name": "kedgeree-khejiri", "alternate_names": [ "Khejiri" ], "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "police circle headquarters", "telegraph station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Midnapur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Midnapur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the right bank of the Húglí river, near its mouth.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 53′ N.", "longitude": "88° E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 53′ N., long. 88° E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kedgeree (Khejiri).-Village and headquarters of a police circle (tháná) in Midnapur District, Bengal; also a telegraph station; situated on the right bank of the Húglí river, near its mouth. Lat. 21° 53′ N., long. 88° E.", "pdf_page": 329, "pdf_page_end": 329, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-329.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khejuri", "formatted_address": "Khejuri, West Bengal 721430, India", "latitude": 21.9767009, "longitude": 87.8011439, "place_id": "ChIJBys0gVvcAjoRn1Pz5nOjxHA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khejuri&query_place_id=ChIJBys0gVvcAjoRn1Pz5nOjxHA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:37.977Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00543", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kekri", "normalized_name": "kekri", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "headquarters of extra-Assistant Commissioner" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Ajmere-Mhairwára", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Rájputána", "raw_context": "Ajmere-Mhairwára District, Rájputána" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": null }, "stats": { "population": 5000, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Distant from Ajmere 50 miles.", "Formerly a thriving commercial town, but of late years declining in importance.", "Water supply scarce and bad.", "Post office and dispensary." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kekri.-Town in Ajmere-Mhairwára District, Rájputána. Estimated pop. (1872), about 5000 souls. Distant from Ajmere 50 miles. Formerly a thriving commercial town, but of late years declining in importance. Water supply scare anu bad. Headquarters of an extra- Assistant Commissioner. Post office and dispensary.", "pdf_page": 329, "pdf_page_end": 329, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-329.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kekri", "formatted_address": "Kekri, Rajasthan 305404, India", "latitude": 25.9748064, "longitude": 75.1529425, "place_id": "ChIJt_LGlSnGbjkR-6T57jVGYL8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kekri&query_place_id=ChIJt_LGlSnGbjkR-6T57jVGYL8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T23:40:11.187Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00544", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Keladi", "normalized_name": "keladi", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "cradle of local chieftains", "temple site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Shimoga", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Mysore", "raw_context": "Shimoga District, Mysore" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "14° 13′ 10″ N.", "longitude": "75° 3′ 41″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 14° 13′ 10″ N., long. 75° 3′ 41″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 1064, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Cradle of the family of local chieftains or paligárs, who rose to power in the 16th century, and successively removed their capital to Ikkeri and Bednur or Nagar.", "The principal building now standing is a large, plain temple to Rámeswara and Virá-bhadra.", "Two mounds are still pointed out as the scene of human sacrifices." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Keladi.-Village in Shimoga District, Mysore. Lat. 14° 13′ 10″ N., long. 75° 3′ 41″ E.; pop. (1871), 1064. Cradle of the family of local chieftains or paligárs, who rose to power in the 16th century, and successively removed their capital to IкKERI and BEDNUR or Nagar. The principal building now standing is a large, plain temple to Rámeswara and Virá-bhadra. Two mounds are still pointed out as the scene of human sacrifices.", "pdf_page": 329, "pdf_page_end": 329, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-329.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Keladi", "formatted_address": "Keladi, Karnataka 577401, India", "latitude": 14.2176458, "longitude": 75.0173035, "place_id": "ChIJvz218v30uzsRYa7HmvIl72o", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Keladi&query_place_id=ChIJvz218v30uzsRYa7HmvIl72o", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:45.877Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00547", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kelod", "normalized_name": "kelod", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Nagpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central Provinces", "raw_context": "Nagpur District, Central Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 27′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "78° 55' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 27′ 30″ N., long. 78° 55' E." }, "stats": { "population": 4300, "population_year": 1870, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "At the foot of the Sátpura Hills, about 7 miles north of Sáoner, on the main road to Chhindwára.", "The chief industry consists of the manufacture of excellent brass and copper vessels, which are exported as far as Amráoti and Ráipur.", "Kelod also produces rough glass ornaments.", "Several firms of Márwári money-dealers have been long established, but their business is merely local.", "The town has a school, police buildings, and a market-place.", "According to tradition, Kelod was founded 14 generations ago by the ancestors of the present málguzár and desmukh, at the same time that a neighbouring Gaulf chief formed the extensive tank at Jatghar, near the town.", "The fort, now falling to decay, was probably built in the early Marhattá period." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kelod.-Town in Nagpur District, Central Provinces; at the foot of the Sátpura Hills, about 7 miles north of Sáoner, on the main road to Chhindwára. Lat. 21° 27′ 30″ N., long. 78° 55' E.; pop. (1870), about 4300. The chief, industry consists of the manufacture of excellent brass and copper vessels, which are exported as far as Amráoti and Ráipur. Kelod also produces rough glass ornaments. Several firms of Márwári money-dealers have been long established, but their business is merely local. The town has a school, police buildings, and a market-place. According to tradition, Kelod was founded 14 generations ago by the ancestors of the present málguzár and desmukh, at the same time that a neighbouring Gaulf chief formed the extensive tank at Jatghar, near the town. The fort, now falling to decay, was probably built in the early Marhattá period.", "pdf_page": 330, "pdf_page_end": 330, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-330.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kelod", "formatted_address": "Kelod, Maharashtra 441112, India", "latitude": 21.4612335, "longitude": 78.8771871, "place_id": "ChIJs1EpsYzi1DsRpsMPePXYjc8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kelod&query_place_id=ChIJs1EpsYzi1DsRpsMPePXYjc8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:49.783Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00548", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kelsi", "normalized_name": "kelsi", "feature_type": "port_or_coastal", "feature_labels": [ "port" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Ratnagiri", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "Ratnagiri District, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "17° 55' N.", "longitude": "73° 6' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 17° 55' N., long. 73° 6' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated 64 miles north by west of Ratnagiri town.", "Average annual value of trade during the five years ending 1873-74 returned as follows:-Imports, £5947; exports, £3810." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kelsi.-Port in Ratnagiri District, Bombay; situated 64 miles north by west of Ratnagiri town. Lat. 17° 55' N., long. 73° 6' E. Average annual value of trade during the five years ending 1873-74 returned as follows:-Imports, £5947; exports, £3810.", "pdf_page": 330, "pdf_page_end": 330, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-330.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kelashi", "formatted_address": "Kelashi, Maharashtra 415717, India", "latitude": 17.9224042, "longitude": 73.0611882, "place_id": "ChIJIQ5L40e26TsRropZM6rjsqM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kelashi&query_place_id=ChIJIQ5L40e26TsRropZM6rjsqM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:54:56.707Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00553", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kendrapára Canal", "normalized_name": "kendrap-ra-canal", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "canal", "irrigation", "navigation" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Orissa Canal System" }, "location_description": "A branch of the Orissa Canal System, starting from the right flank of the Birupá weir, proceeding along the north and west bank of the Mahánadi and its distributaries, in a due easterly direction for 42½ miles to Marsághái, in tidal waters 23 miles from False Point.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "385 square miles (designed to irrigate)", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "opened in May 1869", "branch canal 40 miles in length", "extension from Marsághái towards the sea-coast for 15 miles sanctioned in 1872-73", "head lock at Birupá weir is 100 feet from sill to sill, 17 feet wide", "sills are 59.5 feet above sea level, gates 18 feet in height", "canal divided into 7 reaches, width at water line 75 to 160 feet, uniform depth 7 feet", "minimum capacity of discharge 340 to 740 cubic feet per second in dry season, up to 2000 in rains", "total fall from head to outfall at Marsághái is 64 feet", "8 locks, last is tidal lock at Marsághái with fall of 10 feet", "Mutri, in 37th mile, has escape or waste weir discharging 360 cubic feet per second", "6 syphon culverts, 4 traffic bridges" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kendrapára Canal.-A branch of the Orissa Canal System. It starts from the right flank of the Birupá weir, and proceeds along the north and west bank of the Mahánadi, and of its distributaries the Chitartalá and the Nún, in a due easterly direction for 42½ miles, to Marsághái, in tidal waters 23 miles from False Point. This canal was opened in May 1869. A branch canal, 40 miles in length, taking off from the north or left bank of the Kendrapára Canal, passing along the north bank of the Birupá and Bráhmani, and falling into the latter river at Patámundái near the Dhámrá estuary, has just been completed. An extension of the Kendrapára Canal, from Marsághái towards the sea- coast, for a distance of 15 miles, was sanctioned in 1872-73, in order to improve the communication with False Point harbour, and is still (1878) in course of construction. The Kendrapára Canal proper is designed to irrigate 385 square miles; but as less than two-thirds of this area will require simultaneous irrigation, the canal only carries water for 234 square miles, or 150,000 acres. The Patámundái branch canal is intended to irrigate 113,000 acres. The extension from Marsághái towards False Point is intended for navigation only. The head lock of the Kendrapara Canal, at the Birupá weir, is 100 feet from sill to sill, and 17 feet wide. The sills are 59'5 feet above sea level, and the gates 18 feet in height. The canal is divided into 7 reaches, with a width at water line varying from 75 to 160 feet, a uniform depth of 7 feet, a fall ranging from o to 6 inches per mile, and a minimum capacity of discharge varying in the different reaches from 340 to 740 cubic feet per second in the dry season, and up to 2000 in the rains. The total fall of the canal from its head to its outfall at Marsághái is 64 feet, the levels being adjusted by means of 8 locks, the last of which is a tidal lock at Marsághái, with a fall of 10 feet, the upper sill being 6 feet above mean sea level, and the lower sill 4 feet below. At low-water spring tide there is always 3 feet of water on the lower sill. At Mutri, in the 37th mile, is an escape or waste weir capable of discharging 360 cubic feet per second. Six syphon culverts have been led underneath the canal, and 4 traffic bridges, in addition to the lock bridges, have been constructed across it.-See also Mahanadi River.", "pdf_page": 332, "pdf_page_end": 332, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-332.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kendrāpāra Canal", "formatted_address": "Kendrāpāra Canal, Delta Colony, Jagatpur, Odisha 754021", "latitude": 20.5074007, "longitude": 85.9238539, "place_id": "ChIJ58_MXM4SGToR5j3TxBhtwog", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kendr%C4%81p%C4%81ra+Canal&query_place_id=ChIJ58_MXM4SGToR5j3TxBhtwog", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:56:41.183Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00554", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kenduli", "normalized_name": "kenduli", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "birthplace of Jayadeva", "annual fair" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Bírbhúm", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Village in Bírbhúm District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the north bank of the Ajai river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "23° 38′ 30″ N", "longitude": "87° 28′ 15″ E", "raw_text": "Lat. 23° 38′ 30″ N., long. 87° 28′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Birthplace of Jayadeva, a Vishnuvite reformer and Sanskrit poet", "Annual fair attended by upwards of 50,000 persons" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kenduli. Village in Bírbhúm District, Bengal ; situated on the north bank of the Ajai. Lat. 23° 38′ 30″ N., long. 87° 28′ 15″ E. Birthplace of Jáyadevá, a Vishnuvite reformer and Sanskrit poet, the author of\n\nthe celebrated Gita Govinda, a Sanskrit poem in praise of Krishna. An annual fair in honour of Jayadeva is held in the village on the last day of Mágh (the commencement of February), and is attended by upwards of 50,000 persons.", "pdf_page": 332, "pdf_page_end": 333, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-332.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Joydev Kenduli", "formatted_address": "Joydev Kenduli, West Bengal 731124, India", "latitude": 23.6431667, "longitude": 87.43004669999999, "place_id": "ChIJDXkCGSZk9zkR5fw6vHlwgNA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Joydev+Kenduli&query_place_id=ChIJDXkCGSZk9zkR5fw6vHlwgNA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:56:56.509Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00561", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Keonthal", "normalized_name": "keonthal", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Punjab Hill State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Keonthal", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Punjab Hill States, under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab" }, "location_description": "Lies around Simla Station.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "between lat. 30° 55′ 30″ and 31° 6' N.", "longitude": "between long. 77° 10' and 77° 25′ E.", "raw_text": "between lat. 30° 55′ 30″ and 31° 6' N., and between long. 77° 10' and 77° 25′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 50000, "population_year": 1875, "area": "116 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue in 1876 was estimated at £6000", "principal products, opium and grain", "chief of Keonthal was formerly called Ráná, raised to Rájá in 1857", "no tribute paid by the Keonthal Rájá for the remainder of his State", "sanad in 1815 restored State after expulsion of Gúrkhas", "sanad dated September 1815 conferring paramount authority over THEOG, KOTHI, GHUND, and KHAIRI", "annual tribute from subordinate chiefs: Kothi, £50%; Theog, £50; Ghúnd, £25; Khairi, £25", "sanad dated 1823 conferring Púnar" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Keonthal.-One of the Punjab Hill States, under the political superintendence of the Government of the Punjab; lies around Simla Station, between lat. 30° 55′ 30″ and 31° 6' N., and between long. 77° 10' and 77° 25′ E. Area, 116 square miles; estimated population '(1875), 50,000; the revenue in 1876 was estimated at £6000. Principal products, opium and grain. The present Rájá is Mahandar Sain, a Rájput by caste, born about 1828. The chief of Keonthal was formerly called Ráná, but was raised by the British Government to the higher rank of Rájá in 1857. After the Gúrkha war a portion of the territory of Keonthal, which had been occupied by the Gúrkhas, was sold to the Mahárájá of Patiala. In consideration of this, no tribute is paid by the Keonthal Rájá for the remainder of his State, which was restored to him by sanad in 1815, on the ex- pulsion of the Gúrkhas from the country. The Rájá holds another sanad, dated September 1815, conferring on the Keonthal chief, and his heirs for ever, paramount authority over the petty States of THEOG, KOTHI, GHUND, and KHAIRI, the chiefs of which, with their descendants, are bound to regard the chief of Keonthal as their liege, and to pay an annual tribute as follows:-Kothi, £50%; Theog, £50; Ghúnd, £25; Khairi, £25. A third sanad was granted to Keonthal, conferring Púnar on him and his heirs. It is dated 1823, though the transfer was authorized in 1816. The reasons given for this measure were the isolated position of Púnar, the turbulent character of its inhabitants, the indisposition of Government to extend its territories in the hills, and a desire to confer a benefit on Keonthal. The tributaries of Keonthal are:-The Ráná of KOTHI, who obtained that rank for services during the Mutiny-area of his estate, 36 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 2500; and revenue, £600. The Thákur of THEOG-area of estate, 10 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 3000; and revenue, £330. The Thákur of MADHAN-area of estate, 13 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 1000; and revenue, £160. The Thákur of GHUND-area of estate, 3 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 1000; and revenue, £100. The Thákur of RATESH-area of estate, 3 square miles; estimated pop. (1875), 437; and revenue, £20.\n\nKerála (or Chera).-Ancient kingdom of Southern India, one of the divisions of the Dravida country. In the most specific application of the name, Kerála was probably identical with the modern Malayalam country, i.e. the strip of land lying between the Western Ghats and the sea, from the southern boundaries of Tuluva-the Chendragiri river- to Cape Comorin. In earlier times the boundaries of Kerála and Chera (probably another form of the same root) do not appear to have been well defined; but it is likely that they met near the Palghát gap (see CHERA). Kerála, however, was certainly applied by some of the Sanskrit writers to the whole tract, and included Coimbatore and part of Salem.\n\nThe only part of the country in which the Sanskrit name now survives is Travancore. In the 3d century B.C. (Asoka's edict), its king is called Keralamputra (Celobotras-Pliny; Kerabothrus-Ptolemy; Ceprobo- thrus-the Periplus). This country, according to tradition, was miracu- lously reclaimed from the sea by Parasuráma. The last king of Kerála was Cheruman Perumál, who, before retiring, divided it among his principal followers.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 2239 ], "pdf_page": 334, "pdf_page_end": 335, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-334.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Keonthal estate", "formatted_address": "Keonthal estate, Junga, Himachal Pradesh 171218, India", "latitude": 31.0248537, "longitude": 77.19239139999999, "place_id": "ChIJEcYJAm5_BTkRmWofjo1cxUI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Keonthal+estate&query_place_id=ChIJEcYJAm5_BTkRmWofjo1cxUI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:00.942Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00562", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kerowlee (Karauli)", "normalized_name": "kerowlee-karauli", "alternate_names": [ "Karauli" ], "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Rajputána", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State in Rajputána" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kerowlee (Karauli).-Native State in Rajputána.-See Karauli.", "pdf_page": 335, "pdf_page_end": 335, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-335.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Karauli", "formatted_address": "Karauli, Rajasthan 322241, India", "latitude": 26.5049791, "longitude": 77.0267705, "place_id": "ChIJT5xjihGGcTkRIcQKplejCzo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Karauli&query_place_id=ChIJT5xjihGGcTkRIcQKplejCzo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:04.790Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00563", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kerur", "normalized_name": "kerur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "Municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Kaládgi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Municipal town in Kaládgi District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "14 miles south by east of Kaládgi.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "16 1 N", "longitude": "75 36 E", "raw_text": "Lat. 16' 1' N., long. 75° 36′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 7096, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "municipal income, £237" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kerur. Municipal town in Kaládgi District, Bombay; 14 miles south by east of Kaládgi. Lat. 16' 1' N., long. 75° 36′ E.; pop. (1872), 7096; municipal income, £237.", "pdf_page": 335, "pdf_page_end": 335, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-335.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kerura", "formatted_address": "Kerura, Karnataka 587206, India", "latitude": 16.0131379, "longitude": 75.5480491, "place_id": "ChIJzzUnhcGCuDsRuHRLj0Iogxo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kerura&query_place_id=ChIJzzUnhcGCuDsRuHRLj0Iogxo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:11.765Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00564", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kesabpur", "normalized_name": "kesabpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "Town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Jessor", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Jessor District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Harihár river about 18 miles south of Jessor town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22 54 45 N", "longitude": "89 15 40 E", "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 54′ 45″ N., long. 89° 15′ 40″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "second largest entrepôt of commerce in the District", "great seat of the sugar trade", "numerous kárkhánás or refineries", "large import trade in rice", "manufactures enormous quantities of earthen pots and vessels for the purpose of sugar manufacture", "local manufacture is brasswork", "two large básárs or market-places" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kesabpur. Town in Jessor District, Bengal; situated on the Harihár river about 18 miles south of Jessor town. Lat. 22° 54′ 45″ N., long. 89° 15′ 40″ E. The town is the second largest entrepôt of com- merce in the District, and a great seat of the sugar trade. It contains numerous kárkhánás or refineries, conducted by Calcutta native merchants. Srípur, a suburb on the other side of the river, almost entirely consists of sugar-refineries. The town has a large import trade in rice; and manufactures enormous quantities of earthen pots and vessels for the purpose of sugar manufacture. Another local manufacture is brasswork. Two large básárs or market-places.", "pdf_page": 335, "pdf_page_end": 335, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-335.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Keshabpur", "formatted_address": "Keshabpur, Bangladesh", "latitude": 22.9083858, "longitude": 89.21939830000001, "place_id": "ChIJtZ_LRN5t_zkRvO9GoWNGyk8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Keshabpur&query_place_id=ChIJtZ_LRN5t_zkRvO9GoWNGyk8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:17.523Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00568", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Keunjhar", "normalized_name": "keunjhar", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Orissa", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State of Orissa" }, "location_description": "Bounded on the north by Singbhúm District; on the east by Morbhanj State and Balasor District; on the south by Cuttack District and Dhenkanal State; and on the west by Dhenkánal, Pal Lahára, and Bonái States.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21 1 N to 22 9 30 N", "longitude": "85 14 E to 86 24 35 E", "raw_text": "lying between lat. 21° 1' and 22° 9′ 30″ N., and long. 85° 14' and 86° 24′ 35″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 181871, "population_year": 1872, "area": 3096, "houses": 35073, "other_facts": [ "1469 villages", "Hindus, 113,207, or 62°2 per cent.; Muhammadans, 487, or 3 per cent.; Christian 1; 'others,' aboriginal tribes, 68,176, or 37'5 per cent.", "males, 90,879, and females, 90,992", "average density of population 59 per square mile", "villages per square mile, 47", "persons per village, 124", "houses per square mile, 113", "persons per house, 5'2", "aboriginal tribes, 44,438, or 24°3 per cent., principally Kols (10,990), Gonds (10,407), Sáonts (7172), Savars (5125)", "semi-Hinduized aborigines, 49,294, or 27°2 per cent., mainly Páns (19,827), Bhuiyás (18,481), Bathudis (7898)" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Keunjhar.-Native State of Orissa, lying between lat. 21° 1' and 22° 9′ 30″ N., and long. 85° 14' and 86° 24′ 35″ E. Bounded on the north by Singbhúm District; on the cast by Morbhanj State and Balasor District; on the south by Cuttack District and Dhenkanal State; and on the west by Dhenkánal, Pal Lahára, and Bonái States. Keunjhar is divided into two wild tracts-Lower Keunjhar, including the valleys, and Upper Keunjhar, embracing the mountainous high- lands. The latter consist of great clusters of rugged crags, which afford almost inaccessible retreats to their inhabitants; and which, although from the plains they appear to be sharply ridged or peaked, have extensive tablelands on their summits, equally fit for pasture and for tillage. The BAITARANI river takes its rise in the hilly north- western division. Principal peaks-Thákwáni, 3003 feet; Gandhá- Madán, 3479 feet; Tomák, 2577 feet; and Bolat, 1818 feet. Keunjhar is the second largest of the Orissa Tributary States; area, 3096 square miles, with 1469 villages, and 35.073 houses. Pop. (1872), classified according to religion-Hindus, 113,207, or 62°2 per cent.; Muham- madans, 487, or 3 per cent.; Christian 1; 'others,' consisting of aboriginal tribes who still retain their primitive forms of faith, 68,176, or 37'5 per cent. ; total, 181,871, viz. males, 90,879, and females, 90,992. Average density of population 59 per square mile; villages per square mile, 47; persons per village, 124; houses per square mile, 113 persons per house, 5'2. Classified according to race -aboriginal tribes, 44,438, or 24°3 per cent., principally composed of Kols (10,990), Gonds (10,407), Sáonts (7172), and Savars (5125); semi-Hinduized aborigines, 49,294, or 27°2 per cent., mainly composed of Páns (19,827), Bhuiyás (18,481), and Bathudis (7898); Hindu\n\ncastes, 87,651, or 48°2 per cent., the most numerous castes being Khandáits (22,225), Bráhmans (8583), and Gaurs (6743); Muham- madans, 487, or 3 per cent. The principal village and residence of the Rájá is Keunjhar, situated on the Midnapur and Sambalpur road, lat. 21° 37' 25\" N., long. 85° 37′ 31″ E. The State originally formed part of Morbhanj; but about 200 years ago, the tribes of this part finding it a great hardship to travel through the perilous forests of Morbhanj to obtain justice from their prince, separated themselves, and set up the brother of the Morbhanj Rájá as their independent ruler. Since then 27 chiefs have ruled. The last prince rendered good service during the Kol rebellion in 1857, and was rewarded by Government with the title of Mahárájá. He died in 1861, without legitimate issue. On Government nominating his natural son, the present Mahárájá, to the throne, a dispute arose as to the succession, which ultimately culminated in an insurrection of the Bhuiyá and Juang tribes in favour of an alleged adopted son, which called for the intervention of British troops before it was suppressed. Estimated annual revenue of the State, £6339; tribute, £197. The chief's militia consists of a force of 1758 men and 318 village police. A Government elephant (khedá) establishment is maintained at Keunjhar (1875), under the superintendence of an English officer, and a large number of valuable animals are captured. The Mahárájá maintains 20 schools in the State, attended by about 700 pupils; 19 other unaided schools exist.", "pdf_page": 337, "pdf_page_end": 338, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-337.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Keonjhar", "formatted_address": "Keonjhar, Odisha, India", "latitude": 21.6392783, "longitude": 85.605494, "place_id": "ChIJu4iMeIICHzoRTfqzGNjsyMo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Keonjhar&query_place_id=ChIJu4iMeIICHzoRTfqzGNjsyMo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:29.519Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00573", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khabul", "normalized_name": "khabul", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Bashahr", "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Bashahr State, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Village near the Pábur river, on the route from Subáthu to the Barenda Pass, in Bashahr State, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 15′ N.", "longitude": "77° 58′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 15′ N., long. 77° 58′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated 1 mile from the right bank of the Pábur river", "on the route from Subáthu to the Barenda Pass", "country is well tilled, irrigated by the mountain streams, and wooded with sycamores, chestnuts, and apricots", "elevation above sea level, 8400 feet" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khabul.-Village in Bashahr State, Punjab; situated 1 mile from the right bank of the Pábur river, on the route from Subáthu to the Barenda Pass. Lat. 31° 15′ N., long. 77° 58′ E. The surrounding country is well tilled, irrigated by the mountain streams, and wooded with sycamores, chestnuts, and apricots. Elevation above sea level, 8400 feet.\n\n་", "pdf_page": 339, "pdf_page_end": 339, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-339.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khab", "formatted_address": "Khab, Himachal Pradesh 172111, India", "latitude": 31.7990301, "longitude": 78.6434199, "place_id": "ChIJ2c8-vCVVBjkRS1M5Vwsrllc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khab&query_place_id=ChIJ2c8-vCVVBjkRS1M5Vwsrllc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:43.371Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00576", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Khadki", "normalized_name": "khadki", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Poona", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "Poona District, Bombay" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khadki. Town in Poona District, Bombay. See KIRKI. -", "pdf_page": 339, "pdf_page_end": 339, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-339.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khadki", "formatted_address": "Khadki, Pune, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 18.5625986, "longitude": 73.8523582, "place_id": "ChIJjb3Xh02_wjsRF4gmTEPJvxs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khadki&query_place_id=ChIJjb3Xh02_wjsRF4gmTEPJvxs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:47.048Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00577", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khága", "normalized_name": "kh-ga", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Fatehpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Fatehpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "North-eastern tahsil of Fatehpur District, North-Western Provinces, along the south bank of the Ganges, traversed by the East Indian Railway main line.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 118634, "population_year": 1872, "area": "263 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "only 125 are cultivated", "land revenue, £21,007", "total Government revenue, £23,113", "rental paid by cultivators, £32.621", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 2s. 5}d" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khága. North-eastern tahsil of Fatehpur District, North-Western -- Provinces lying along the south bank of the Ganges, and traversed by the East Indian Railway main line. Area, 263 square miles, of which only 125 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 118,634; land revenue, £21,007; total Government revenue, £23,113; rental paid by cultivators, £32.621; incidence of Government revenue per acre, 2s. 5}d.\n\nKhágan. Mountain valley in Hazára District, Punjab, penetrating far into the heart of the Himalayan system, and surrounded by inde- pendent territory on every side except the south. Area, 800 square miles; 60 miles in length, with an average breadth of 15 miles. Lofty ranges shut it in on either hand, their summits rising to a height of nearly 17,000 feet. Transverse spurs intersect the interior; and a thin population inhabit the glen. Through a narrow central gorge the river Kunhár forces its way to join the Jhelum (Jhilam), and drains the entire valley. Forests of cedar cover 457 square miles of the area, of which 54 square miles have been reserved by the Government. The Khágan valley forms the northernmost extension of British India, and stretches like an intrusive arm far up into the mountain region. Its open mouth turns towards the main body of the District and the Marri Hills. The inhabitants consist almost entirely of Muhammadan Swátis. Khágan village is situated in lat. 34° 46′ 45″ N., long. 75° 34′ 15″ E.", "pdf_page": 339, "pdf_page_end": 339, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-339.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khaga", "formatted_address": "Khaga, Uttar Pradesh 212655, India", "latitude": 25.7720835, "longitude": 81.10353420000001, "place_id": "ChIJd-LcUHFqmzkR6iYxkGdt3e4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khaga&query_place_id=ChIJd-LcUHFqmzkR6iYxkGdt3e4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:50.617Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00578", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khagaul", "normalized_name": "khagaul", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Patná", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Patná District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Municipal town in Patná District, Bengal, south of Dinápur, with a railway station nearby.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 34′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "85° 5′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 34′ 30″ N., long. 85° 5′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5257, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Hindus, 3972; Muhammadans, 1069; Christians, 214; 'others,' 2", "2665 males and 2592 females", "Municipal income, 1871, £185; expenditure, £184", "Dinapur railway station is just outside the town" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khagaul.-Municipal town in Patná District, Bengal ; situated a short distance south of Dinápur. Lat. 25° 34′ 30″ N., long. 85° 5′ E. Pop. (1872), Hindus, 3972; Muhammadans, 1069; Christians, 214; 'others,' 2; total, 5257, viz. 2665 males and 2592 females. Municipal income, 1871, £185; expenditure, £184. The Dinapur railway station is just outside the town, which, indeed, has only sprung into importance since the opening of the railway.", "pdf_page": 339, "pdf_page_end": 339, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-339.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khagaul", "formatted_address": "Khagaul, Patna, Bihar, India", "latitude": 25.5830523, "longitude": 85.0436007, "place_id": "ChIJt1JPGR5W7TkRV0a4JR6oLzU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khagaul&query_place_id=ChIJt1JPGR5W7TkRV0a4JR6oLzU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:57:56.459Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00585", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khairagarh", "normalized_name": "khairagarh", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Ráipur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Khairagarh", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Native State attached to Ráipur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Mostly lying in the richest part of the Chhatisgarh plain. Khairagarh, the chief town, is at the junction of the Am and the Píparía, 45 miles west by north from Raipur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 21.425, "longitude": 81.03333333333333, "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 25′ 30″ N., long. 81° 2' E." }, "stats": { "population": 122264, "population_year": 1872, "area": "940 square miles", "houses": 30650, "other_facts": [ "75,990 are Hindus, residing in 501 villages", "mostly lying in the richest part of the Chhatisgarh plain", "During the year 1876-77, the income amounted to £12,259, of which £11,261 was derived from land revenue", "the expenditure to £9433, of which £3149 was devoted to the chief's family", "The tribute was fixed at £4700", "Cotton, wheat, and gram constitute the chief products; iron ore is also found in parts", "Two of the principal passes through the Sáletekri Hills between Chhatisgarh and Nágpur lie in Khairagarh", "All the roads leading to the great grain mart of DONGARGARH, near which will be the terminus of the Chhatisgarh Railway, can at small cost be made good cold-weather routes", "A dispensary will shortly be opened" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khairagarh.—Native State attached to Ráipur District, Central Provinces. Pop. (1872), 122,264, of whom 75,990 are Hindus, residing in 501 villages and 30,650 houses, on an area of 940 square miles, mostly lying in the richest part of the Chhatisgarh plain. The ruling family, which is Ráj-Gond, and descended from the royal family of Garha Mandla, originally held only the small forest tract known as Kholwá, below the Sáletekrí range; but they obtained extensive grants in 1818,\n\nboth from the Mandla princes and from the Marhattá rulers of Nagpur. The last chief, Lál Fateh Sinh, was deposed, and died in 1874; and at present (1878) the State is under direct British management. During the year 1876-77, the income amounted to £12,259, of which £11,261 was derived from land revenue, according to a summary settlement con- cluded in 1874; and the expenditure to £9433, of which £3149 was devoted to the chief's family. The tribute was fixed at £4700. Cotton, wheat, and gram constitute the chief products; iron ore is also found in parts. Two of the principal passes through the Sáletekri Hills between Chhatisgarh and Nágpur lie in Khairagarh; but a different line has been adopted for the Great Eastern Road. All the roads leading to the great grain mart of DONGARGARH, near which will be the terminus of the Chhatisgarh Railway, can at small cost be made good cold-weather routes; and a dispensary will shortly be opened. Khairagarh, the chief town, is at the junction of the Am and the Píparía, 45 miles west by north from Raipur. Lat. 21° 25′ 30″ N., long. 81° 2' E.", "pdf_page": 345, "pdf_page_end": 346, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-345.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khairagarh", "formatted_address": "Khairagarh, Chhattisgarh 491881, India", "latitude": 21.4182572, "longitude": 80.9809083, "place_id": "ChIJB1R5UFFlKToRnXparL8WWw0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khairagarh&query_place_id=ChIJB1R5UFFlKToRnXparL8WWw0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:58:24.252Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00589", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khairi-Murat", "normalized_name": "khairi-murat", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "mountain range" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Ráwal Pindi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Mountain range in Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Midway between the Lohán river and the Chitta Pahár. Rises about 30 miles from the Indus, runs eastward for about 24 miles. North of the range is a plateau intersected by ravines; southward a waste of gorges and hillocks extends for 5 miles to the fertile valley of the Lohán. Formerly covered with jungle forest, now destitute of vegetation.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "33° 28' N.", "longitude": "72° 49′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 33° 28' N., long. 72° 49′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khairi-Murat.-Mountain range in Ráwal Pindi District, Punjab ; midway between the Lohán river and the Chitta Pahár. Rises about 30 miles from the Indus, and runs eastward for some 24 miles, a dreary ridge\n\nof barren limestone and sandstone rock. Lat. 33° 28' N., long. 72° 49′ 30″ E. North of the range lies a plateau intersected by ravines; while southward a waste of gorges and dreary hillocks extends in a belt for a distance of 5 miles, till it dips into the fertile valley of the * Lohán, one of the richest tracts in Ráwal Pindi District. The Khairi- Murat was formerly covered with jungle forest, but is now completely destitute of vegetation.", "pdf_page": 347, "pdf_page_end": 348, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-347.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khairi-Murat", "formatted_address": "Khairi-Murat, Pakistan", "latitude": 33.4741667, "longitude": 72.8022222, "place_id": "ChIJc_fdOqqc3zgR-epghmOjb0Q", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khairi-Murat&query_place_id=ChIJc_fdOqqc3zgR-epghmOjb0Q", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:58:42.423Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00594", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khairpur Juso", "normalized_name": "khairpur-juso", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "headquarters station", "tappadár", "police station", "musafirkhána", "jágír village", "fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Shikarpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Sind", "raw_context": "Lárkána Deputy Collectorate, Shikarpur District, Sind" }, "location_description": "about 10 miles south-west of Lárgána town", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "27° 31' N.", "longitude": "68° 5' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 27° 31' N., long. 68° 5' E." }, "stats": { "population": 955, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "296 are Musalmáns and 659 Hindus", "No manufactures of any importance", "local trade in joár and rice", "held by Mír Bijar Khán Tálpur, a lineal descendant of the Mír Bijar, who was murdered by the Kalhora prince Abdul Nabi Khán", "The jágárdár resides in a small fort in the village" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khairpur Juso.-Village in Lárkána Deputy Collectorate, Shikarpur District, Sind; situated about 10 miles south-west of Lárgána town. Lat. 27° 31' N., long. 68° 5' E.; pop. (1872), 955, of whom 296 are Musalmáns and 659 Hindus. Headquarters station of a tappadár; police station, and musafirkhána (travellers' rest-house). No manu- factures of any importance; local trade in joár and rice. A jágír village, held by Mír Bijar Khán Tálpur, a lineal descendant of the Mír Bijar, who was murdered by the Kalhora prince Abdul Nabi Khán. The jágárdár resides in a small fort in the village.", "pdf_page": 353, "pdf_page_end": 353, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-353.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khairpur Juso", "formatted_address": "Khairpur Juso, Pakistan", "latitude": 27.5187457, "longitude": 68.0462604, "place_id": "ChIJ7xF-5QEENTkR_5DxLG1fkQ8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khairpur+Juso&query_place_id=ChIJ7xF-5QEENTkR_5DxLG1fkQ8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:58:56.601Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00597", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khajri", "normalized_name": "khajri", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "small chiefship" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Bhandára", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bhandára District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "6 miles north of Arjuni, on the Great Eastern Road", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 8′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "80° 10' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 8′ 30″ N., long. 80° 10' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": "4359 acres", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "comprising only 2 villages", "1600 are cultivated", "The chief is a Halbá, and the population consists of Halbás and Gonds" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khajri. A small chiefship in Bhandára District, Central Provinces; - 6 miles north of Arjuni, on the Great Eastern Road; comprising only 2 villages, with an area of 4359 acres, of which 1600 are cultivated. Lat. 21° 8′ 30″ N., long. 80° 10' E. The chief is a Halbá, and the population consists of Halbás and Gonds.", "pdf_page": 354, "pdf_page_end": 354, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-354.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khajri", "formatted_address": "Khajri, Madhya Pradesh, India", "latitude": 23.2420043, "longitude": 79.9430537, "place_id": "ChIJk6kT6oyvgTkRuOYfWDofEnU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khajri&query_place_id=ChIJk6kT6oyvgTkRuOYfWDofEnU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:59:10.154Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00598", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khajuha", "normalized_name": "khajuha", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "manufacture of brass and copper wares", "architectural remains", "garden", "tank", "sarái", "temple" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Fatehpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Fatehpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "on the old Mughal road from Kora to Fatehpur", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "26° 3′ 10″ N.", "longitude": "80° 33′ 50″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 26° 3′ 10″ N., long. 80° 33′ 50″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 4094, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "formerly possessed considerable commercial importance", "manufacture of brass and copper wares, especially drinking and cooking vessels", "architectural remains of ancient grandeur", "Bágh Badshahi, a large enclosed garden with a báradári at the eastern end, and a considerable masonry tank", "gateway and walls of the handsome old sarái", "fine Hindu temple, dedicated to Siva, with a tank known as the Randon-ka-taláo" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khajuha. Town in Fatehpur District, North-Western Provinces. - Lat. 26° 3′ 10″ N., long. 80° 33′ 50″ E.; pop. (1872), 4094. Lies on the old Mughal road from Kora to Fatehpur, and formerly possessed considerable commercial importance. Chiefly noted at present for its manufacture of brass and copper wares, especially drinking and cooking vessels. The town retains some architectural remains of ancient grandeur, including the Bágh Badshahi, a large enclosed garden with a báradári at the eastern end, and a considerable masonry tank; the gateway and walls of the handsome old sarái, through which ran the Mughal road to Agra and Etáwah; and a fine Hindu temple, dedicated to Siva, with a tank known as the Randon-ka-taláo.", "pdf_page": 354, "pdf_page_end": 354, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-354.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khajuha", "formatted_address": "Khajuha, Uttar Pradesh 212657, India", "latitude": 26.0555534, "longitude": 80.520229, "place_id": "ChIJUeUNCreLnDkRbUaN2B72amE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khajuha&query_place_id=ChIJUeUNCreLnDkRbUaN2B72amE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T00:59:14.771Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00599", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khajurá", "normalized_name": "khajur", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "date-sugar manufacture" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Jessor", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Jessor District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "on the Chitrá river 8 miles north of Jessor town", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "23° 17′ N.", "longitude": "89° 17' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 23° 17′ N., long. 89° 17' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "One of the principal seats of date-sugar manufacture in the District", "the village taking its name from the date-tree (khajur)" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khajurá. Village in Jessor District, Bengal; situated on the - Chitrá river 8 miles north of Jessor town. Lat. 23° 17′ N., long. 89° 17' E. One of the principal seats of date-sugar manufacture in the District, the village taking its name from the date-tree (khajur).", "pdf_page": 354, "pdf_page_end": 354, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-354.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khajura", "formatted_address": "Khajura, Bangladesh", "latitude": 23.276389, "longitude": 89.2538479, "place_id": "ChIJwzZHTK8E_zkRkLBw1eWJxQE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khajura&query_place_id=ChIJwzZHTK8E_zkRkLBw1eWJxQE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:00:02.019Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00602", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khakereru", "normalized_name": "khakereru", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Fatehpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Fatehpur District, North- Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "lying along the north bank of the Ganges", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 87153, "population_year": 1872, "area": "202 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "127 are cultivated", "land revenue, £20,076", "total Government revenue, £22,086", "rental paid by cultivators, £31,589", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 35. 1d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khakereru. - South-eastern tahsil of Fatehpur District, North- Western Provinces, lying along the north bank of the Ganges. Area, 202 square miles, of which 127 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 87,153; land revenue, £20,076; total Government revenue, £22,086; rental paid by cultivators, £31,589; incidence of Government revenue per acre, 35. 1d.", "pdf_page": 355, "pdf_page_end": 355, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-355.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khakhreru", "formatted_address": "Khakhreru, Uttar Pradesh 212656, India", "latitude": 25.6106868, "longitude": 81.132018, "place_id": "ChIJWZGNpblHmzkRHQM4sndHeP8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khakhreru&query_place_id=ChIJWZGNpblHmzkRHQM4sndHeP8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:00:15.058Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00604", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khalílábád", "normalized_name": "khal-l-b-d", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Basti", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Basti District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "stretching northward from the bank of the Gogra (Ghagra)", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 307717, "population_year": 1872, "area": "555 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "366 are cultivated", "land revenue, £25,462", "total Government revenue, £28,014", "rental paid by cultivators, £70,331", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 1s. 5 d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khalílábád.—South-eastern tahsil of Basti District, North-Western Provinces, stretching northward from the bank of the Gogra (Ghagra). Area, 555 square miles, of which 366 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 307,717; land revenue, £25,462; total Government revenue, £28,014; rental paid by cultivators, £70,331; incidence of Government revenue per acre, 1s. 5 d.", "pdf_page": 355, "pdf_page_end": 355, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-355.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khalilabad", "formatted_address": "Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh 272175, India", "latitude": 26.7657567, "longitude": 83.0833901, "place_id": "ChIJKRN6bSklkTkRKb94ieBBZFw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khalilabad&query_place_id=ChIJKRN6bSklkTkRKb94ieBBZFw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:00:20.788Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00610", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khanbaila", "normalized_name": "khanbaila", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Bahawalpur", "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Bahawalpur State, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Town in Bahawalpur State, Punjab; near the left bank of the Panjnad.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 4' N.", "longitude": "70° 52′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 4' N., long. 70° 52′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "a place of some importance", "neighbouring country produces abundant crops of grain" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khanbaila. Town in Bahawalpur State, Punjab; a place of some importance, near the left bank of the Panjnad. Lat. 29° 4' N., long. 70° 52′ E. The neighbouring country, fertilized by the inundations, produces abundant crops of grain.\n\nKhandánsa. Parganá in Bíkápur tahsil, Faizábád (Fyzabad) - District, Oudh; situated along the north bank of the Gumti. It con- tains 128 villages, covering 116 square miles, of which 65 are cultivated. Pop. (1869), 70,905, viz. 66,698 Hindus and 4207 Muhammadans. Tradition states that about six hundred years ago, one Khánde, a Bhar chief, while on a pilgrimage to Ajodhya with his brothers, came to the neighbourhood of the present Khandánsa, and, finding it fertile and uninhabited, took possession of it and founded four villages- Khandánsa, Urwa, Bhakauli, and Dehli Girdhar-calling them after his own and his brothers' names. The purganá remained in the hands of the Bhars, until one Deo Rái, Bisen of Manjhauli, happened to stop at Bhakauli on his way to bathe in the Ganges. During his stay, a quarrel arose between him and the Bhars, which ended in his putting them to the sword and taking possession of Bhakauli. Subsequently his descendants made themselves masters of Urwa and Khandánsa, with other villages in neighbouring page nás, of which, after the lapse of thirty-five generations, they are still zamindárs.", "pdf_page": 357, "pdf_page_end": 357, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-357.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khan Bela", "formatted_address": "Khan Bela, Pakistan", "latitude": 29.464077, "longitude": 71.1121722, "place_id": "ChIJ1ffSlzZUOjkRFVB0TkgN_cI", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khan+Bela&query_place_id=ChIJ1ffSlzZUOjkRFVB0TkgN_cI", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:00:51.887Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00613", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khandgiri", "normalized_name": "khandgiri", "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill", "caves", "religious_site", "archaeological_site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Purí", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Orissa", "raw_context": "Hill in Purí District, Orissa" }, "location_description": "Hill with ancient Buddhist and Jain cave dwellings, near Bhuvaneswar, Orissa.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "20° 16′ N.", "longitude": "85° 50' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 20° 16′ N., long. 85° 50' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated about 12 miles west of the road from Cuttack to Puri, and 5 miles east of Bhuvaneswar", "Twin sandstone hills, Khandgiri and Udayagiri, rise abruptly out of the jungle, separated by a narrow gorge", "cave dwellings believed to form the very earliest memorials of Buddhism in India", "represent ten centuries of human existence, or from 500 B.C. to 500 A.D.", "summit is crowned by a Jain temple erected by the Marhattás at the end of the last century" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khandgiri. Hill in Purí District, Orissa; situated about 12 miles west of the road from Cuttack to Puri, and 5 miles east of Bhuvaneswar. Lat. 20° 16′ N., long. 85° 50' E. Twin sandstone hills, Khandgiri and Udayagiri, rise abruptly out of the jungle, separated by a narrow gorge, each of which is honeycombed into caves and temples cut out of the rock. These cave dwellings are believed to form the very carliest memorials of Buddhism in India. They are of various ages, and of different degrees of architecture. The oldest of them consist of a single cell, little larger than a dog-kennel, cut in the face of scarcely acces- sible precipices, and with no signs of even the primitive carpentry architecture. Others of a somewhat later date are shaped into strangely distorted resemblances of animals. One has from time immemorial been known as the Snake Cave, another as the Elephant Cave, a third as the Tiger Cave. This last stands out from the rock in the form of a monstrous wild beast's jaw, with nose and eyes above, and teeth overhanging the entrance to the cell. Such cells in their turn give way to more comfortable excavations, shaded by pillared verandahs, and lighted by several doors, which again are succeeded by others still more elaborate. Of the last, the most important is a two-storied monastery, known as the Rání-núr or Queen's Palace, highly sculptured in bas-relief. These sandstone caves, as a whole, represent ten centuries of human existence, or from 500 B.C. to 500 A.D. The oldest are on UDAYAGIRI HILL, the more modern ones being on KHANDgiri, whose summit is crowned by a Jain temple erected by the Marhattás at the end of the last century.", "pdf_page": 362, "pdf_page_end": 362, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-362.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khandagiri", "formatted_address": "Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India", "latitude": 20.2568819, "longitude": 85.7791854, "place_id": "ChIJT1fT6OmnGToRLVGTCzoWobw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khandagiri&query_place_id=ChIJT1fT6OmnGToRLVGTCzoWobw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:01:13.639Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00614", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khandgosh", "normalized_name": "khandgosh", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "police circle headquarters" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Bardwán", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Village and headquarters of a police circle (tháná) in Bardwán District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Village and police circle headquarters on the road from Bardwán to Sonámukhi and Bánkurá.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "23° 12′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "87° 44′ 20″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 23° 12′ 30″ N., long. 87° 44′ 20″. E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated on the road from Bardwán to Sonámukhi and Bánkurá" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khandgosh.—Village and headquarters of a police circle (tháná) in Bardwán District, Bengal; situated on the road from Bardwán to Sonámukhi and Bánkurá. Lat. 23° 12′ 30″ N., long. 87° 44′ 20″. E.", "pdf_page": 362, "pdf_page_end": 362, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-362.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khandaghosh", "formatted_address": "Khandaghosh, West Bengal 713142, India", "latitude": 23.2136368, "longitude": 87.6901614, "place_id": "ChIJF4O8yNAv-DkRtCQ_JpByTB8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khandaghosh&query_place_id=ChIJF4O8yNAv-DkRtCQ_JpByTB8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:01:18.976Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00616", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khandpára", "normalized_name": "khandp-ra", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "Native State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Orissa", "raw_context": "Native State in Orissa" }, "location_description": "Native State in Orissa, bounded by the Mahánadi river and neighboring states and districts.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "20° 11' - 15\" to 20° 25' N.", "longitude": "85° 1' to 85° 24′ 40″ E.", "raw_text": "lying' between lat. 20° II' - 15\" and 20° 25' N., and long. 85° 1' and 85° 24′ 40″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 60877, "population_year": 1872, "area": "244 square miles", "houses": 12109, "other_facts": [ "321 villages", "density of population, 249 per square mile", "villages per square mile, 1.31", "persons per square mile, 190", "houses per square mile, 50", "persons per house, 5", "Estimated annual revenue of the chief, £2258; tribute, £421", "largest village and principal seat of trade is Kántilo, pop. (1872), 5386", "capital of the State, and residence of the Rájá, Khandpára, 680 houses" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khandpára. Native State in Orissa, lying' between lat. 20° II' - 15\" and 20° 25' N., and long. 85° 1' and 85° 24′ 40″ E. Bounded on the north by the Mahánadi river, which separates it from Narsinhpur and Baramba; on the east by Bánki and Puri District; on the south by Puri and Nayagarh; and on the west by Daspallá. The State\n\noriginally formed part of Nayagarh, and was separated from it about 200 years ago by a brother of the Nayagarh Rájá, who established his independence. The present chief, a Rájput by caste, is the eighth in descent from the founder. The country forms a very valuable terri- tory, and is one of the best cultivated of the Orissa States. Fine sál timber abounds in the hilly parts of the State, and magnificent banian and mango trees stud the plain. It is intersected by the Kuariá and Dauka rivers, small tributaries of the Mahánadi. Area, 244 square miles, with 321 villages and 12,109 houses. Pop. (1872), according to religion-Hindus, 57,007, or 93'6 per cent.; Muhammadans, 38, or '1 per cent.; 'others,' 3832, or 6.3 per cent.; total, 60,877, viz. males, 30,234, and females, 30,643. Proportion of males, 497 per cent. ; density of population, 249 per square mile; villages per square mile, 1'31; persons per square mile, 190; houses per square mile, 50; persons per house, 5. Classified according to race-aboriginal tribes, 3561, or 5'9 per cent., mainly composed of Kandhs (1596) and Savars (1126); semi-Hinduized aborigines, 6438, or 106 per cent., consisting principally of Páns (3577), Mihtárs (1547), and Kandáras (1064); Hindu castes, 50,840, or 83'5 per cent.; Muhammadans, 38. The largest village and principal seat of trade is Kántilo, on the banks of the Mahanadi, lat. 20° 21' 46\" N., long. 85° 14′ 20″ E.; pop. (1872), 5386. Five other villages also contain upwards of 100 houses—viz. Khandpára, the capital of the State, and residence of the Rájá, lat. 20° 15' 50\" N., long. 85° 12′ 51″ E., 680 houses; Biengoniá, lat. 20° 15′ 8″ N., long. 85° 16′ E., 211 houses; Fatehgarh, lat. 20' 17' 37\" N., long. 85° 22' 32\" E., 158 houses; Banmalipur, lat. 20° 16′ 14″ N., long. 85° 15′ 12″ E., 130 houses; Nemápol, lat. 20' 16' 10\" N., long. 85° 16′ 14″ E. Estimated annual revenue of the chief, £2258; tribute, £421.", "pdf_page": 362, "pdf_page_end": 363, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-362.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khandapada", "formatted_address": "Khandapada, Odisha 752077, India", "latitude": 20.2630161, "longitude": 85.17373309999999, "place_id": "ChIJF5zHzOGJGDoRFTz2c90roI4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khandapada&query_place_id=ChIJF5zHzOGJGDoRFTz2c90roI4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:09:36.200Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00619", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khangarh", "normalized_name": "khangarh", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Muzaffargarh", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Municipal town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Municipal town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab, near the Chenáb river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 55' N.", "longitude": "71° 12' F.", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 55' N., long. 71° 12' F." }, "stats": { "population": 4387, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated about 2 miles from the present bed of the Chenáb, and 11 miles south of Muzaffargarh", "Headquarters of a police subdivision", "originally chosen as the civil station of the District; but the site was carried away by the river before its occupation", "Owes its importance to the family of Muzaffar Khán, whose brother fortified the town, and fixed his residence in it", "Brisk export of indigo to Afghánistán, and of cotton and molasses to Sind; imports of sugar from Lahore, and salt from Pind Dádan Khán", "Police station, post office, school-house, dispensary, sarái", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £377, or 2s. 33 d. per head of population (2778) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khangarh. Municipal town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab ; situated about 2 miles from the present bed of the Chenáb, and 11 miles south of Muzaffargarh. Lat. 29° 55' N., long. 71° 12' F.; pop. (1868), 4387. Headquarters of a police subdivision, and originally chosen as the civil station of the District; but the site was carried away by the river before its occupation. Owes its importance to the family of Muzaffar Khán, whose brother fortified the town, and fixed his residence in it. Brisk export of indigo to Afghánistán, and of cotton and molasses to Sind; imports of sugar from Lahore, and salt from Pind Dádan Khán. Police station, post office, school-house, dispensary, sarái. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £377, or 2s. 33 d. per head of popula tion (2778) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 364, "pdf_page_end": 364, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-364.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khangarh", "formatted_address": "Khangarh, Pakistan", "latitude": 29.9141873, "longitude": 71.15673439999999, "place_id": "ChIJa54jI7DfOjkRrNRBdZ_-V0A", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khangarh&query_place_id=ChIJa54jI7DfOjkRrNRBdZ_-V0A", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:09:41.180Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00620", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khaniá-dhána", "normalized_name": "khani-dh-na", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State", "jagir" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Central India Agency", "region": "Bundelkhand", "raw_context": "One of the petty States in Bundelkhand, under the political superintendence of the Central India Agency and the Government of India" }, "location_description": "Petty State in Bundelkhand, under Central India Agency, west of the Betwa river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 8000, "population_year": 1875, "area": "about 84 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue, £2000", "State is in a wild tract of country, with much hill and jungle, west of the Betwa river and south-west of Orchhá" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khaniá-dhána.-One of the petty States in Bundelkhand, under the political superintendence of the Central India Agency and the Government of India. It originally formed part of the Orchhá or Tehri State, the jágir having been granted by Udit Sinh to his younger brother, Amán Sinh, about the year 1703. After the dismemberment of the Orchhá State by the Marhattás, the Peshwá granted a sanad for the jágir to Amír Sinh. For a long time the claim to feudal suzerainty over Khaniá-dhána was disputed between the Marhattá State of Jhansi and Orchhá. However, in 1862, when the Jhansi Ráj was extinct, it was decided that the Khaniá-dhána jágír was directly dependent on the British Government, as it had undoubtedly formed part of the Marhattá conquests, to which the British Government had succeeded. The present Chief, Chhatar Sinh, is a Hindu Búndela, born about 1863. The area of the State is about 84 square miles; its population in 1875 was estimated at 8000; revenue, £2000. The State is in a wild tract of country, with much hill and jungle, west of the Betwa river and south-west of Orchhá.", "pdf_page": 364, "pdf_page_end": 364, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-364.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khaniyadhana", "formatted_address": "Khaniyadhana, Madhya Pradesh, India", "latitude": 25.0319637, "longitude": 78.1272034, "place_id": "ChIJYT2fHPHveTkRvY5npfg3ef4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khaniyadhana&query_place_id=ChIJYT2fHPHveTkRvY5npfg3ef4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:01:58.958Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00621", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khanna", "normalized_name": "khanna", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Ludhiana", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Ludhiana District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated on Grand Trunk Road, and Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Railway, 27 miles south-west of Ludhiana.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "30° 42' N.", "longitude": "76° 16' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. - 30° 42' N., long. 76° 16' E." }, "stats": { "population": 3408, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on Grand Trunk Road, and Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Railway, 27 miles south-west of Ludhiana.", "Only important from possession of a railway station.", "Headquarters of a police subdivision (tháná).", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £160, or 11 d. per head of population within municipal limits." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khanna. — Municipal town in Ludhiana District, Punjab. Lat. - 30° 42' N., long. 76° 16' E.; pop. (1868), 3408. Situated on Grand Trunk Road, and Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Railway, 27 miles south-west of Ludhiana. Only important from possession of a railway station. Headquarters of a police subdivision (tháná). Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £160, or 11 d. per head of population within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 365, "pdf_page_end": 365, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-365.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khanna", "formatted_address": "Khanna, Punjab, India", "latitude": 30.70707689999999, "longitude": 76.2169907, "place_id": "ChIJo74XgyoQEDkRi3xmo7Ey6cw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khanna&query_place_id=ChIJo74XgyoQEDkRi3xmo7Ey6cw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:02.375Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00629", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khápa", "normalized_name": "kh-pa", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "thriving town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Nágpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Nágpur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Situated on high ground overlooking the Kanhán river, 20 miles north of Nagpur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "21° 25' N.", "longitude": "79° 2' F.", "raw_text": "Lat. 21° 25' N., long. 79° 2' F." }, "stats": { "population": 8007, "population_year": 1877, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on high ground overlooking the Kanhán river, 20 miles north of Nagpur, with which it is connected by the Chhindwára road as far as Pátan-sáongi (14 miles), and thence by a main District road.", "Fine groves surround the town, and the river and numerous wells supply excellent water.", "Melons are largely cultivated on the sandbanks in the river bed.", "Khápa manufactures cotton cloth of good quality; and imports cotton, wool, grain, European goods and hardware, and silk thread.", "The town is well kept; it has a dispensary, a school where English is taught, police buildings, and a sarái; and four good metalled roads converge in the central market-place." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khápa. A thriving town in Nágpur District, Central Provinces. Lat. 21° 25' N., long. 79° 2' F.; situated on high ground overlooking the Kanhán river, 20 miles north of Nagpur, with which it is connected by the Chhindwára road as far as Pátan-sáongi (14 miles), and thence by a main District road. Estimated population (1877), 8007. Fine groves surround the town, and the river and numerous wells supply excellent water. Melons are largely cultivated on the sandbanks in the river bed. Khápa manufactures cotton cloth of good quality; and imports cotton, wool, grain, European goods and hardware, and silk thread. The town is well kept; it has a dispensary, a school where English is taught, police buildings, and a sarái; and four good metalled roads converge in the central market-place.", "pdf_page": 366, "pdf_page_end": 366, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-366.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khapa", "formatted_address": "Khapa, Maharashtra 441101, India", "latitude": 21.4128795, "longitude": 78.98763799999999, "place_id": "ChIJQXBUIubg1DsR22mOnLmAZ7E", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khapa&query_place_id=ChIJQXBUIubg1DsR22mOnLmAZ7E", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:08.557Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00631", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kharakpur", "normalized_name": "kharakpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "headquarters of a police circle" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Monghyr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Monghyr District, Bengal" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "25° 7' 10\" N.", "longitude": "86° 35′ 20″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 25° 7' 10\" N., long. 86° 35′ 20″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The parganá which gives its name to the town forms one of the estates of the Mahárájá of Darbhangah.", "Extensive irrigation works are being carried out here under the superintendence of the Public Works Department.", "Charitable dispensary and school, maintained by the Mahárájá." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kharakpur.-Town and headquarters of a police circle (tháná) in Monghyr District, Bengal. Lat. 25° 7' 10\" N., long. 86° 35′ 20″ E. The parganá which gives its name to the town forms one of the estates of the Mahárájá of Darbhangah. Extensive irrigation works are being carried out here under the superintendence of the Public Works Department. Charitable dispensary and school, maintained by the Mahárájá.", "pdf_page": 367, "pdf_page_end": 367, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-367.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharagpur", "formatted_address": "Kharagpur, Bihar 811213, India", "latitude": 25.1223251, "longitude": 86.5526896, "place_id": "ChIJX2J1fVyW8TkRSjCl07ARFfQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharagpur&query_place_id=ChIJX2J1fVyW8TkRSjCl07ARFfQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:45:26.287Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00634", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kharar", "normalized_name": "kharar", "feature_type": "tehsil", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Umballa (Ambála)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Umballa (Ambála) District, Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "30° 38' to 30° 53′ N.", "longitude": "76° 34′ to 76° 49′ E.", "raw_text": "between 30° 38' and 30° 53′ N. lat., and between 76° 34′ and 76° 49′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kharar.—Tahsil of Umballa (Ambála) District, Punjab; situated between 30° 38' and 30° 53′ N. lat., and between 76° 34′ and 76° 49′ E. long.", "pdf_page": 367, "pdf_page_end": 367, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-367.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharar", "formatted_address": "Kharar, Punjab 140301, India", "latitude": 30.7498676, "longitude": 76.64110939999999, "place_id": "ChIJkS6_51XlDzkR03UwQ5tA-w8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharar&query_place_id=ChIJkS6_51XlDzkR03UwQ5tA-w8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:22.103Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00637", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kharda", "normalized_name": "kharda", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Ahmednagar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Jamkher Subdivision of Ahmednagar - District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Situated 56 miles south-east of Ahmednagar.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "18° 38′ N.", "longitude": "75° 31′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 18° 38′ N., long. 75° 31′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6899, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "In 1795, an engagement took place near here between the Marhattás and the Nizám. The Marhattá general, being defeated, retreated to Kharda, and, being completely hemmed in by the enemy, was constrained to accede to an ignominious treaty.", "Post office." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kharda. Town in the Jamkher Subdivision of Ahmednagar - District, Bombay; situated 56 miles south-east of Ahmednagar. Lat. 18° 38′ N., long. 75° 31′ E.; pop. (1872), 6899. In 1795, an engage- ment took place near here between the Marhattás and the Nizám. The Marhattá general, being defeated, retreated to Kharda, and, being completely hemmed in by the enemy, was constrained to accede to an ignominious treaty. Post office.", "pdf_page": 367, "pdf_page_end": 367, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-367.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharda", "formatted_address": "Kharda, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 18.6338107, "longitude": 75.47633239999999, "place_id": "ChIJl4GEkG_CxDsRivyZf8vkWHQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharda&query_place_id=ChIJl4GEkG_CxDsRivyZf8vkWHQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:33.589Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00638", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khardah", "normalized_name": "khardah", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "village", "Vishnuvite place of pilgrimage" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bengal", "district": "Twenty-four Parganás", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "District of the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Situated on the left bank of the Húglí river.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 43′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "88° 24′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 43′ 30″ N., long. 88° 24′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Situated on the left bank of the Húglí river.", "A Vishnuvite place of pilgrimage in honour of Nityanand, one of the disciples of Chaitanya, who took up his residence here.", "His descendants are regarded as gurus or spiritual guides by the Vaishnavs.", "Khardah is a small roadside station on the Eastern Bengal Railway, 11 miles north of Calcutta." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khardah.-Village in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal; situated on the left bank of the Húglí river. Lat. 22° 43′ 30″ N., long. 88° 24′ 30″ E. A Vishnuvite place of pilgrimage in honour of Nityanand, one of the disciples of Chaitanya, who took up his residence here. His descendants are regarded as gurus or spiritual guides by the Vaishnavs. Khardah is a small roadside station on the Eastern Bengal Railway, 11 miles north of Calcutta.\n\nKhári.—Village in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal;\n\nsituated on the old bed of the Ganges. The village contains a small church connected with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and many of its inhabitants are native converts. A tank called Ganga Chakragháta is held peculiarly sacred by the Hindus, and multitudes annually resort to its waters. English school.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 454 ], "pdf_page": 367, "pdf_page_end": 368, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-367.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khardah", "formatted_address": "Khardah, Kolkata, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 22.7175697, "longitude": 88.36763649999999, "place_id": "ChIJawSAhpSb-DkRz571Mu2fcJ0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khardah&query_place_id=ChIJawSAhpSb-DkRz571Mu2fcJ0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:45:49.449Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00639", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khárián", "normalized_name": "kh-ri-n", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Gujrát", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "North-eastern tahsil of Gujrát District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Mainly dry submontane tract, intersected by hill torrents, in deep beds unavailable for purposes of irrigation.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Lat. 32° 21' to 33° N., long. 73° 37′ 30″ to 74° 15′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 154287, "population_year": 1868, "area": "695 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "number of villages, 332" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khárián. North-eastern tahsil of Gujrát District, Punjab; con- sisting mainly of the dry submontane tract, intersected by hill torrents, in deep beds unavailable for purposes of irrigation. Lat. 32° 21' to 33° N., long. 73° 37′ 30″ to 74° 15′ E. Area, 695 square miles; pop. (1868), 154,287; number of villages, 332.\n\nKhariár. Chiefship in Ráipur District, Central Provinces; lying to the east of Bindra Nawágarh, and stretching for 53 miles from north to south, and 32 from cast to west. Khariár is said to have been formed long ago out of the Pátná State, as a dowry for the daughter of a Pátná chicf. Nearly half the area is cultivated. The chief is a Chauhán. Khariár village is situated in lat. 20° 17′ 30″ N., long. 82° 48′ 30″ E. \"", "pdf_page": 368, "pdf_page_end": 368, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-368.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharian", "formatted_address": "Kharian, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.7875673, "longitude": 73.88894990000001, "place_id": "ChIJN6xKqhEKHzkRue1l8J4vo_0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharian&query_place_id=ChIJN6xKqhEKHzkRue1l8J4vo_0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:45:56.794Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00642", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kharod", "normalized_name": "kharod", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Biláspur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Biláspur District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "40 miles east of Biláspur.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": null }, "stats": { "population": 3000, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "comprising traders of all kinds", "The weekly market is well attended", "An old tablet bears the date of Samvat 902 (A.D. 845)", "Remains of ancient earthworks prove the place to have been strongly fortified" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kharod. Town in Biláspur District, Central Provinces; 40 miles east of Biláspur. Pop. about 3000, comprising traders of all kinds. The weekly market is well attended. The origin of Kharod is unknown; but an old tablet bears the date of Samvat 902 (A.D. 845), and the remains of ancient earthworks prove the place to have been strongly fortified.\n\nKharsal. Chiefship in Sambalpur District, Central Provinces; 30 miles west of Sambalpur. Pop. (1866), 4298, entirely agricultural, residing in 18 villages, on an area of 12 square miles. Kharsal, the chief village, has a good school. The chiefship derives its origin from the grant of this village three centuries ago, in the reign of Baliár Sinh, Rájá of Sambalpur, to one Udam Gond. The late chief, Dayá Sardár, was hanged in 1860 for his share in the Surendra Sáí rebellion. Kharsál village is situated in lat. 21° 31' N., long. 83° 33′ E.", "pdf_page": 368, "pdf_page_end": 368, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-368.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharod", "formatted_address": "Kharod, Chhattisgarh 495556, India", "latitude": 21.7472169, "longitude": 82.5807913, "place_id": "ChIJ44utRJm1JzoRo_gWrCPR2YQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharod&query_place_id=ChIJ44utRJm1JzoRo_gWrCPR2YQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:36.913Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00645", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kharsia", "normalized_name": "kharsia", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": "Bhopál Agency", "region": null, "raw_context": "Petty State in the Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": null }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "The chief receives from Sindhia, through the Political Agency, a tánkha, or pecuniary allowance of £175, in lieu of rights over land.", "The Thákur died in December 1875, leaving a disputed succession." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kharsia.-Petty State in the Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India. The chief receives from Sindhia, through the Political Agency, a tánkha, or pecuniary allowance of £175, in lieu of rights over land. The Thákur died in December 1875, leaving a disputed succession.", "pdf_page": 369, "pdf_page_end": 369, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-369.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kharsia", "formatted_address": "Kharsia, Chhattisgarh 496661, India", "latitude": 21.9906357, "longitude": 83.1033168, "place_id": "ChIJw_RO64wRJzoRfizQ9yrbfPo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kharsia&query_place_id=ChIJw_RO64wRJzoRfizQ9yrbfPo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:02:50.890Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00649", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khasaurȧ", "normalized_name": "khasaur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town", "village" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Oudh", "district": "Hardoi", "tehsil": "Bilgrám", "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Town in Bilgrám tahsil, Hardoi District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Situated on the left bank of the Rámganga, 12 miles north-west of Sándi, on the road to Farrukhábád.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "situated on the left bank of the Rámganga, 12 miles north-west of Sándi, on the road to Farrukhábád" }, "stats": { "population": 2648, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": 399, "other_facts": [ "well-to-do Ahir village", "Bi-weekly market" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khasaurȧ.-Town in Bilgrám tahsil, Hardoi District, Oudh ; situated on the left bank of the Rámganga, 12 miles north-west of Sándi, on the road to Farrukhábád. A well-to-do Ahir village of (1869) 2648 inhabitants, residing in 399 mud houses. Bi-weekly market.", "pdf_page": 369, "pdf_page_end": 369, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-369.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khasaura", "formatted_address": "Khasaura, Uttar Pradesh 241402, India", "latitude": 27.3409692, "longitude": 79.7764337, "place_id": "ChIJk3NU6MlHnjkRIErtg065QU0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khasaura&query_place_id=ChIJk3NU6MlHnjkRIErtg065QU0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:03:12.143Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00652", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khatmandu (Káthmándú)", "normalized_name": "khatmandu-k-thm-nd", "alternate_names": [ "Káthmándú" ], "feature_type": "city", "feature_labels": [ "capital" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Nepál", "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Capital of the Native State of Nepál" }, "location_description": "Capital of the Native State of Nepál, situated on the east bank of the Vishnumati river at its junction with the Bághmatí.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 27.6, "longitude": 85.4, "raw_text": "lat. 27° 36′ N., long. 85° 24′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 50000, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": 5000, "other_facts": [ "Houses usually from two to four storeys high, made of brick, and tiled or thatched", "Many houses with large projecting wooden windows or balconies, often richly carved", "Many small open spaces paved with brick and stone, used as markets", "Said to have been founded by Rájá Gunakámadeva about A.D. 723" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khatmandu (Káthmándú).-Capital of the Native State of Nepál; situated on the east bank of the Vishnumati river at its junction with the Bághmatí, in lat. 27° 36′ N., long. 85° 24′ E.; pop. estimated at 50,000, occupying about 5000 houses, which are usually from two to four storeys high, made of brick, and tiled or (in the suburbs) thatched,― many houses possessing large projecting wooden windows or balconies, often richly carved. There are many small open spaces in various parts of the town, paved, like the streets, with brick and stone; in these the markets are held, and Dr. Wright (History of Nepál, 1877) notices that in the mornings these places are quite gay with the flowers, fruit, and vegetables exposed for sale. The general shape of the city is very irregular, but it is said by the natives to resemble the Khora or Sword of Deví. It is said to have been founded by Rájá Gunakámadeva about A.D. 723.\n\nDr. Wright gives the following description of the chief objects of interest at Khatmandu :-\n\n' In the centre of the town stands the Mahárájá's palace, which is a huge, rambling, ungainly building. Part of it is very old, built in pagoda fashion, and covered with elaborate and grotesque carvings. Other parts of it, such as the Darbár-room, have been built within the last ten years, and possess glass windows, which are rare in Nepál, being found only in the houses of the wealthiest. In the square in front of the palace are numerous handsome temples. Many of these are like pagodas, of several storeys in height, and profusely ornamented with carvings, painting, and gilding. The roofs of many of them are entirely of brass or copper gilt, and along the eaves of the different storeys are hung numerous little bells, which tinkle in the breeze. At some of the doorways are placed a couple of large stone lions or griffins, with well-curled manes, which remind one strongly of the\n\nfigures found at Nineveh. Another description of temple is built of stone, with pillars and a dome. Though less ornamented and less picturesque, this style is far more graceful than the other. Close to the palace, on the north, is the temple of Taléju, one of the largest of the pagoda type. It is said to have been built by Rájá Mahendra Malla, about A.D. 1549. It is devoted entirely to the use of the royal family. In front of several of the temples are tall monoliths, some surmounted by figures of old Rájás, who founded the temples, others by the winged figure of Garúr. The figures are often in a kneeling posture, facing a temple, and are generally overhung by a brazen snake, on whose head is perched. a little bird. Not far from the palace, and close to one of the temples, is an enormous bell, suspended to stone pillars; and in another building are two huge drums, about eight feet in diameter. The bell is sounded by pulling the tongue, but the peal is by no means what might be expected from its size. Here, too, are several huge and hideous figures of Hindu gods and goddesses, which on festival days are dressed up and ornamented in the usual way.\n\n'About 200 yards from the palace stands a large semi-European building, called the Kót, which is famous as being the place where, in 1846, the massacre took place of almost all the leading men of the country, by which event the [late] prime minister, Sir Jang Bahádur, was established in power.\n\n* Besides the temples already noticed, many others are to be found in every street and lane. In fact, at a first glance, the town seems to consist of almost nothing but temples. They vary in size from the gigantic pagoda of Taléju to a diminutive shrine cut out of a single stone, with an image a few inches high in the centre. Many of them present a most repulsive appearance, being dabbled over with the blood of cocks, ducks, goats, and buffaloes, which are sacrificed before them.\n\n'The streets of Khátmándú are very narrow-mere lanes, in fact; and the whole town is very dirty. In every lane there is a stagnant ditch full of putrid mud, and no attempt is ever made to clean these thoroughly. The streets, it is truc, are swept in the centre, and part of the filth is carried off by the sellers of manure; but to clean the drains would now be impossible without knocking down the entire city, as the whole ground is saturated with filth. The houses are generally built in the form of hollow squares, opening off the streets by low doorways; and these central courtyards are too often only receptacles for rubbish of every sort. In short, from a sanitary point of view, Khát- mándú may be said to be built on a dunghill in the middle of latrines!\n\n* On leaving the town by the north-cast gateway, and turning to the south, the first object one sees is a large tank, the Ránipukhari. It is surrounded by a wall, and in the centre is a temple, united to the western bank by a long narrow brick bridge. On the south side is a\n\nlarge figure of an elephant, cut out of, or rather built of, stone, bearing the image of Rájá Pratápa Malla, the maker of the tank, and of his Ráni. A little farther south, the road passes through an avenue of bukáyun trees, which runs between the city and the great parade-ground or Tudikhel. This ground is a large open space, covered with a fine greensward, and here the troops are daily drilled and exercised. In the centre is a square stone building about 30 feet high, which was erected by Sir Jang Bahádur after his return from England in 1851. On the top, till lately, stood a figure of Sir Jang Bahádur, holding a sword in one hand and a scroll in the other, and at the four corners were hideous brazen griffins or dragons. All these have, however, been removed to a new temple built by Sir Jang Bahádur on the bank of the Bághmatí. To the west of the parade-ground is a more graceful object, namely the Daréra or column erected by a former prime minister, General Bhímasena Thápá. This column is beautifully pro- portioned, standing on a base of stone, and rising to a height of 250 feet. This is the second column of the kind that was built by Bhíma- sena, the first having been thrown down by a violent earthquake in 1833. The column now standing was struck by lightning in 1856, and a large rent was made all down one side. It was repaired, however, in 1869, and now looks as well as ever. There is a good winding stair- case inside, and from the windows at the top a fine bird's-eye view of the town and its environs may be obtained.\n\n'A little farther south stands the arsenal, and to the cast of the parade-ground are storehouses for ammunition, cannon, etc., and a manufactory where these are cast and bored. A new workshop on a larger scale has lately been built about 4 miles south of the city, on a small stream, the Nukkú, near Chaubahál.\n\n\"The road now turns to the east, and at about a mile south-east of Khátmándú it reaches Thápatali, the residence of [the late] Sir Jang Bahádur. This is an immense building, or rather range of buildings, situated close to the northern bank of the Bághmatí, just where it is crossed by a bridge leading to Pátan.'\n\nA British Resident, with a small staff and escort, is stationed at Khátmándú. The Residency is situated about a mile out of the city on the north side, in a spot described by Dr. Wright (who was Resi- dency Surgeon) as one of the best wooded and most beautiful in the valley, though it was originally assigned for a Residency 'because, owing to a deficient supply of water, it was a barren patch, supposed to be very unhealthy, and to be the abode of demons.'", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 918, 1011, 3067, 3363, 3849, 4615, 6440, 6752, 7066 ], "pdf_page": 378, "pdf_page_end": 380, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-378.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kathmandu", "formatted_address": "Kathmandu 44600, Nepal", "latitude": 27.7103145, "longitude": 85.3221634, "place_id": "ChIJv6p7MIoZ6zkR6rGN8Rt8E7U", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kathmandu&query_place_id=ChIJv6p7MIoZ6zkR6rGN8Rt8E7U", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:03:37.658Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00655", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khed", "normalized_name": "khed", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": "Poona (Púna) District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Poona (Púna) District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Situated on the left bank of the river Bhima, 25 miles north of Poona.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "18° 51' N.", "longitude": "73° 55′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 18° 51' N., long. 73° 55′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6446, "population_year": 1872, "area": "upwards of 20 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "municipal revenue, £70", "Post office and dispensary", "headquarters of the revenue and police officers of the Subdivision" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khed.-Municipal town in Poona (Púna) District, Bombay; situated on the left bank of the river Bhima, 25 miles north of Poona. Lat. 18° 51' N., long. 73° 55′ 30″ E. ; pop. (1872), 6446; municipal revenue, £70. Post office and dispensary, and headquarters of the revenue and police officers of the Subdivision. Khed has a village area of upwards of 20 square miles. miles. Within those limits are at least three places of interest, from an architectural or archæological point of view, viz. the tomb and mosque of Diláwar Khán, and an old Hindu temple of Siddheswar, on the left bank of the Bhima river.", "pdf_page": 381, "pdf_page_end": 381, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-381.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khed", "formatted_address": "Khed, Maharashtra, India", "latitude": 17.7628408, "longitude": 74.1540902, "place_id": "ChIJiau6bI41wjsRn_3HmHS8dik", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khed&query_place_id=ChIJiau6bI41wjsRn_3HmHS8dik", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:03:44.074Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00659", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khem Karan", "normalized_name": "khem-karan", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Lahore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Municipal town in Lahore District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Situated on the old bank of the Beas (Biás), at the edge of the barren upland known as the Mánjha, 34 miles south of Lahore.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 31.15, "longitude": 74.608333, "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 9″ N., long. 74° 36′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5847, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "1342 Hindus, 3712 Muhammadans, 633 Sikhs, and 160 others", "Situated on the old bank of the Beas (Biás), at the edge of the barren upland known as the Mánjha, 34 miles south of Lahore", "Municipal revenue (1875-76), £327, or Is. 13d. per head of population (5869) within municipal limits" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khem Karan.—Municipal town in Lahore District, Punjab. Lat. 31° 9″ N., long. 74° 36′ 30″ E.; pop. (1868), 5847, consisting of 1342 Hindus, 3712 Muhammadans, 633 Sikhs, and 160 others. Situated on the old bank of the Beas (Biás), at the edge of the barren upland known as the Mánjha, 34 miles south of Lahore. No importance com- mercially or politically. Municipal revenue (1875-76), £327, or Is. 13d. per head of population (5869) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 383, "pdf_page_end": 383, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-383.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khem Karan", "formatted_address": "Khem Karan, Punjab 143419, India", "latitude": 31.14657709999999, "longitude": 74.56097460000001, "place_id": "ChIJJUy5Qti9GTkRDBVP_PHXDak", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khem+Karan&query_place_id=ChIJJUy5Qti9GTkRDBVP_PHXDak", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:04:41.381Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00660", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kherálí", "normalized_name": "kher-l", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "petty State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Jhaláwár, Káthiáwár", "raw_context": "One of the petty States of Jhaláwár, Káthiáwár, Bombay" }, "location_description": "One of the petty States of Jhaláwár, Káthiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 2 villages.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "consisting of 2 villages, with 3 independent tribute-payers", "Estimated revenue (1876), £1061", "Tribute of £67 is paid to the British Government" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kherálí.-One of the petty States of Jhaláwár, Káthiáwár, Bombay; consisting of 2 villages, with 3 independent tribute-payers. Estimated revenue (1876), £1061. Tribute of £67 is paid to the British Government.", "pdf_page": 383, "pdf_page_end": 383, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-383.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kherali", "formatted_address": "Kherali, Gujarat 363020, India", "latitude": 22.6903019, "longitude": 71.6035504, "place_id": "ChIJc_HRIGxAWTkRk7X-XRLmGZY", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kherali&query_place_id=ChIJc_HRIGxAWTkRk7X-XRLmGZY", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:04:50.455Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00661", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kherálu", "normalized_name": "kher-lu", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Bombay", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Gáekwár's Dominions", "agency": null, "region": "Guzerat (Gujarát)", "raw_context": "Town in the Gáekwár's Dominions, Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay" }, "location_description": "Town in the Gáekwár's Dominions, Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 23.9, "longitude": 72.666667, "raw_text": "Lat. 23″ 54' N., long. 72° 40' E." }, "stats": { "population": 8212, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kherálu.—Town in the Gáekwár's Dominions, Guzerat (Gujarát), Bombay. Lat. 23″ 54' N., long. 72° 40' E.; pop. (1872), 8212.", "pdf_page": 383, "pdf_page_end": 383, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-383.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kheralu", "formatted_address": "Kheralu, Gujarat 384325, India", "latitude": 23.8852929, "longitude": 72.6189503, "place_id": "ChIJGz3SM-NVXDkRCMk3DvG4aqk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kheralu&query_place_id=ChIJGz3SM-NVXDkRCMk3DvG4aqk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:05:01.892Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00671", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khilchipur", "normalized_name": "khilchipur", "feature_type": "state", "feature_labels": [ "State" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Khilchipur", "agency": "Bhopál Agency, Central India Agency", "region": null, "raw_context": "Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India; a tributary of Gwalior" }, "location_description": "State in the Bhopál Agency, Central India Agency; a tributary of Gwalior. Chief products grain and opium. Area 204 square miles.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "23° 52'-24° 17′ N.", "longitude": "76° 28′-76° 45' E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 23° 52'-24° 17′ N., long. 76° 28′-76° 45' E." }, "stats": { "population": 35500, "population_year": 1875, "area": 204, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "revenue at £17,500", "Chief pays tribute of £1313 to Sindhia through the Political Agent in Bhopál", "maintains a force of 40 horse and 200 foot" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khilchipur. One of the States in the Bhopál Agency, under the Central India Agency and the Government of India; a tributary of Gwalior. Lat. 23° 52'-24° 17′ N., long. 76° 28′-76° 45' E. Chief products _grain and opium. The present Chief of Khilchipur is Amar Sinh, a Khichi Rájput, who since his accession in 1869 has received the title of Rao from the British Government. He was adopted by the widow of the late Chief, and the adoption was confirmed by Sindhia. The area of the State is estimated at 204 square miles; its pop. (1875) at 35,500\n\npersons; and its revenue at £17,500. The Chief pays tribute of £1313 to Sindhia through the Political Agent in Bhopál. He maintains a force of 40 horse and 200 foot.", "pdf_page": 392, "pdf_page_end": 393, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-392.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khilchipur", "formatted_address": "Khilchipur, Madhya Pradesh 465679, India", "latitude": 24.0444612, "longitude": 76.5806097, "place_id": "ChIJabr3njkxezkRcB55NnhE5xk", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khilchipur&query_place_id=ChIJabr3njkxezkRcB55NnhE5xk", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:05:14.537Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00672", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khimlása", "normalized_name": "khiml-sa", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "fort" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Ságar (Saugor)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Central Provinces", "raw_context": "Ságar (Saugor) District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "Town in Ságar District, Central Provinces; 42 miles north-west of Ságar town. Noted for its fort and historical buildings.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 12′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "78° 24' 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 24° 12′ 30″ N., long. 78° 24' 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 2500, "population_year": null, "area": 63, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "A stone wall 20 feet high surrounds the town, enclosing a space of 63 acres; and the fort, which is built on high ground in the centre, occupies 5 acres.", "Within the fort are the police station-house and two remarkable edifices.", "Khimlása originally belonged to a dependent of the Delhi Emperor, but was taken by the Rájá of Panna in 1695, on the death of whose son without heirs in 1746, the representative of the Peshwá at Ságar occupied the fort.", "It was made over to the British with Ságar in 1818.", "From that date the town was the headquarters of a tahsil, till in 1834 the tahsili was moved to Kurái.", "In July 1857, during the Mutiny, when the Bhánpur Rájá occupied Kurái, he also seized Khimlása, and the town has not yet recovered from the damage done by his troops.", "Little trade takes place, though a market is held every Sunday.", "Two schools for boys and girls respectively have been established." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khimlása. Town in Ságar (Saugor) District, Central Provinces; 42 miles north-west of Ságar town. Lat. 24° 12′ 30″ N., long. 78° 24' 30″ E.; pop. about 2500. A stone wall 20 feet high surrounds the town, enclosing a space of 63 acres; and the fort, which is built on high ground in the centre, occupies 5 acres. Within the fort are the police station-house and two remarkable edifices. One, a Muhammadan building, apparently the burial-place of some saint, consisted of a square structure, surmounted by a lofty dome. The dome has fallen, but the side walls remain; they are formed of enormous slabs of stone, about an inch and a half thick, cut with the most beautiful fretwork designs right through the stone, so that the pattern is visible both within and without the building. The other is of Hindu origin, and was apparently a shisha mahál or glass palace. The upper of the two storeys contained an apartment fitted with mirrors, many traces of which still remain. Khimlása originally belonged to a dependent of the Delhi Emperor, but was taken by the Rájá of Panna in 1695, on the death of whose son without heirs in 1746, the representative of the Peshwá at Ságar occupied the fort. It was made over to the British with Ságar in 1818. From that date the town was the headquarters of a tahsil, till in 1834 the tahsili was moved to Kurái. In July 1857, during the Mutiny, when the Bhánpur Rájá occupied Kurái, he also seized Khim- lása, and the town has not yet recovered from the damage done by his troops. Though the streets are narrow and irregular, the houses are generally well built, but many are still ownerless. Little trade takes place, though a market is held every Sunday. Two schools for boys and girls respectively have been established.", "pdf_page": 393, "pdf_page_end": 393, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-393.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khimlasa", "formatted_address": "Khimlasa, Madhya Pradesh 470118, India", "latitude": 24.2040026, "longitude": 78.36431189999999, "place_id": "ChIJW3AsPcQTeTkRktOVU3DcN_k", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khimlasa&query_place_id=ChIJW3AsPcQTeTkRktOVU3DcN_k", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:05:18.317Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00673", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Khindoli", "normalized_name": "khindoli", "feature_type": "admin_unit", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Agra", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "North-Western Provinces", "raw_context": "Agra District, North-Western Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khindoli. Tahsil in Agra District, North-Western Provinces.- -\nSee KHANDAULI.", "pdf_page": 393, "pdf_page_end": 393, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-393.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khandauli", "formatted_address": "Khandauli, Uttar Pradesh 283126, India", "latitude": 27.3113744, "longitude": 78.0292426, "place_id": "ChIJE0pymwx8dDkRAa4I5RWNEr8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khandauli&query_place_id=ChIJE0pymwx8dDkRAa4I5RWNEr8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:05:27.883Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00677", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khirpái", "normalized_name": "khirp-i", "feature_type": "village", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Midnapur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Village in Midnapur District, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Village in Midnapur District, Bengal; situated on the main road from Bardwán to Midnapur town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "situated on the main road from Bardwán to Midnapur town", "Transferred, with the surrounding country; from Húglí to Midnapur in 1872", "Principally inhabited by cotton-weavers, who manufacture fabrics of a superior quality, which commands a high price" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khirpái.—Village in Midnapur District, Bengal; situated on the main road from Bardwán to Midnapur town. Transferred, with the surrounding country; from Húglí to Midnapur in 1872. Principally inhabited by cotton-weavers, who manufacture fabrics of a superior quality, which commands a high price.", "pdf_page": 394, "pdf_page_end": 394, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-394.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khirpai", "formatted_address": "Khirpai, West Bengal 721232, India", "latitude": 22.7064816, "longitude": 87.61616959999999, "place_id": "ChIJ1T0F6g8E-DkROmv5tOdvcbU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khirpai&query_place_id=ChIJ1T0F6g8E-DkROmv5tOdvcbU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:05:35.691Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00681", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khora", "normalized_name": "khora", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "cotton weaving", "postal road" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Khairpur", "agency": null, "region": "Sind", "raw_context": "Village in Khairpur State, Sind" }, "location_description": "Situated on the Abulwáro Canal, about 20 miles from Khairpur town, and on the postal road between Haidarábád (Hyderábád) and Múltán (Mooltan).", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 3675, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "chiefly Musalmáns, engaged in weaving coarse cotton cloths" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khora.—Village in Khairpur State, Sind; situated on the Abulwáro Canal, about 20 miles from Khairpur town, and on the postal road between Haidarábád (Hyderábád) and Múltán (Mooltan). Pop. (1872), 3675, consisting chiefly of Musalmáns, who are engaged in weaving coarse cotton cloths.", "pdf_page": 395, "pdf_page_end": 395, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-395.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "manual", "name": "Khora", "latitude": 27.3788468, "longitude": 68.5181296, "evidence_url": "google.com/maps/place/Khuhra,+Pakistan/@27.5202394,68.7057111,13407m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3935bf7b94cfe321:0xf8c04eb8d70354c!8m2!3d27.3788468!4d68.5181296!16s%2Fm%2F0b73l07?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDcwOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:06:40.750Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00684", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Khudián", "normalized_name": "khudi-n", "feature_type": "town", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Lahore", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Town in Lahore District, Punjab" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "30° 59′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "74° 19′ 15″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 59′ 30″ N., long. 74° 19′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 3108, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khudián. Town in Lahore District, Punjab. Lat. 30° 59′ 30″ N., long. 74° 19′ 15″ E.; pop. (1869), 3108.", "pdf_page": 395, "pdf_page_end": 395, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-395.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khudian Khas", "formatted_address": "Khudian Khas, Pakistan", "latitude": 30.9906402, "longitude": 74.2707509, "place_id": "ChIJA_auQEXKGTkRdbAKNShURZU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khudian+Khas&query_place_id=ChIJA_auQEXKGTkRdbAKNShURZU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:06:47.052Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00692", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khurdhá", "normalized_name": "khurdh", "feature_type": "subdivision", "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Puri", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Orissa", "raw_context": "Subdivision of Puri District, Orissa" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "19° 40′ 30″ to 20° 25′ 15″ N.", "longitude": "85° o' 15\" to 85° 56′ E.", "raw_text": "situated between 19° 40′ 30″ and 20° 25′ 15″ N. lat., and 85° o' 15\" and 85° 56′ E. long." }, "stats": { "population": 280923, "population_year": 1872, "area": 943, "houses": 47928, "other_facts": [ "1049 villages", "Hindus, 258,708, or 92'1 per cent.; Muhammadans, 5694, or 20 per cent.; Christians, 42; 'others,' 16,479, or 5'9 per cent.", "140,784 males and 140,139 females", "Density of population, 298 per square mile", "villages per square mile, 1'11", "persons per village, 267", "houses per square mile, 51%", "persons per house, 5'7", "comprises the 3 police circles (thánás) of Khurdhá, Tánghi, and Bánpur", "last portion of territory held by the independent Hindu dynasty of Orissa", "Marhattá cavalry were unable to overrun this jungle-covered and hilly tract", "ancient royal house retained much of its independence until 1804, when the Rájá rebelled against the British Government, and his territory was confiscated", "A rising on the part of the peasantry took place in 1817-18", "insurrection was speedily quelled, reforms were introduced, and grievances redressed", "At the present day Khurdhá is a profitable and well-managed Government estate", "Since 1804, the Rájá has possessed no independent powers, but he was held in great veneration by the people as the hereditary guardian of the Jagannath temple", "The late holder of the title was convicted of wilful murder in 1878, and sentenced to penal servitude in the Andaman Islands" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khurdhá.—Subdivision of Puri District, Orissa; situated between 19° 40′ 30″ and 20° 25′ 15″ N. lat., and 85° o' 15\" and 85° 56′ E. long. Area, 943 square miles; with 1049 villages, 47,928 houses, and a pop. (1872) of 280,923, viz. Hindus, 258,708, or 92'1 per cent.; Muhammadans, 5694, or 20 per cent. ; Christians, 42; 'others,' 16,479, or 5'9 per cent.; total, 280,923, viz. 140,784 males and 140,139 females. Density of population, 298 per square mile; villages per square mile, 1'11; persons per village, 267; houses per square mile, 51%; persons per house, 5'7. This Subdivision comprises the 3 police circles (thánás) of Khurdhá, Tánghi, and Bánpur. Khurdhá formed the last portion of territory held by the independent Hindu dynasty of Orissa. The Marhattá cavalry were unable to overrun this jungle-covered and hilly tract; and the ancient royal house retained much of its independence until 1804, when the Rájá rebelled against the British Government, and his territory was confiscated. A rising on the part of the peasantry took place in 1817-18, arising in great measure through the oppression of underling Bengalí officials. The insurrection was speedily quelled, reforms were introduced, and grievances redressed. At the present day Khurdhá is a profitable and well-managed Government estate, and the cultivators are a contented and generally prosperous class. Since 1804, the Rájá has possessed no independent powers, but he was held in great veneration by the people as the hereditary guardian of the Jagannath temple. The late holder of the title was convicted of wilful murder in 1878, and sentenced to penal servitude in the Andaman Islands.", "pdf_page": 397, "pdf_page_end": 397, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-397.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khordha", "formatted_address": "Khordha, Odisha, India", "latitude": 20.1862584, "longitude": 85.62227419999999, "place_id": "ChIJDeHkaGGrGToRnU_tlx8Y3Ls", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khordha&query_place_id=ChIJDeHkaGGrGToRnU_tlx8Y3Ls", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:06:52.556Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00696", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khushab", "normalized_name": "khushab", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Sháhpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Western tahsil of Sháhpur District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "That portion of Sháhpur District lying west of the Jhelum (Jhilam) river. The greater part is unproductive land, but a narrow strip along the edge of the river, exposed to its fertilizing inundations, produces good crops.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "31° 31' 45\"–32° 41′ 30″ N.", "longitude": "71° 38′ 30″–72° 40′ 45″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 31° 31' 45\"-32° 41′ 30″ N., long. 71° 38′ 30″–72° 40′ 45″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khushab. Western tahsil of Sháhpur District, Punjab; consisting of that portion of the District lying west of the Jhelum (Jhilam) river. Lat. 31° 31' 45\"-32° 41′ 30″ N., long. 71° 38′ 30″–72° 40′ 45″ E. The greater part is unproductive land, but a narrow strip along the edge of the river, exposed to its fertilizing inundations, produces good crops.", "pdf_page": 398, "pdf_page_end": 398, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-398.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khushāb", "formatted_address": "Khushāb, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.2957916, "longitude": 72.34888769999999, "place_id": "ChIJO1DOlyUWITkRgLDUQZjkfi8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khush%C4%81b&query_place_id=ChIJO1DOlyUWITkRgLDUQZjkfi8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:07:01.741Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00698", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Khutahan", "normalized_name": "khutahan", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Jaunpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Northern tahsil of Jaunpur District, North-Western Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 237536, "population_year": 1872, "area": "367 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "213 are cultivated", "land revenue, £22,597", "total Government revenue, £24,804", "rental paid by cultivators, £39,004", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, Is. 11½d." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Khutahan.-Northern tahsil of Jaunpur District, North-Western Provinces. Area, 367 square miles, of which 213 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 237,536 souls; land revenue, £22,597; total Government\n\nrevenue, £24,804; rental paid by cultivators, £39,004; incidence of Government revenue per acre, Is. 11ģd.", "pdf_page": 398, "pdf_page_end": 399, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-398.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khutahan", "formatted_address": "Khutahan, Uttar Pradesh 223104, India", "latitude": 25.9852656, "longitude": 82.5740323, "place_id": "ChIJc5skr2RCkDkRy9zR5ERBcxA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khutahan&query_place_id=ChIJc5skr2RCkDkRy9zR5ERBcxA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:07:11.959Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00704", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Khyber", "normalized_name": "khyber", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "mountain pass" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Punjab", "district": "Peshawar", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Mountain Pass leading from Peshawar District, Punjab, into Afghánistán" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Khyber.-Mountain Pass leading from Peshawar District, Punjab, into Afghánistán.—See Khaibar.", "pdf_page": 400, "pdf_page_end": 400, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-400.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Khyber Pass", "formatted_address": "Khyber Pass, Pakistan", "latitude": 34.0941356, "longitude": 71.1574839, "place_id": "ChIJm3oF_pMK2TgR1buvpnx2KfM", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Khyber+Pass&query_place_id=ChIJm3oF_pMK2TgR1buvpnx2KfM", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:07:17.417Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00710", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kiámári", "normalized_name": "ki-m-ri", "feature_type": "island", "feature_labels": [ "municipal quarter", "landing-place", "station" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Karáchi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Sind", "raw_context": "Island in Karáchi (Kurrachee) Harbour, Karáchi District, Sinh" }, "location_description": "Island in Karáchi Harbour, forming one of the municipal quarters of Karachi Town, connected by the Napier Mole road, landing-place for passengers and goods, contains piers, commissariat store, customs house, naval building-yard, station on Sind Railway.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "24° 49′ 15″ N.", "longitude": "67° 2' E.", "raw_text": "lat. 24° 49′ 15″ N., and long. 67° 2' E." }, "stats": { "population": 602, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": 144, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kiámári. - Island in Karáchi (Kurrachee) Harbour, Karáchi District, Sinh; lying in lat. 24° 49′ 15″ N., and long. 67° 2' E., and forming one of the municipal quarters of KARACHI TOWN, with which it is connected by a road called the 'Napier Mole,' 3 miles long, constructed in 1854. Kiámári is the landing-place for passengers and goods destined for Karáchi, and contains 3 piers, a commissariat store, customs house, naval building-yard, etc. Station on the Sind Railway. Population (1872), 602 persons, residing in 144 houses.", "pdf_page": 401, "pdf_page_end": 401, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-401.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kiamari", "formatted_address": "Kiamari, Pakistan", "latitude": 24.8225808, "longitude": 66.9821035, "place_id": "ChIJFx_IHiAWsz4RgMM40VFtffs", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kiamari&query_place_id=ChIJFx_IHiAWsz4RgMM40VFtffs", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:07:28.691Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00712", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kidderpur", "normalized_name": "kidderpur", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "dockyard", "industrial site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Twenty-four Parganás", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bengal", "raw_context": "Village on the left bank of the Húglí, immediately south of Calcutta, in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal" }, "location_description": "Village on the left bank of the Húglí, immediately south of Calcutta, seat of the Government dockyard, also dock of the India-General Steam Navigation Company.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "22° 32′ 25″ N.", "longitude": "88° 22′ 18″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 22° 32′ 25″ N., long. 88° 22′ 18″ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Between 1781 and 1821, 237 ships were built at the Kidderpur docks, at a cost of upwards of two millions sterling", "In 1818, the Hastings, a 74-gun ship, was launched here" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kidderpur.-Village on the left bank of the Húglí, immediately south of Calcutta, in the District of the Twenty-four Parganás, Bengal. Lat. 22° 32′ 25″ N., long. 88° 22′ 18″ E. The seat of the Government dockyard, constructed in the last century by General Kyd, after whom the village is named. Between 1781 and 1821, 237 ships were built at the Kidderpur docks, at a cost of upwards of two millions sterling; and in 1818, the Hastings, a 74-gun ship, was launched here. The India- General Steam Navigation Company have also a dock at Kidderpur, but neither this nor the Government yard are used now for shipbuilding, but merely for repairs, fitting out, etc.", "pdf_page": 401, "pdf_page_end": 401, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-401.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kidderpore", "formatted_address": "Kidderpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India", "latitude": 22.5371921, "longitude": 88.3230566, "place_id": "ChIJScWNY-B5AjoR6rhpES-G0-s", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kidderpore&query_place_id=ChIJScWNY-B5AjoR6rhpES-G0-s", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:07:38.004Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00715", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kilá Sobha Sinh", "normalized_name": "kil-sobha-sinh", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Sialkot", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Municipal town in Sialkot District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "23 miles south-east of Sialkot. Founded about a century since by Sardár Bhág Sinh, who erected a mud fort and called it after his son Sobha Sinh. Residence of a colony of Kashmíri shawl-weavers, who manufacture edging for exportation to Umritsar (Amritsar). Exports of sugar.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "32° 14' N.", "longitude": "74° 48′ 15″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 32° 14' N., long. 74° 48′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5153, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "1891 Hindus, 3054 Muhammadans, 42 Sikhs, and 166 'others.'", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £228, or 10gd. per head of population (5157) within municipal limits." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kilá Sobha Sinh.-Municipal town in Sialkot District, Punjab; 23 miles south-east of Sialkot. Lat. 32° 14' N., long. 74° 48′ 15″ E.; pop. (1868), 5153, consisting of 1891 Hindus, 3054 Muhammadans, 42 Sikhs, and 166 'others.' Founded about a century since by Sardár Bhág Sinh, who erected a mud fort and called it after his son Sobha Sinh. Residence of a colony of Kashmíri shawl-weavers, who manufacture edging for exportation to Umritsar (Amritsar). Exports of sugar. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £228, or 10gd. per head of population (5157) within municipal limits.\n\nKiling (or Um-iám).-River of Assam, which rises in the Khási Hills in the Shillong range, and, flowing north-cast into Nowgong District, empties into the Kalang offshoot of the Brahmaputra near Jágí, about 20 miles above the point where the Kalang rejoins the parent stream. Its bed is rocky throughout its entire course, but in the plains it is navigable by boats of 4 tons burthen during the greater part of the year. Um-iám is the Khási name of the river; in Nowgong it is called the Kiling.", "pdf_page": 402, "pdf_page_end": 402, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-402.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kila Sobha Singh", "formatted_address": "Kila Sobha Singh, Pakistan", "latitude": 32.18586, "longitude": 74.85891699999999, "place_id": "ChIJYw185pasHjkRijYqi_fGEX4", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kila+Sobha+Singh&query_place_id=ChIJYw185pasHjkRijYqi_fGEX4", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:16:45.401Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00723", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kirákut", "normalized_name": "kir-kut", "feature_type": "subdivision", "feature_labels": [ "tahsil" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Jaunpur", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Eastern tahsil of Jaunpur District, North-Western Pro- vinces" }, "location_description": "Lying on either side of the river Gumti.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 114167, "population_year": 1872, "area": 171, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "of which 118 are cultivated", "land revenue, £11,695", "total Government revenue, £12,790", "rental paid by cultivators, £16,701", "incidence of Government revenue per acre, 2s. Igd." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kirákut. Eastern tahsil of Jaunpur District, North-Western Pro- vinces, lying on either side of the river Gumti. Area, 171 square miles, of which 118 are cultivated; pop. (1872), 114,167; land revenue, £11,695; total Government revenue, £12,790; rental paid by cultivators, £16,701; incidence of Government revenue per acre, 2s. Igd.\n\nKiratpur.-Town in Bijnaur (Bijnor) District, North-Western Pro- vinces. Lat. 29° 30′ 5″ N., long. 78° 15′ 5″ F.; pop. (1872), 9579. Lies on the road from Najíbábád to Bijnaur. Founded about the year 1450,\n\nin the reign of Bahlol Lodi. Agricultural centre, of purely local\nimportance.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 335 ], "pdf_page": 403, "pdf_page_end": 404, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-403.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kerakat", "formatted_address": "Kerakat, Uttar Pradesh 222142, India", "latitude": 25.6384359, "longitude": 82.9160622, "place_id": "ChIJm3xI4NfSkTkRaQAK43Gv02k", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kerakat&query_place_id=ChIJm3xI4NfSkTkRaQAK43Gv02k", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:08:19.943Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00725", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kirnápur", "normalized_name": "kirn-pur", "feature_type": "estate", "feature_labels": [ "estate", "principal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Central Provinces", "district": "Bálághát", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Bálághát District, Central Provinces" }, "location_description": "16 miles south-east of Búrha.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 21.65, "longitude": 80.3666667, "raw_text": "lat. 21° 39' N., and long. 80° 22' E." }, "stats": { "population": 21251, "population_year": 1870, "area": 40, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "residing in 25 villages", "principal town, and residence of the chief, stands on high ground", "contains some ancient temples", "good Government school, and a police outpost", "District post to Lánjí passes daily" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kirnápur.—Estate in Bálághát District, Central Provinces. Pop. (1870), 21,251, residing in 25 villages, on an area of 40 square miles. Conferred in 1828 upon Chimná Patel, the once powerful possessor of Kámtha and the surrounding táluks. Kirnápur, the principal town, and residence of the chief, stands on high ground, in lat. 21° 39' N., and long. 80° 22' E., 16 miles south-east of Búrha, and contains some ancient temples. It has a good Government school, and a police outpost, and the District post to Lánjí passes daily.", "pdf_page": 404, "pdf_page_end": 404, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-404.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kirnapur", "formatted_address": "Kirnapur, Madhya Pradesh 481115, India", "latitude": 21.6239195, "longitude": 80.33384389999999, "place_id": "ChIJlTemM15MKjoRJvPeSb07eNQ", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kirnapur&query_place_id=ChIJlTemM15MKjoRJvPeSb07eNQ", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-14T01:08:26.317Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00804", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kosa Nág", "normalized_name": "kosa-n-g", "feature_type": "lake", "feature_labels": [ "mountain lake", "place of pilgrimage" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": "Kashmir", "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Kashmir State, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Mountain lake and place of pilgrimage in Kashmir State, Punjab, on the north side of the Fateh Panjal Mountains.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "33° 30′ N.", "longitude": "74° 52′ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 33° 30′ N., long. 74° 52′ E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Three-quarters of a mile in length, by 500 yards in breadth.", "Supplied by the melting of the snow.", "Gives rise to the river Veshau, a tributary of the Jhelum.", "Venerated by the Hindus under the name of Vishnu Pádh.", "Estimated elevation above sea level, 12,000 feet." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kosa Nág.-Mountain lake and place of pilgrimage in Kashmir State, Punjab, on the north side of the Fateh Panjal Mountains. Lat. 33° 30′ N., long. 74° 52′ E. According to Thornton, it is three-quarters of a mile in length, by 500 yards in breadth. Supplied by the melting of the snow. Gives rise to the river Veshau, a tributary of the Jhelum. Venerated by the Hindus under the name of Vishnu Pádh, from a legend that the god produced it by stamping with his foot. Estimated elevation above sea level, 12,000 feet.", "pdf_page": 447, "pdf_page_end": 447, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-447.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kosa Nag", "formatted_address": "Kosa Nag, Forest Block 192233", "latitude": 33.4998583, "longitude": 74.86647339999999, "place_id": "ChIJi91nmeYDHjkRsi4Dmi8Ho20", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kosa+Nag&query_place_id=ChIJi91nmeYDHjkRsi4Dmi8Ho20", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:11:11.214Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00809", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kot Adu", "normalized_name": "kot-adu", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Muzaffargarh", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Muzaffargarh District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "30° 28′ 14″ N.", "longitude": "71° 0′ 30″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 30° 28′ 14″ N., long. 71° 0′ 30″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5552, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "A large but unim- portant agricultural village." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kot Adu.-Town in Muzaffargarh District, Punjab. Lat. 30° 28′ 14″ N., long. 71° 0′ 30″ E.; pop. (1868), 5552. A large but unim- portant agricultural village.", "pdf_page": 448, "pdf_page_end": 448, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-448.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kot Addu", "formatted_address": "Kot Addu, Pakistan", "latitude": 30.4598306, "longitude": 70.965958, "place_id": "ChIJcwkBbe8nJTkRg2ok0Xm6VKc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kot+Addu&query_place_id=ChIJcwkBbe8nJTkRg2ok0Xm6VKc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:11:18.164Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00848", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Krishnái", "normalized_name": "krishn-i", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Goálpára", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Assam", "raw_context": "River of Assam, which rises in the Gáro Hills to the north of the Arbelá range, near the village of Mandálang-girí, and, flow- ing north into Goálpára District, falls into the Brahmaputra a few miles above Goálpára towns." }, "location_description": "River rising in the Gáro Hills, flowing north into Goálpára District, Assam, and joining the Brahmaputra above Goálpára towns.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "tributaries in the hills are the Banji and Rangri", "principal place on its banks is the market village of Jirá", "navigable for boats of 2 tons burthen for a distance of 22 miles" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Krishnái.—River of Assam, which rises in the Gáro Hills to the north of the Arbelá range, near the village of Mandálang-girí, and, flow- ing north into Goálpára District, falls into the Brahmaputra a few miles above Goálpára towns. Its tributaries in the hills are the Banji and Rangri. The principal place on its banks is the market village of Jirá, where it debouches upon the plains. In the hills the stream is only used for floating down timber and dug-out canoes, but in the plains it becomes navigable for boats of 2 tons burthen for a distance of 22 miles.", "pdf_page": 461, "pdf_page_end": 461, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-461.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Krishnai River", "formatted_address": "Krishnai River", "latitude": 25.8918997, "longitude": 90.6209636, "place_id": "ChIJA_GHkIi3WTcR3kLNRw2pdyo", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Krishnai+River&query_place_id=ChIJA_GHkIi3WTcR3kLNRw2pdyo", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:16:33.173Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00860", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kudarkot", "normalized_name": "kudarkot", "feature_type": "village", "feature_labels": [ "ruins", "fort", "archaeological_site" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": "Etáwah", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "Etáwah District, North-Western Provinces" }, "location_description": "Village and ruins, 24 miles north-east of Etáwah, on the Etáwah and Kanauj road. Site of ancient importance, with a fort built by Miyán Almás Alí Khán.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "Lics on the Etáwah and Kanauj road, 24 miles north-east of the former town" }, "stats": { "population": 2567, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kudarkot. Village and ruins in Etáwah District, North-Western Provinces. Pop. (1872), 2567. Lics on the Etáwah and Kanauj road, 24 miles north-east of the former town. Probably a place of great importance in the days of the Gupta kings. Tradition asserts that an underground passage connected Kudarkot with Kanauj. The houses of the modern village are built of bricks dug out of the ancient mound. Miyán Almás Alí Khán, minister of Nawáb Asaf-ud- daulá, held court at Kudarkot, and built a fort with 16 bastions on the site of the prehistoric stronghold. Disused after the British occupa- tion, it now serves in part for the vats and factory of an indigo planter; in part as a police station and village school. An inscription of the 11th century has been found among the ruins.", "pdf_page": 470, "pdf_page_end": 470, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-470.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kudarkot", "formatted_address": "Kudarkot, Uttar Pradesh 206249, India", "latitude": 26.8107433, "longitude": 79.3930124, "place_id": "ChIJ755cajAAnjkRqKx0SiixApE", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kudarkot&query_place_id=ChIJ755cajAAnjkRqKx0SiixApE", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T16:20:38.846Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00884", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "cross_reference", "historical_name": "Kumaon", "normalized_name": "kumaon", "feature_type": "other", "feature_labels": [ "division", "district" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "North-Western Provinces", "district": null, "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": null, "raw_context": "North-Western Provinces" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kumaon.-Division and District in the North-Western Provinces. -\nSee KUMAUN.\n\nKumár (also called Pangásí).—River of the Gangetic Delta, Bengal. An offshoot of the Mátábhánga, leaving the main stream near Alám- dángá, and flowing a tortuous easterly and south-easterly course, first for a few miles through Nadiyá District, and afterwards through Jessor, till it forms a connection with the Garái. The head of the river is closed during summer by a bar of sand, and silting is rapidly going on in its upper reaches. In Jessor, the river deepens into a beautiful stream of clear water, navigable by large boats all the year round.", "pdf_page": 477, "pdf_page_end": 477, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-477.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kumaon Division", "formatted_address": "Kumaon Division, Uttarakhand, India", "latitude": 29.3923454, "longitude": 79.7399875, "place_id": "ChIJDyE7bICyoDkRBGwVIPgS_MU", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kumaon+Division&query_place_id=ChIJDyE7bICyoDkRBGwVIPgS_MU", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:16:12.833Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00916", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kunigál", "normalized_name": "kunig-l", "feature_type": "taluk", "feature_labels": [ "táluk" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Túmkúr", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Kunigál", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Mysore", "raw_context": "Túmkúr District, Mysore" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 85661, "population_year": 1871, "area": 261, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "including 4418 Muhammadans, 33 Jains, and 44 Christians", "land revenue (1874-75), exclusive of water rates, £7261, or 2s. 6d. per cultivated acre", "of which 94 are cultivated" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kunigál. Táluk in Túmkúr District, Mysore. Area, 261 square miles, of which 94 are cultivated; pop. (1871), 85,661, including 4418 Muhammadans, 33 Jains, and 44 Christians; land revenue (1874-75), exclusive of water rates, £7261, or 2s. 6d. per cultivated acre.", "pdf_page": 493, "pdf_page_end": 493, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-493.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kunigal", "formatted_address": "Kunigal, Karnataka 572130, India", "latitude": 13.0255301, "longitude": 77.02553859999999, "place_id": "ChIJac6E9-TPrzsR27WWXO48py8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kunigal&query_place_id=ChIJac6E9-TPrzsR27WWXO48py8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T16:20:07.534Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00918", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kunjpurá", "normalized_name": "kunjpur", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "municipal town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Karnál", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Municipal town in Karnál District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "10 miles north-east of Karnál; residence of a distinguished Muhammadan family.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "29° 43′ N.", "longitude": "77° 7′ 15″ E.", "raw_text": "Lat. 29° 43′ N., long. 77° 7′ 15″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5163, "population_year": 1868, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "2000 Hindus, 2737 Muhammadans, and 426 'others.'", "Distant from Karnál 10 miles north-east.", "Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £150, or 7d. per head of population (5048) within municipal limits.", "Residence of a distinguished Muhammadan family, whose head enjoys the revenues of the neighbourhood as jágir, and bears the title of Nawáb, with jurisdiction as honorary magistrate on his own estates." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kunjpurá. Municipal town in Karnál District, Punjab. Lat. 29° 43′ N., long. 77° 7′ 15″ E.; pop. (1868), 5163, consisting of 2000 Hindus, 2737 Muhammadans, and 426 'others.' Distant from Karnál 10 miles north-east. Residence of a distinguished Muhammadan family, whose head enjoys the revenues of the neighbourhood as jágir, and bears the title of Nawáb, with jurisdiction as honorary magistrate on his own estates. Municipal revenue in 1875-76, £150, or 7d. per head of popu lation (5048) within municipal limits.", "pdf_page": 494, "pdf_page_end": 494, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-494.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kunjpura", "formatted_address": "Kunjpura, Haryana 132022, India", "latitude": 29.7168223, "longitude": 77.0780316, "place_id": "ChIJYazfkrZkDjkRAOz-8KpUd44", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kunjpura&query_place_id=ChIJYazfkrZkDjkRAOz-8KpUd44", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T16:19:47.523Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00929", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kuram", "normalized_name": "kuram", "feature_type": "river", "feature_labels": [ "river" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Bannu", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab (Panjáb)", "raw_context": "River in Bannu District, Punjab (Panjáb)" }, "location_description": "River in Bannu District, Punjab; rises in the Safáid Koh Mountains, waters the Kuram valley, enters Bannu District at its north-west corner, and falls into the Indus near Isákhel.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": "32° 37' N.", "longitude": "71° 22' E.", "raw_text": "lat. 32° 37' N., and long. 71° 22' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "rises in the Safáid Koh Mountains beyond the frontier", "waters the fertile Kuram valley in the independent hills", "Along its course lies the famous pass of the same name, leading to Kábul.", "enters Bannu District at its north-west corner, 5 miles from the cantonment and civil station", "falls into the Indus some 4 miles south of Isákhel, after receiving the waters of the Tochi a few miles east of Lakki", "The rich deposits brought down by the Kuram render its stream peculiarly valuable for agricultural purposes, but very unwholesome for drinking.", "The Bannuchis, however, draw their whole domestic supply from this source.", "Immediately below the hills, boulders line the shallow bed; farther down, the stream cuts itself a deep channel through the yielding banks of clay; while near the Indus it loses its force, and widens out over a spreading and ill-defined basin.", "Here it becomes useful for irrigation, and a large area is constantly flooded by means of side-cuts; so much so that but little water reaches the Indus, except during the rainy season.", "The depth varies from 2 feet in the dry months to 6 or 7 feet in the floods." ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kuram.-River in Bannu District, Punjab (Panjáb); rises in the Safáid Koh Mountains beyond the frontier, and, before reaching British territory, waters the fertile Kuram valley in the independent hills. Along its course lies the famous pass of the same name, leading to Kábul. The river enters Bannu District at its north-west corner, 5 miles from the cantonment and civil station; and finally falls into the Indus some 4 miles south of Isákhel, after receiving the waters of the Tochi a few miles east of Lakki, in lat. 32° 37' N., and long. 71° 22' E. The rich deposits brought down by the Kuram render its stream peculiarly valuable for agricultural purposes, but very unwholesome for drinking. The Bannuchis, however, draw their whole domestic supply from this source. Immediately below the hills, boulders line the shallow bed; farther down, the stream cuts itself a deep channel through the yielding banks of clay; while near the Indus it loses its force, and widens out over a spreading and ill-defined basin. Here it becomes useful for irrigation, and a large area is constantly flooded by means of side-cuts; so much so that but little water reaches the Indus, except during the rainy season. The depth varies from 2 feet in the dry months to 6 or 7 feet in the floods. No\n\nbridge crosses the Kuram, but it may be forded almost everywhere, except after very heavy rains. In parts, however, quicksands render the passage difficult or dangerous. Bannu District owes almost all its fertility to the Kuram and its tributary the Ganibíla. Area annually irrigated, about 60,000 acres.", "pdf_page": 496, "pdf_page_end": 497, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-496.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kurram River", "formatted_address": "Kurram River, Pakistan", "latitude": 33.1343918, "longitude": 70.5914093, "place_id": "ChIJt68W4qMT2DgR40KmZL2Vhk0", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kurram+River&query_place_id=ChIJt68W4qMT2DgR40KmZL2Vhk0", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T16:19:28.447Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00935", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kurivikulam", "normalized_name": "kurivikulam", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Tinnevelli", "tehsil": null, "taluk": "Sankaranaianákoil", "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Madras", "raw_context": "Sankaranaianákoil táluk, Tinnevelli District, Madras" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 9.175, "longitude": 77.7, "raw_text": "Lat. 9° 10′ 30″ N., long. 77° 42′ E." }, "stats": { "population": 6267, "population_year": 1871, "area": null, "houses": 1323, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kurivikulam. Town in Sankaranaianákoil táluk, Tinnevelli - District, Madras. Lat. 9° 10′ 30″ N., long. 77° 42′ E.; pop. (1871), 6267; number of houses, 1323.", "pdf_page": 497, "pdf_page_end": 497, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-497.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kuruvikulam", "formatted_address": "Kuruvikulam, Tamil Nadu 627754, India", "latitude": 9.1779943, "longitude": 77.6693608, "place_id": "ChIJSTVVB0K7BjsREbtt9dGnTRc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kuruvikulam&query_place_id=ChIJSTVVB0K7BjsREbtt9dGnTRc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T17:27:23.944Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00942", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kursat", "normalized_name": "kursat", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Unao", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Unao District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Situated 10 miles north of Safipur, and 4 miles north of Asiwán town.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 26.869444444444444, "longitude": 80.45277777777778, "raw_text": "Lat. 26° 52′ 10″ N., long. 80° 27′ 10″ E." }, "stats": { "population": 5373, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": 1091, "other_facts": [ "Hindus, 3719; Muhammadans, 1654", "Vernacular school; weekly market, with sales averaging £223 a year", "Founded by Kuds-ud-dín in the reign of Bábar, previous inhabitants Shahíds expelled" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kursat. -Town in Unao District, Oudh; situated 10 miles north of - Safipur, and 4 miles north of Asiwán town. Lat. 26° 52′ 10″ N., long. 80° 27′ 10″ E. Pop. (1869), Hindus, 3719; Muhammadans, 1654; total, 5373, dwelling in 1091 mud houses. Vernacular school; weekly market, with sales averaging £223 a year. Founded by one Kuds-ud-dín, in the reign of Bábar, the previous inhabitants, a tribe called Shahíds, being expelled and their village laid in ruins. The descendants of the conquerors still hold the land.", "pdf_page": 498, "pdf_page_end": 498, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-498.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kursath", "formatted_address": "Kursath, Uttar Pradesh 209870, India", "latitude": 26.867526, "longitude": 80.4076132, "place_id": "ChIJj4jY9zWenjkRRDZsuiRD4wc", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kursath&query_place_id=ChIJj4jY9zWenjkRRDZsuiRD4wc", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:46:17.400Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00944", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kurseli", "normalized_name": "kurseli", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Hardoi", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Oudh", "raw_context": "Hardoi District, Oudh" }, "location_description": "Situated a little off the Piháni road, 11 miles north of Hardoi.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 2898, "population_year": 1869, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "mostly Pásis", "Founded about 400 years ago by Diwán Sinh and Jagat Sinh, Chamár Gaurs" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kurseli.-Town in Hardoi District, Oudh ; situated a little off the Piháni road, 11 miles north of Hardoi. Pop. (1869), 2898, mostly Pásis. Said to have been founded about 400 years ago by Diwán Sinh and Jagat Sinh, Chamár Gaurs, the descendants of Kuber Sáh, the con- queror of the Thatheras.", "pdf_page": 498, "pdf_page_end": 498, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-498.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kurseli", "formatted_address": "Kurseli, Uttar Pradesh, India", "latitude": 27.5086759, "longitude": 80.1261093, "place_id": "ChIJX6Ex1Bv_njkRcXAsmnmmcdA", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kurseli&query_place_id=ChIJX6Ex1Bv_njkRcXAsmnmmcdA", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:46:24.389Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00947", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kurtkoti", "normalized_name": "kurtkoti", "feature_type": "town", "feature_labels": [ "town" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Dhárwár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Bombay", "raw_context": "Gadag Subdivision of Dhárwár District, Bombay" }, "location_description": "Situated 25 miles east of Habli.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 15.75, "longitude": 75.06666666666666, "raw_text": "lat. 15° 45' N., and long. 75° 4' E." }, "stats": { "population": 5901, "population_year": 1872, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [] }, "source_excerpt": "Kurtkoti.-Town in the Gadag Subdivision of Dhárwár District, Bombay; situated 25 miles east of Habli, in lat. 15° 45' N., and long. 75° 4' E. Pop. (1872), 5901.", "pdf_page": 499, "pdf_page_end": 499, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-499.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kurtakoti", "formatted_address": "Kurtakoti, Karnataka, India", "latitude": 15.3690768, "longitude": 75.5233026, "place_id": "ChIJBZDMPTTjuDsRINrYhHrf9As", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kurtakoti&query_place_id=ChIJBZDMPTTjuDsRINrYhHrf9As", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T17:27:31.150Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00948", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kuruda-mále (or Kúdu-male, 'Hill of Assembly')", "normalized_name": "kuruda-m-le-or-k-du-male-hill-of-assembly", "alternate_names": [ "Kúdu-male", "Hill of Assembly" ], "feature_type": "hill_or_mountain", "feature_labels": [ "hill" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Kolár", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Mysore", "raw_context": "Kolár District, Mysore" }, "source_coordinates": { "latitude": 13.2, "longitude": 78.41666666666667, "raw_text": "Lat. 13° 12' N., long. 78° 25' E." }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "3312 feet above sea level", "At the foot are the ruins of several large temples, with sculpture ascribed to Jakanchari, but apparently restored at a later date", "The principal are those of Someswara and Ganesha" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kuruda-mále (or Kúdu-male, 'Hill of Assembly').-—Hill in Kolár District, Mysore. Lat. 13° 12' N., long. 78° 25' E.; 3312 feet above sea level. At the foot are the ruins of several large temples, with sculpture ascribed to Jakanchari, but apparently restored at a later date. The principal are those of Someswara and Ganesha.", "pdf_page": 499, "pdf_page_end": 499, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-499.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kurudumale Ganesha Temple", "formatted_address": "Kurudumale, Karnataka 563131, India", "latitude": 13.2097967, "longitude": 78.3697667, "place_id": "ChIJB3ai58OLrTsRAhIVzEBZ4rw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kurudumale+Ganesha+Temple&query_place_id=ChIJB3ai58OLrTsRAhIVzEBZ4rw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T05:46:32.315Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00949", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "place_or_feature", "historical_name": "Kurukshetra", "normalized_name": "kurukshetra", "feature_type": "religious_site", "feature_labels": [ "holy tract", "place of pilgrimage" ], "historical_admin": { "province": null, "district": "Umballa (Ambálá)", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "Punjab", "raw_context": "Umballa (Ambálá) District, Punjab" }, "location_description": "Embracing the country lying around the town of Thanesar as a centre.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": null, "population_year": null, "area": null, "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "Embraces the country lying around the town of Thanesar as a centre", "According to popular belief, the Kurukshetra embraces 360 places of pilgrimage, and extends as far as the town of Jínd, 64 miles from Thaneswar", "At Thaneswar, as many as 100,000 persons still assemble on the occasion of an eclipse, and treble that number bathe annually in a tank filled from the Sarsuti" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kurukshetra. — Holy tract and place of pilgrimage in Umballa (Ambálá) District, Punjab; embracing the country lying around the town of Thanesar as a centre. The name derives its origin from Kuru, father of Santanu, great-grandfather of the heroes who figure in the Mahábhárata. Kuru became an ascetic upon the banks of the holy lake south of Thaneswar ; but the limits of the sacred tract cannot be exactly ascertained. According to popular belief, the Kurukshetra embraces 360 places of pilgrimage, and extends as far as the town of Jínd, 64 miles from Thaneswar; though General Cunningham believes that modern Bráhmans have unduly enlarged its boundaries to gratify the Síkh Rájá of Jind, whose territories are thus included within the holy borders. Whatever be the precise extent of the sacred tract, it is certain that the strip of country between the Saraswati (Sarsuti) and the Ghaggar (the Saraswati and Drishadvati of the Sanskrit epics) formed the original home of the Hindu faith, the earliest settlement of the Aryan colonists in India. Here their religion first assumed its present form; and therefore the Kurukshetra and the river Saraswati still attract wor- shippers from the remotest parts of Bengal. The towns of Thaneswar and Pihoia are the chief centres of pilgrimage, but minor shrines line the bank of the river for many miles. At Thaneswar, as many as 100,000 persons still assemble on the occasion of an eclipse, and treble that number bathe annually in a tank filled from the Sarsuti. The great conflict between the Pándavas and the Kauravas was fought out in the surrounding country; and the Mahábhárata keeps alive the memory of all the most famous scenes in the minds of Hindu votaries, who regard the Kurukshetra as the Holy Land of their religion. Modern sanitary regulations have, however, somewhat diminished the number of pilgrims.\n\nKurundwád. _ Native State, with town of the same name, - within the British Political Agency of the Southern Marhattá country. This State at present consists of two Divisions, one belonging to the elder ruler of Kurundwád, and the other to the younger chiefs. The former comprises groups of villages situated along the Kistna river, enclosed within the Kolhápur, Sangli, and Miráj States, and the British Districts of Satara, Belgáum, and Kanara. The latter includes two clusters of villages-one close to and for the most part to the south of Belgaum ;\n\nand the other bounded by the Akalkot State on the north-west and south, by Sholápur District on the west, and by the Nizám's Dominions on the east. The elder chief's estate contains an area of 182 square miles, and a population (1872) of 39,420 persons. The staple products are millet, rice, wheat, gram, and cotton. Coarse country cloth and articles of native female apparel are the principal manufactures. The Kurundwád State was a grant made before 1772 by the Peshwá to a member of the Patwardhan family, on condition of military service. In 1812, the State was divided, a half-share being given by the Peshwá to Gaufat Ráo, the nephew of Nil Kánt Ráo, the original grantee. In 1854, a further division of Kurundwád was effected by the British Government between Raghunáth Ráo and his two younger brothers, Vináyak Ráo and Trimbak Ráo. The latter dying in 1869 without male issue, part of his share was bestowed on the two younger chiefs, and the rest reverted to the elder chief. The present (1876-77) senior chief is Chintaman Ráo Raghunáth, a Hindu of the Bráhman caste. He is twenty-seven years of age, and administers his estate in person. He is a first-class sardár, and has power to try his own subjects for capital offences without the express permission of the Political Agent. He enjoys an estimated gross revenue of £10,000, and maintains a military force of 268 men. His family hold a sanad of adoption, and the succession follows the rule of primogeniture. The share of the younger chiefs contains an area of 114 square miles, and a population (1872) of 30,251 persons. The arrangement entered into by the senior branch is con- sidered as binding upon the younger chiefs. The total yearly tribute received by the British Government from Kurundwád amounts to £961. The present (1876-77) head of the younger chiefs is Ganpat Ráo Harihar, a Hindu of the Bráhman caste. He is thirty-nine years of age, and administers the estate in person. He maintains a military force of 304 men, and has an estimated gross revenue of £10,283. The town of Kurundwád, the residence of the representatives of both branches, lies in lat. 16° 41' N., and long. 74° 38′ E., and contains a population (1872) of 7860.", "source_paragraph_breaks": [ 1865 ], "pdf_page": 499, "pdf_page_end": 500, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-499.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kurukshetra", "formatted_address": "Kurukshetra, Haryana, India", "latitude": 29.9695121, "longitude": 76.878282, "place_id": "ChIJPV3Ihc9GDjkR9DPKyhXoBn8", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kurukshetra&query_place_id=ChIJPV3Ihc9GDjkR9DPKyhXoBn8", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T17:27:37.809Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00992", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kyouk-hpyú", "normalized_name": "kyouk-hpy", "feature_type": "township", "feature_labels": [ "township" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Arakan Division", "district": "Kyouk-hpyú District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "British Burma", "raw_context": "Township in the District of the same name in the Arakan Division, British Burma." }, "location_description": "Occupying the north end of Ramrí Island, and a group of islands to the north-east formed by the numerous tidal creeks intersecting the coast. Headquarters at KYOUK-HPYU TOWN.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 39881, "population_year": "1876-77", "area": "383 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "gross revenue, £13,135", "chief products: rice, indigo, salt, and sugar", "679 mills for sugar manufacture in 1875-76" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kyouk-hpyú.—Township in the District of the same name in the Arakan Division, British Burma. Area, 383 square miles; occupying the north end of Ramrí Island, and a group of islands to the north-east formed by the numerous tidal creeks intersecting the coast. Head- quarters at KYOUK-HPYU TOWN. The township comprises 19 revenue\n\ncircles. Pop. (1876-77), 39,881, mainly Arakanese; gross revenue, £13,135. Chief products-rice, indigo, salt, and sugar. For the manufacture of the last-named article, 679 mills were at work in 1875-76.", "pdf_page": 512, "pdf_page_end": 513, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-512.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kyaukpyu", "formatted_address": "Kyaukpyu, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 19.4212029, "longitude": 93.5458489, "place_id": "ChIJFYBycToPujARA77FQRMMjMw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kyaukpyu&query_place_id=ChIJFYBycToPujARA77FQRMMjMw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-02T17:29:12.976Z" } }, { "id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-agentic-entry-00993", "kind": "entry", "record_type": "admin_unit", "historical_name": "Kyouk-hpyú", "normalized_name": "kyouk-hpy", "feature_type": "revenue_circle", "feature_labels": [ "revenue circle" ], "historical_admin": { "province": "Arakan Division", "district": "Kyouk-hpyú District", "tehsil": null, "taluk": null, "princely_state": null, "agency": null, "region": "British Burma", "raw_context": "Revenue circle in the township and District of the same name in Arakan Division, British Burma." }, "location_description": "Occupying the north-west corner of Ramrí Island.", "source_coordinates": { "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "raw_text": "" }, "stats": { "population": 1620, "population_year": 1876, "area": "26 square miles", "houses": null, "other_facts": [ "gross revenue, £375" ] }, "source_excerpt": "Kyouk-hpyú.—Revenue circle in the township and District of the same name in Arakan Division, British Burma. Area, 26 square miles, occupying the north-west corner of Ramrí Island. Pop. (1876), 1620; gross revenue, £375.", "pdf_page": 513, "pdf_page_end": 513, "source_page_image": "data/pipeline/jobs/20260701-155457-2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5-e624beac/source-pages/page-513.png", "source_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "source_title": "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1881), Vol. 5", "dataset_id": "2015-43138-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-5", "modern_location": { "provider": "google_places", "name": "Kyaukpyu", "formatted_address": "Kyaukpyu, Myanmar (Burma)", "latitude": 19.4212029, "longitude": 93.5458489, "place_id": "ChIJFYBycToPujARA77FQRMMjMw", "evidence_url": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Kyaukpyu&query_place_id=ChIJFYBycToPujARA77FQRMMjMw", "status": "human_approved" }, "review": { "status": "approved", "updated_at": "2026-07-06T18:12:35.847Z" } } ] }